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Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Pashanabheda, Saxifraga ligulata Wall., Stone breaker, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Pashanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata Wall.) is widely used in Ayurveda for managing renal calculi (Ashmari), dysuria (Mutrakriccha), and urinary disorders. It acts as a potent diuretic and lithotriptic agent.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Pashanabheda
|title = Pashanabheda
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|data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda
|data1 = Herb database/Pashanabheda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = .Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Saxifragaceae
|data3 = Saxifragaceae
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|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
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}}
}}


==English name==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga_ligulata Saxifraga ligulata Wall.]''', popularly known as '''Pashanabheda''' (Stone Breaker), is a perennial herb native to the temperate Himalayan region. It is highly esteemed in [[Ayurveda]] for its remarkable lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and diuretic (*mutravirechaniya*) properties, traditionally used to dissolve and expel urinary stones and treat various urinary complications (*Mutrakriccha*).
--
 
==English name ==
Stone breaker


==Therapeutic uses==
==Therapeutic uses==
Asmari(Stone), Meha,Mutrakriccha(dysuria)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>
Asmari (renal calculi), Meha (urinary disorders), Mutrakriccha (dysuria)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini
Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini


[[File:Saxifraga_ligulata.jpg|thumb|Pashanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata)]]
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Pashanabheda is classified under *Mutravirechaniya* (diuretic) groups. It possesses a bitter and astringent taste, cold potency, and a unique extra-ordinary effect (*prabhava*) that specifically targets and breaks down renal calculi. It helps balance all three doshas (*tridoshahara*).
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|+ Properties  
|'''Sr.no.'''
|-
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|'''Properties'''
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
|1
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|Taste  (rasa)
|Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
|2
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|Potency  (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)
|Qualities  (guna)
|Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacify all three dosha (tridoshahara)
|-
|-
|6
|Extra ordinary effect (prabhava)
|Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)
|}
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|-
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|'''Activity'''
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35) || Mutravirechaniya mahakashaya (diuretics)
|-
|-
|1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (treatment of over-nutrition and under-nutrition disorders)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(35)
|Mootravirechaniya(diuretics) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113 || Used as an ingredient of yavagu
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition, under-nutrition disorder)
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46 || Used for Vataja mutrakriccha (dysuria)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/113
|Used as  ingredient of yavagu
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46
|Used for Vataja  Mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64 || As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69 || As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/64
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/69
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
|-
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|}
|}


==Dose==
==Dose==
* 3-6 g of the drug in powder form  
* Powder form: 3–6 g<ref name="ref1"/>
* 20-30 g of the drug for decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>
* Decoction form: 20–30 g<ref name="ref1"/>


==Important formulation==
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:57</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Asmarihara kashaya churna
* Asmarihara kashaya churna
* Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna
* Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna
Line 113: Line 102:
==Current availability ==
==Current availability ==
Available
Available
India- Himalaya
* '''India –''' Found growing wild in the temperate Himalayan region.
==Current researches ==
 
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== Phytochemical Composition ==
  This article is under development ..
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Saxifraga ligulata'' rhizomes and roots is attributed to a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Bergenin:''' A primary active C-glycoside known for its potent anti-urolithiatic and anti-inflammatory properties.
* '''Flavonoids & Tannins:''' Catechin, gallic acid, and various polyphenols that enhance antioxidant defense.
* '''Mucilage & Minerals:''' Rich in calcium, magnesium, and essential trace elements.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Urolithiatic and Lithotriptic Effects ===
Pashanabheda is renowned for its clinical ability to prevent, dissolve, and expel urinary stones (*ashmari*).
* '''Mechanism:''' Inhibits the nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, while its diuretic action flushes out microscopic gravel before stone formation occurs.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental and clinical studies confirm that root extracts significantly reduce urinary stone burden, decrease calcium and oxalate excretion, and restore normal urine output.<ref name="Garabadu2013">{{cite journal |last1=Garabadu |first1=D. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity of Saxifraga ligulata rhizome extract in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=435–442}}</ref>
 
=== Diuretic and Nephroprotective Actions ===
Its classic classification under *Mutravirechaniya* mahakashaya is backed by modern renal evaluations.
* '''Mechanism:''' Enhances glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and electrolyte excretion without inducing undue systemic toxicity or irritation to renal tubules.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research demonstrates that active isolates protect renal cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and chemical nephrotoxicity.<ref name="Pandey2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Saxena |first3=R. |year=2007 |title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Saxifraga ligulata against gentamicin-induced renal damage |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=3 |pages=450–458}}</ref>
 
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties ===
Pashanabheda alleviates painful urination (*mutrakriccha*) through its soothing and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
* '''Mechanism:''' Downregulates inflammatory cytokines and inhibits the growth of common urinary tract pathogens.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro assays confirm significant inhibitory zones against bacterial strains responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs).<ref name="Khandelwal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal |first1=K. R. |last2=Jain |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=180–184}}</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Pashanabheda is safe for therapeutic consumption when taken within recommended dosage limits.
* '''Precautions:''' Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''Decoction (Kwatha):'' 20–30 g of drug for preparation<ref name="ref1"/>.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Saxifraga ligulata''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Renal Calculi / Asmari'''
| Bergenin, Polyphenols
| Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic, Diuretic
|-
| '''Dysuria / Mutrakriccha'''
| Mucilage, Flavonoids
| Demulcent, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Urinary Tract Infections'''
| Tannins, Glycosides
| Antimicrobial, Nephroprotective
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.</ref>
<ref name="Garabadu2013">{{cite journal |last1=Garabadu |first1=D. |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=S. |year=2013 |title=Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity of Saxifraga ligulata rhizome extract in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=435–442}}</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Saxena |first3=R. |year=2007 |title=Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Saxifraga ligulata against gentamicin-induced renal damage |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=3 |pages=450–458}}</ref>
<ref name="Khandelwal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal |first1=K. R. |last2=Jain |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=180–184}}</ref>
}}
 
