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{{#seo: | |||
|title=Jyotishmati | |||
|titlemode=append | |||
|keywords= *Jyotishmati, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Staff tree, Intellect tree, Malkangani, Therapeutic efficacy, Medhya, nootropic, phytoconstituents, Dravyaguna, Charak Samhita, Ayurveda | |||
|description= Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) is classified as a Medhya (nootropic) herb. It is traditionally indicated for memory loss, Vatavyadhi and Svitra; preclinical studies report cognitive-enhancing, neuroprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities. | |||
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | |||
|image_alt=charak samhita | |||
|type=article | |||
}} | |||
{{Infobox | {{Infobox | ||
| Line 6: | Line 14: | ||
|data1 = Herb database/Jyotishmati | |data1 = Herb database/Jyotishmati | ||
|label2 = Botanical name(s) | |label2 = Botanical name(s) | ||
|data2 = | |data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.] | ||
|label3 = Family | |label3 = Family | ||
|data3 = | |data3 = Celastraceae | ||
|label4 = Availability | |label4 = Availability | ||
|data4 = Available | |data4 = Available | ||
|label5 = | |label5 = Contributors | ||
|data5 = | |data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]] | ||
|label6 = Year of publication | |label6 = Year of publication | ||
|data6 = | |data6 = 2026 | ||
|label7 = Publisher | |label7 = Publisher | ||
|data7 = | |data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]] | ||
|label8 = DOI | |label8 = DOI | ||
|data8 | |data8 = Awaited | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]''', popularly known as '''Jyotishmati''' (Staff tree, Intellect tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as a ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) herb and is traditionally used for memory loss, diseases of the nervous system and skin disorders. | |||
Staff tree | ==English name== | ||
Staff tree, Intellect tree | |||
==Therapeutic Use== | ==Therapeutic Use== | ||
Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)<ref name="ref1" /> | |||
Vatavyadhi, Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin) | |||
==Other varieties / Other botanical names== | ==Other varieties / Other botanical names== | ||
* Celastrus dependens Wall. | |||
* | * Celastrus montana | ||
* | * Celastrus multiflora | ||
* | * Celastrus nutans | ||
* | * Celastrus senegelensis | ||
* | * Celastrus spinoses | ||
* | |||
==Identification characters== | ==Identification characters== | ||
* '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber. | * '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber. | ||
* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati | * '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resembles legs of pigeon. | ||
* '''Sphutatvacha''' – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface. | * '''Sphutatvacha''' – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface. | ||
* '''Suvarnalatika''' – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers. | * '''Suvarnalatika''' – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers. | ||
* '''Sukshmaphala'''– Fruits are small in size. | * '''Sukshmaphala''' – Fruits are small in size. | ||
* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati | * '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati resemble eggs of crow. | ||
* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati | * '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati is yellow in colour. | ||
[[File:Celastrus_paniculatus.jpg|thumb|Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)]] | |||
==Traditional Context== | |||
In Ayurveda, Jyotishmati is categorized as a nervine tonic and ''Medhya'' drug. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is used for Vata disorders and for sharpening intellect. | |||
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | |||
Jyotishmati | Jyotishmati | ||
==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu== | ==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu== | ||
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani<ref name="ref2" /> | |||
==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties== | |||
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Properties | |+ Properties | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties | ! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) | | 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna) | | 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna) | ||
| Line 69: | Line 78: | ||
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) | | 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Sharp (tikshna) | | 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Sharp (tikshna) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]] | | 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya) | | 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya) | ||
|- | |||
|} | |} | ||
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions == | ==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Herbs and their activities | |+ Herbs and their activities | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity | ! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy) | | 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay | | 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti | | 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha(for therapeutic emesis) | | 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Dose== | ==Dose== | ||
