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Zingiber officinale Roscoe. | {{#seo: | ||
|title=Charak Samhita | |||
|titlemode=append | |||
|keywords= Shunthi,Sunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda, | |||
|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. | |||
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | |||
|image_alt=charak samhita | |||
|type=article | |||
}} | |||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.] | |||
{{Infobox | {{Infobox | ||
|title = Shunthi | |title = Shunthi | ||
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|data8 = Awaited | |data8 = Awaited | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:Shunthi.jpg|thumb|Shunthi & Aardrak (''Zingiber officinale)'']] | |||
==English name == | ==English name == | ||
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| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]]) | | 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) | | 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu) | ||
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura) | |||
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), | | 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna) | ||
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha) | |||
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha | | 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha | ||
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent. | | 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent. | ||
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| | | | ||
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 | ||
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating | |Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|148 | |148 | ||
| Line 689: | Line 706: | ||
| | | | ||
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132 | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132 | ||
|As an ingredient of | |As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
|151 | |151 | ||
| | | | ||
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137 | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137 | ||
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of | |This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
|152 | |152 | ||
| | | | ||
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142 | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142 | ||
|As an ingredient of | |As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|153 | |153 | ||
| Line 714: | Line 731: | ||
| | | | ||
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177 | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177 | ||
|As an ingredient of | |As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara | ||
|- | |- | ||
|156 | |156 | ||
| Line 724: | Line 741: | ||
| | | | ||
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89 | Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89 | ||
|As an ingredient of | |As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
|158 | |158 | ||
| Line 806: | Line 823: | ||
|177 | |177 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 | ||
|As an ingredient of | |As an ingredient of shatyadi churna. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|178 | |178 | ||
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|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267 | ||
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha. | |Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha. | ||
|} | |} | ||
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== Current researches == | == Current researches == | ||
== Phytochemical Architecture == | == Phytochemical Architecture == | ||
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils: | The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>: | ||
* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger. | * '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger. | ||
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger. | * '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref> | ||
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging. | * '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging. | ||
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties. | * '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties. | ||
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Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms. | Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms. | ||
* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. | * '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref> | ||
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain. | * '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain. | ||
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In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades. | In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades. | ||
: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes. | : '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref> | ||
Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties. | Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties. | ||
=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) === | === C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) === | ||
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems: | Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>: | ||
* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure. | * '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure. | ||
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis. | * '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis. | ||
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters. | * '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
<pre> | <pre> | ||
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* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | * '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | ||
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses. | ** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref> | ||
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily. | ** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily. | ||
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals. | * '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals. | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]] | |||
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]] | |||
Latest revision as of 07:18, 8 July 2026
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Shunthi |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Zingiber officinale Roscoe |
| Family | Zingiberaceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Dravyaguna Team |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
English name
Ginger
Botanical Identity
Shunthi, the dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Family: Zingiberaceae), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as Sonth or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (Ardraka) chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.
- Botanical Name: Zingiber officinale Roscoe
- Family: Zingiberaceae
- Part Used: Dried Rhizome
- Vernacular Names: Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)
Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile)
In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (Madhura Vipaka), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating Pitta dosha excessively.
Therapeutic Use
Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)
Varieties
Bhavaprakash Nighantu[1]
- Raktabha
- Shweta
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.
Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu[2]
Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,
Ayurvedic pharmacological properties
| Sr.no. | Pharmacological criteria | Properties | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (rasa) | Pungent (katu) | Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes. |
| 2 | Potency (veerya) | Hot (ushna) | Enhances metabolic rate (Agni) and clears systemic micro-channels (Srotas) |
| 3 | Post digestion effect (vipaka) | Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura) |
Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (Rasayana) long-term effects. |
| 4 | Qualities (guna) | Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha) |
Ginger counteracts the coldness of Kapha, Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha |
| 5 | Actions (karma) | Pacify Vata and Kapha | Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness |
| 6 | Prabhava (Special Action) | Amavataghni / Grahi | Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent. |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/5 | Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy) |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/18 | Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain) |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/21 | Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood) |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/22 | Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion) |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/24 | Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst) |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(6) | Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(11) | Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(12) | Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(18) | Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(29) | Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(42) | Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(45) | Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana24/49 | Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/38 | Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots. |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/4 | All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs. |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/166 | One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs) |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/166 | One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs) |
| 18 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/256 | One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations) |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/296 | One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations) |
| 20 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 26/51 | Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa. |
| 21 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/17 | Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms). |
| 22 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/18 | Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms). |
| 23 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 | Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis) |
| 24 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/142 | Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs) |
| 25 | Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/56 | Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana) |
| 26 | Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/34 | Garbhasya pratimasik karma |
| 27 | Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/41 | Prajata stree paricharya |
| 28 | Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/48 | Nadi kalpana |
| 29 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/22 | Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis) |
| 30 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/16 | Preparation of Trivrut |
| 31 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/29 | Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha |
| 32 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/54 | Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga |
| 33 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 12/23 | Churna Yoga |
| 34 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/25 | Body purification before rasayana treatment |
| 35 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/145 | When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye. Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye. |
| 36 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/179 | Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present. |
| 37 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/180 | Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima. |
| 38 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/183 | Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara. |
| 39 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/186 | Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola. |
| 40 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/188 | Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda. |
| 41 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/198 | Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya. |
| 42 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/202 | Used in Trutiyaka jwara. |
| 43 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/210 | Used in Sannipata jwara. |
| 44 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/211 | As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara. |
| 45 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/223 | As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita. |
| 46 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/236 | Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha. |
| 47 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/237 | Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara. |
| 48 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/250 | As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti. |
| 49 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 | As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila. |
| 50 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/65 | Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit |
| 51 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/69 | Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit |
| 52 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/71 | Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit |
| 53 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/74 | Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit |
| 54 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/79 | Ingredient of Hingvadi churna |
| 55 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/91 | Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga |
| 56 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/142 | Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit |
| 57 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/144 | Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma |
| 58 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/147 | Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit |
| 59 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/156 | Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki |
| 60 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/164 | Pathya Diet in Gulma |
| 61 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/61 | Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog |
| 62 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/62 | Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath |
| 63 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthanaa 7/65 | Ingredient in Mustadi Churna |
| 64 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/77 | Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht |
| 65 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/85 | Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth |
| 66 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/109 | Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth |
| 67 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/113 | Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail |
| 68 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/34 | Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit |
| 69 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/49 | Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit |
| 70 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/53 | Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit |
| 71 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/54 | Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit |
| 72 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/65 | Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth |
| 73 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/70 | Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad |
| 74 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/20 | Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit |
| 75 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/43 | As a Nasya dravya |
| 76 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/46 | Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti |
| 77 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/48 | Ingredient in Mustadi varti |
| 78 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/35 | Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit |
| 79 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/67 | Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud |
| 80 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/85 | Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna |
| 81 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/89 | Ingredient in Shadav |
| 82 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthanaa 11/92 | As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog |
| 83 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/21 | In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu |
| 84 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/22 | In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu |
| 85 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/23 | In treatment of Vataj Svayathu |
| 86 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/23 | In treatment of Vataj Svayathu |
| 87 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/24 | In treatment of Vataj Svayathu |
| 88 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/25 | In treatment of Vataj Svayathu |
| 89 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/25 | In treatment of Vataj Svayathu |
| 90 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/27 | For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu |
| 91 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/27 | For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu |
| 92 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/29 | Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht |
| 93 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/41 | Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna |
| 94 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/42 | Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna |
| 95 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/42 | Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna |
| 96 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 | Ingredient in Kshar Gudika |
| 97 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/47 | Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog |
| 98 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/47 | Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog |
| 99 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 | Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh |
| 100 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 | Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit |
| 101 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/62 | As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu |
| 102 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/70 | As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu |
| 103 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/73 | As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu |
| 104 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/79, 13/80 | In treatment of plihodara |
| 105 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/84 | In formulation of rohitaka ghrit |
| 106 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/102 | In treatment of sannipatodara |
| 107 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/103 | In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga) |
| 108 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/104 | In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga) |
| 109 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/105 | In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga) |
| 110 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/110 | In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka) |
| 111 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/112 | In formulation of panchkola ghrit |
| 112 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/115 | As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit |
| 113 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/122 | After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha. |
| 114 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/126 | As an ingredient of narayan churna |
| 115 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/137 | As an ingredient of nilinadya churna |
| 116 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/142 | Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit |
| 117 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/148 | Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer |
| 118 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/163 | As an ingredient of kshara vatika |
| 119 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/153 | Aadraka swarasa with godugdha |
| 120 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/62 | As an ingredient of traushnadi churna |
| 121 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/68 | Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga |
| 122 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/70 | Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya |
| 123 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/71 | Palncakola churna is given with takra |
| 124 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/89 | Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala |
| 125 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/92 | Used in yavagu |
| 126 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/97 | It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda |
| 127 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/99 | Used for Anuloman |
| 128 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/103 | Use with phanita and goghrit |
| 129 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/104 | As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit |
| 130 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/107 | As an ingredient of cavyadighrit |
| 131 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/110 | As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit |
| 132 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/129 | Used as anupan in arsha |
| 133 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/153 | As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista |
| 134 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/186 | Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha |
| 135 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/195 | Used in rakta arsha shoola |
| 136 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/231 | As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit |
| 137 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/234 | As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit |
| 138 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/76 | Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga |
| 139 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 | As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit |
| 140 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/87 | As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit |
| 141 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 | As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna |
| 142 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/96 | As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika |
| 143 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/98 | Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka) |
| 144 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/99 |
Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala |
| 145 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/103 |
Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani |
| 146 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/105 |
Used in kaphapittaja grahani |
| 147 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/106 |
Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga |
| 148 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/112 |
Used as an yavagu |
| 149 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/129 |
ingredient of yavagu |
| 150 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/132 |
As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna |
| 151 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/137 |
This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna |
| 152 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/142 |
As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa) |
| 153 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/168 |
Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani |
| 154 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/171 |
Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani |
| 155 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/177 |
As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara |
| 156 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/189 |
As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara |
| 157 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/89 |
As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna |
| 158 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/44 | As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit |
| 159 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/66 | Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga |
| 160 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/72 | As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga |
| 161 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/87 | As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka |
| 162 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/100 | As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha |
| 163 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/129 | Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla |
| 164 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/44 | As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit |
| 165 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/66 | Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga |
| 166 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/72 | As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga |
| 167 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/87 | As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka |
| 168 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/100 | As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha |
| 169 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/129 | Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla |
| 170 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/97 | Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa |
| 171 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/100 | Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa |
| 172 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 | Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa |
| 173 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/104 | Used as annapana for hikka svasa |
| 174 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/109 | As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna |
| 175 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/110 | Kalka is used in hikka svasa |
| 176 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/111 | Used in preparation of Utkarika. |
| 177 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/123 | As an ingredient of shatyadi churna. |
| 178 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/130 | Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya |
| 179 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/136 | Used as lehya. |
| 180 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/112 | Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath. |
| 181 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/114 | Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka. |
| 182 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/36 | As a ghrita dravya |
| 183 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/47 | As a yoga dravya |
| 184 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/49 |
As a yoga dravya |
| 185 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/63 |
As a yoga dravya |
| 186 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/74 |
As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga. |
| 187 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/77 | As an ingredient of peya yoga. |
| 188 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/99 | Use in treatment of pittaj kasa. |
| 189 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/106 | As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga. |
| 190 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/115 | As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga. |
| 191 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/118 | As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha. |
| 192 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/122 | Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa. |
| 193 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/146 | As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom. |
| 194 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/159 | As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita. |
| 195 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/161 | As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita. |