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 04:25, 17 September 2026


Pashanabheda
Section/Chapter Herb database/Pashanabheda
Botanical name(s) Saxifraga ligulata Wall.
Family Saxifragaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Saxifraga ligulata Wall., popularly known as Pashanabheda (Stone Breaker), is a perennial herb native to the temperate Himalayan region. It is highly esteemed in Ayurveda for its remarkable lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and diuretic (*mutravirechaniya*) properties, traditionally used to dissolve and expel urinary stones and treat various urinary complications (*Mutrakriccha*).

English name

Stone breaker

Therapeutic uses

Asmari (renal calculi), Meha (urinary disorders), Mutrakriccha (dysuria)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Ashmaghna, Ashmabhedaka, Shilodbheda, Giribhid, Bhinnayojini

File:Saxifraga ligulata.jpg
Pashanabheda (Saxifraga ligulata)

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Pashanabheda is classified under *Mutravirechaniya* (diuretic) groups. It possesses a bitter and astringent taste, cold potency, and a unique extra-ordinary effect (*prabhava*) that specifically targets and breaks down renal calculi. It helps balance all three doshas (*tridoshahara*).

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Cold (sheeta)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)
6 Extra ordinary effect (prabhava) Helps in curing renal calculi (ashmarighna)

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(35) Mutravirechaniya mahakashaya (diuretics)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/15 Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (treatment of over-nutrition and under-nutrition disorders)
3 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/113 Used as an ingredient of yavagu
4 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/46 Used for Vataja mutrakriccha (dysuria)
5 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/60 As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/64 As an ingredient of Trutyadi yoga
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/69 As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/90 As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna

Dose

  • Powder form: 3–6 g[1]
  • Decoction form: 20–30 g[1]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Asmarihara kashaya churna
  • Mutravirechaniya kashaya churna

Current availability

Available

  • India – Found growing wild in the temperate Himalayan region.

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic efficacy of Saxifraga ligulata rhizomes and roots is attributed to a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:

  • Bergenin: A primary active C-glycoside known for its potent anti-urolithiatic and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Flavonoids & Tannins: Catechin, gallic acid, and various polyphenols that enhance antioxidant defense.
  • Mucilage & Minerals: Rich in calcium, magnesium, and essential trace elements.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Anti-Urolithiatic and Lithotriptic Effects

Pashanabheda is renowned for its clinical ability to prevent, dissolve, and expel urinary stones (*ashmari*).

  • Mechanism: Inhibits the nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, while its diuretic action flushes out microscopic gravel before stone formation occurs.
  • Scientific Evidence: Experimental and clinical studies confirm that root extracts significantly reduce urinary stone burden, decrease calcium and oxalate excretion, and restore normal urine output.[2]

Diuretic and Nephroprotective Actions

Its classic classification under *Mutravirechaniya* mahakashaya is backed by modern renal evaluations.

  • Mechanism: Enhances glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and electrolyte excretion without inducing undue systemic toxicity or irritation to renal tubules.
  • Scientific Evidence: Research demonstrates that active isolates protect renal cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and chemical nephrotoxicity.[3]

Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties

Pashanabheda alleviates painful urination (*mutrakriccha*) through its soothing and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

  • Mechanism: Downregulates inflammatory cytokines and inhibits the growth of common urinary tract pathogens.
  • Scientific Evidence: In vitro assays confirm significant inhibitory zones against bacterial strains responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs).[4]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: Pashanabheda is safe for therapeutic consumption when taken within recommended dosage limits.
  • Precautions: Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner if managing large obstructive renal calculi that require surgical intervention.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Root Powder (Churna): 3–6 g daily[1].
    • Decoction (Kwatha): 20–30 g of drug for preparation[1].

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Saxifraga ligulata
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Renal Calculi / Asmari Bergenin, Polyphenols Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic, Diuretic
Dysuria / Mutrakriccha Mucilage, Flavonoids Demulcent, Anti-inflammatory
Urinary Tract Infections Tannins, Glycosides Antimicrobial, Nephroprotective

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 57.
  2. ↑ Garabadu, D.; Krishnamurthy, S. (2013). "Anti-urolithiatic and diuretic activity of Saxifraga ligulata rhizome extract in experimental animals". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 148 (2): 435–442. 
  3. ↑ Pandey, A.; Gupta, S.; Saxena, R. (2007). "Nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Saxifraga ligulata against gentamicin-induced renal damage". Pharmacologyonline. 3: 450–458. 
  4. ↑ Khandelwal, K. R.; Jain, S. (2010). "Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Saxifraga ligulata root extracts". International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 4 (3): 180–184. 

Herbs

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