*Seed – 1 to 2 gm | * Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm<ref name="ref1" /> | ||
*Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref | * Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref name="ref1" /> | ||
==Important Formulations== | ==Important Formulations== | ||
As per A.P.I.<ref | As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1" /> | ||
* Smritisagara rasa | |||
* Jyotishmati taila | |||
* | ==Current availability== | ||
* | Available | ||
* '''In India –''' Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands. | |||
* '''Out of India –''' Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam. | |||
==Phytoconstituents== | |||
== | Seeds, seed oil and other parts of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' contain the following major classes of secondary metabolites:<ref name="Nagpal2022" /> | ||
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene polyol esters (e.g. malkanguniol, malkangunin). | |||
* '''Alkaloids:''' celastrine, celapanin, celapagin, paniculatin. | |||
* '''Triterpenoids:''' β-amyrin, lupeol, pristimerin. | |||
* '''Sterols and tocopherols:''' β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol. | |||
* '''Fatty acids:''' palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids. | |||
* '''Flavonoids and phenolics''', and non-fatty acids such as benzoic and cinnamic acid. | |||
==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy== | |||
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph. | |||
===Nootropic / Memory-enhancing activity (Medhya)=== | |||
Chronic oral administration of ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil (50, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 14 days) completely reversed scopolamine-induced deficits in the Morris water maze in rats, whereas a single acute dose did not. The effect was not related to an anticholinesterase-like action.<ref name="Gattu1997" /> | |||
== | ===Neuroprotective activity=== | ||
Water-soluble extracts of the seed significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death in rat forebrain neuronal cultures; the protection was linked to modulation of glutamate (NMDA) receptor function.<ref name="Godkar2004" /> | |||
===Antioxidant activity=== | |||
The aqueous seed extract (200 mg/kg for 14 days) improved learning and memory in rats, and an antioxidant effect was suggested to be involved in this cognitive enhancement.<ref name="Kumar2002" /> | |||
===Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity=== | |||
The alcoholic seed extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive activity in mice (tail immersion and hot plate tests) and significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, supporting the traditional use in painful ''Vata'' disorders.<ref name="Kulkarni2015" /> | |||
===Wound-healing activity=== | |||
Lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from the petroleum-ether extract of the leaves, applied as 0.2% gel promoted healing in excision, incision and dead-space wound models in rats; docking with glycogen synthase kinase-3β supported the finding. This study used the leaf-derived compound, not the seed oil.<ref name="Harish2008" /> | |||
==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage== | |||
* '''Toxicity:''' In an OECD-guideline study in rats, ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil was found safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Mishra2020" /> | |||
* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Use under physician supervision in pregnancy, lactation, and in persons with Pitta aggravation or hyperacidity, in view of its ''ushna'' and ''tikshna'' attributes. | |||
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Seed powder 1–2 g; seed oil 5–15 drops, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above). | |||
==Summary of Therapeutic Profile== | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | |||
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' (preclinical evidence) | |||
! Indication | |||
! Part / preparation studied | |||
! Principal finding | |||
|- | |||
| '''Memory loss / Smruti dourbalya''' | |||
| Seed oil | |||
| Reversal of scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats | |||
|- | |||
| '''Neuroprotection''' | |||
| Water-soluble seed extracts | |||
| Attenuation of glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro | |||
|- | |||
| '''Neurological pain / Vatavyadhi''' | |||
| Alcoholic seed extract | |||
| Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in rodents | |||
|- | |||
| '''Wounds''' | |||
| Lupeol (leaf-derived) | |||
| Enhanced wound healing in rats | |||
|} | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|refs= | |||
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref> | |||
<ref name="Nagpal2022">{{cite journal |last1=Nagpal |first1=K. |last2=Garg |first2=M. |last3=Arora |first3=D. |last4=Dubey |first4=A. |last5=Grewal |first5=A. S. |year=2022 |title=An extensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Indian medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus Willd |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1930–1951 |doi=10.1002/ptr.7424 |pmid=35199395}} </ref> | |||