| 196 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/163 | As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita. |
| 197 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/87 | As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa |
| 198 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/120 | As a yoga dravya. |
| 199 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/20 |
As a pramthya dravya |
| 200 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/26 | As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana |
| 201 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/37 | As a prakshep dravya |
| 202 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/40 | As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya. |
| 203 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/43 | As an ingredient of changeri ghrita |
| 204 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/53 | As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara. |
| 205 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/54 | As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara. |
| 206 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/107 | As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna. |
| 207 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/108 | As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna. |
| 208 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/109 | As a yoga dravya. |
| 209 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/110 | As a yoga dravya. |
| 210 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/111 | As a yoga dravya |
| 211 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/54 | As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara |
| 212 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/22 | As a amapachak dravya |
| 213 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/80 | As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita . |
| 214 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/104 | As a kwath dravya |
| 215 |
Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/114 |
As a yoga dravya |
| 216 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/58 | For kashaya pana. |
| 217 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/189 | Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga. |
| 218 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/205 | Used in the treatment of Mushika visha. |
| 219 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/209 | Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha. |
| 220 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/13 | Used to make Udavarta varti. |
| 221 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/22 | As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna. |
| 222 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/55 | As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra. |
| 223 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/60 | As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna. |
| 224 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/83 | As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita. |
| 225 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/84 | Used in Vataja Hrudroga. |
| 226 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/85 | As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga. |
| 227 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 | As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita. |
| 228 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/94 | As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita. |
| 229 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/97 | As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga. |
| 230 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/97 | Used in kaphaja hrudroga. |
| 231 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/98 | As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha. |
| 232 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/144 | Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya. |
| 233 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/150 | Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya. |
| 234 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/152 | Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana. |
| 235 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/156 | Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya. |
| 236 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/186 | Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya. |
| 237 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/192 | As an ingredient of Kshara gutika. |
| 238 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/194 | As an ingredient of Kalak churna. |
| 239 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/198 | As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna. |
| 240 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/217 | Used in Kavala in Arochaka. |
| 241 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/222 | Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana. |
| 242 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/223 | Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola. |
| 243 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/226 | As an ingredient of Kshara taila. |
| 244 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/232 | Used in Vataja netra roga. |
| 245 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/239 | Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma. |
| 246 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/242 | As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti. |
| 247 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/252 | As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti. |
| 248 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/287 | Used in Kaphaja swarbheda. |
| 249 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/45 | As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila |
| 250 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/47 | As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila |
| 251 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/52 | As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana |
| 252 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/122 | As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita. |
| 253 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/137 | As an ingredient of Mulaka taila. |
| 254 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/168 | As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila. |
| 255 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/172 | As an ingredient of Mulaka taila. |
| 256 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/147 | As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila. |
| 257 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/89 | Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara. |
| 258 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/261 | As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha. |
| 259 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/266 | Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat. |
| 260 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/266 | Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa. |
| 261 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/277 | Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya. |
| 262 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/280 | Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha. |
| 263 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/92 | As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna. |
| 264 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/267 | Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha. |
Dose[3]
- Churna – 1 – 2 gm
Important formulations[4]
- Saubhagya Shunthi
- Saubhagya Vati
- Trikatu Churna
- Vaishvanara Churna
Current availability
Available
- In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
- Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines
Current researches
Phytochemical Architecture
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils[5]:
- Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol): The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
- Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol): Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. [6]-shogaol exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.[6]
- Zingerone & Paradols: Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
- Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes): Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.
Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy
A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana)
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.
- Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation: Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral 5-HT3 receptors and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.[7]
- Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action: Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.
B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni)
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (Amavata) and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.
- Biochemical Mechanism: The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB). This leads to down-regulation of COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) and LOX (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes.[8]
Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.
C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya)
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems[9]:
- Calcium Channel Blockade: Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca2+) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca2+ dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
- PPARα Agonism: It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
- Glycemic Control: Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers HbA1c and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.[9]
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.
- Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
- Churna (Crude Powder): 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.[10]
- Extract: 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
- Adverse Effects: Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive Pitta-dominant individuals.
- Drug Interactions: Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
- Contraindications: Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme Pitta vitiation.
References
- ↑ Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.
- ↑ Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.
- ↑ Unuofin, J. O., et al. (2021). Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.
- ↑ Schepici, G., et al. (2021). The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases. Molecules, 26(18), 5642.
- ↑ Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H. (2000). Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.
- ↑ Jalali, M., et al. (2020). The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wang, J., et al. (2017). Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview. Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.
- ↑ Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph. Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.