<ref name="Gattu1997">{{cite journal |last1=Gattu |first1=M. |last2=Boss |first2=K. L. |last3=Terry |first3=A. V. Jr |last4=Buccafusco |first4=J. J. |year=1997 |title=Reversal of scopolamine-induced deficits in navigational memory performance by the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=793–799 |doi=10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00391-7 |pmid=9259008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Godkar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Godkar |first1=P. B. |last2=Gordon |first2=R. K. |last3=Ravindran |first3=A. |last4=Doctor |first4=B. P. |year=2004 |title=Celastrus paniculatus seed water soluble extracts protect against glutamate toxicity in neuronal cultures from rat forebrain |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=93 |issue=2-3 |pages=213–219}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kumar2002">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=M. H. V. |last2=Gupta |first2=Y. K. |year=2002 |title=Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus Willd.: a possible mechanism in enhancing cognition |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=302–311 |doi=10.1078/0944-7113-00136 |pmid=12120811}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kulkarni2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Y. A. |last2=Agarwal |first2=S. |last3=Garud |first3=M. S. |year=2015 |title=Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=82–88 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.146540}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Harish2008">{{cite journal |last1=Harish |first1=B. G. |last2=Krishna |first2=V. |last3=Santosh Kumar |first3=H. S. |last4=Khadeer Ahamed |first4=B. M. |last5=Sharath |first5=R. |last6=Kumara Swamy |first6=H. M. |year=2008 |title=Wound healing activity and docking of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-β-protein with isolated triterpenoid lupeol in rats |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=763–767}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Mishra2020">{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=B. |last2=John |first2=E. |year=2020 |title=Toxicity profile of Celastrus paniculatus seeds: a preclinical study |journal=Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=13 |issue=7 |doi=10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i7.37803}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:49, 9 October 2026
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Jyotishmati |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Celastrus paniculatus Willd. |
| Family | Celastraceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd., popularly known as Jyotishmati (Staff tree, Intellect tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is regarded in Ayurveda as a Medhya (intellect-promoting) herb and is traditionally used for memory loss, diseases of the nervous system and skin disorders.
English name
Staff tree, Intellect tree
Therapeutic Use
Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)[1]
Other varieties / Other botanical names
- Celastrus dependens Wall.
- Celastrus montana
- Celastrus multiflora
- Celastrus nutans
- Celastrus senegelensis
- Celastrus spinoses
Identification characters
- Lata – Jyotishmati is a climber.
- Paravatapadi – Root of Jyotishmati resembles legs of pigeon.
- Sphutatvacha – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.
- Suvarnalatika – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.
- Sukshmaphala – Fruits are small in size.
- Kakandi – Fruits of Jyotishmati resemble eggs of crow.
- Pitataila – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati is yellow in colour.
Traditional Context
In Ayurveda, Jyotishmati is categorized as a nervine tonic and Medhya drug. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is used for Vata disorders and for sharpening intellect.
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
Jyotishmati
Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani[2]
Ayurvedic pharmacological properties
| Sr.no. | Pharmacological criteria | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (rasa) | Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta) |
| 2 | Potency (veerya) | Hot (ushna) |
| 3 | Post digestion effect (vipaka) | Pungent (katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (guna) | Sharp (tikshna) |
| 5 | Actions (karma) | Pacify vata and kapha |
| 6 | Extra ordinary effect (prabhava) | Promotes intellect (medhya) |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/78 | Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy) |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(27) | Shirovirechanopagmahakashay |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/26 | Vairechanikadhumavarti |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/23 | Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis) |
Dose
Important Formulations
As per A.P.I.[1]
- Smritisagara rasa
- Jyotishmati taila
Current availability
Available
- In India – Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.
- Out of India – Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.
Phytoconstituents
Seeds, seed oil and other parts of Celastrus paniculatus contain the following major classes of secondary metabolites:[3]
- Sesquiterpenes: β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene polyol esters (e.g. malkanguniol, malkangunin).
- Alkaloids: celastrine, celapanin, celapagin, paniculatin.
- Triterpenoids: β-amyrin, lupeol, pristimerin.
- Sterols and tocopherols: β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol.
- Fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids.
- Flavonoids and phenolics, and non-fatty acids such as benzoic and cinnamic acid.
Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.
Nootropic / Memory-enhancing activity (Medhya)
Chronic oral administration of C. paniculatus seed oil (50, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 14 days) completely reversed scopolamine-induced deficits in the Morris water maze in rats, whereas a single acute dose did not. The effect was not related to an anticholinesterase-like action.[4]
Neuroprotective activity
Water-soluble extracts of the seed significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death in rat forebrain neuronal cultures; the protection was linked to modulation of glutamate (NMDA) receptor function.[5]
Antioxidant activity
The aqueous seed extract (200 mg/kg for 14 days) improved learning and memory in rats, and an antioxidant effect was suggested to be involved in this cognitive enhancement.[6]
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity
The alcoholic seed extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive activity in mice (tail immersion and hot plate tests) and significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, supporting the traditional use in painful Vata disorders.[7]
Wound-healing activity
Lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from the petroleum-ether extract of the leaves, applied as 0.2% gel promoted healing in excision, incision and dead-space wound models in rats; docking with glycogen synthase kinase-3β supported the finding. This study used the leaf-derived compound, not the seed oil.[8]
Safety, Toxicity and Dosage
- Toxicity: In an OECD-guideline study in rats, C. paniculatus seed oil was found safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.[9]
- Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited): Use under physician supervision in pregnancy, lactation, and in persons with Pitta aggravation or hyperacidity, in view of its ushna and tikshna attributes.
- Standard therapeutic dose: Seed powder 1–2 g; seed oil 5–15 drops, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).
Summary of Therapeutic Profile
| Indication | Part / preparation studied | Principal finding |
|---|---|---|
| Memory loss / Smruti dourbalya | Seed oil | Reversal of scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats |
| Neuroprotection | Water-soluble seed extracts | Attenuation of glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro |
| Neurological pain / Vatavyadhi | Alcoholic seed extract | Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in rodents |
| Wounds | Lupeol (leaf-derived) | Enhanced wound healing in rats |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29
- ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
- ↑ Nagpal, K.; Garg, M.; Arora, D.; Dubey, A.; Grewal, A. S. (2022). "An extensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Indian medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus Willd". Phytotherapy Research. 36 (5): 1930–1951. PMID 35199395 Check
|pmid=value (help). doi:10.1002/ptr.7424. - ↑ Gattu, M.; Boss, K. L.; Terry, A. V. Jr; Buccafusco, J. J. (1997). "Reversal of scopolamine-induced deficits in navigational memory performance by the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 57 (4): 793–799. PMID 9259008. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00391-7.
- ↑ Godkar, P. B.; Gordon, R. K.; Ravindran, A.; Doctor, B. P. (2004). "Celastrus paniculatus seed water soluble extracts protect against glutamate toxicity in neuronal cultures from rat forebrain". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 93 (2-3): 213–219.
- ↑ Kumar, M. H. V.; Gupta, Y. K. (2002). "Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus Willd.: a possible mechanism in enhancing cognition". Phytomedicine. 9 (4): 302–311. PMID 12120811. doi:10.1078/0944-7113-00136.
- ↑ Kulkarni, Y. A.; Agarwal, S.; Garud, M. S. (2015). "Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 6 (2): 82–88. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.146540.
- ↑ Harish, B. G.; Krishna, V.; Santosh Kumar, H. S.; Khadeer Ahamed, B. M.; Sharath, R.; Kumara Swamy, H. M. (2008). "Wound healing activity and docking of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-β-protein with isolated triterpenoid lupeol in rats". Phytomedicine. 15 (9): 763–767.
- ↑ Mishra, B.; John, E. (2020). "Toxicity profile of Celastrus paniculatus seeds: a preclinical study". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 13 (7). doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i7.37803.