Charak Samhita

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Hydrocotyle asiatica L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Mandukaparni, Hydrocotyle asiatica L., Centella asiatica, Gotu kola, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle asiatica L. / Centella asiatica) is widely used in Ayurveda as a premier brain tonic (Medhya) and Rejuvenative (Rasayana). It is traditionally indicated for skin disorders, cognitive enhancement, and blood purification.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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|type=article
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title =Mandukaparni
|title = Mandukaparni
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Mandukaparni
|data1 = Herb database/Mandukaparni
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 =Hydrocotyle asiatica L.  
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centella_asiatica Hydrocotyle asiatica L.]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Apiaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2025
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centella_asiatica Hydrocotyle asiatica L.]''' (syn. *Centella asiatica* (L.) Urb.), popularly known as '''Mandukaparni''' (Gotu Kola), is a small, herbaceous, creeping plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a potent *Medhya* (intellect-promoting) drug and *Rasayana* (rejuvenative), traditionally utilized for enhancing cognitive functions, supporting neurological health, and purifying the blood.


==English name==
==English name==
--
Gotu kola, Indian pennywort
 
==Therepeutic uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:29</ref>==
Sotha(oedema), Aruchi(anorexia),Jwara(fever), Kasa(cough),kandu(itching),kustha(skin disease), raktapitta(bleeding disorder), meha,swasa(dyspnea),pandu(anemia),raktadosha.


==Therapeutic uses==
Sotha (oedema), Aruchi (anorexia), Jwara (fever), Kasa (cough), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin disease), Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Meha (urinary disorders), Swasa (dyspnea), Pandu (anemia), Raktadosha (blood vitiation)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4: 29.</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Somavalli, Divya(mandukaparni is appreciated by all owing to its extraordinary qualities), Mahoushadhi(it is one among best medicinal plant)
Somavalli, Divya (Mandukaparni is appreciated by all owing to its extraordinary qualities), Mahoushadhi (it is one among the best medicinal plants)


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 160, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>==
==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Manduki(mandukaparni has got runner and growth pattern resemble how frog jumps), tvaastri(mandukaparni is believed to be an abode of goddess laxmi.)
Manduki (Mandukaparni has a runner and growth pattern resembling how a frog jumps), Tvaastri (Mandukaparni is believed to be an abode of Goddess Lakshmi)<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 160, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>


==Other varieties==
==Other varieties==
Line 33: Line 47:
* Trisanthus cochinchinensis
* Trisanthus cochinchinensis


[[File:Centella_asiatica.jpg|thumb|Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle asiatica)]]


{| class="wikitable"
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
 
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Mandukaparni is classified under *Vayasthapana* (anti-ageing) and *Tikta Skandha* (group of bitter drugs). It possesses a bitter taste (*tikta rasa*), cold potency (*sheeta veerya*), sweet post-digestion effect (*madhura vipaka*), and light qualities (*laghu guna*). It acts primarily as a brain tonic (*medhya*) and pacifies Kapha and Pitta doshas.


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties
|+ Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|-
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta)<ref name="ref2"/>
|Taste (rasa)
|Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)<ref name="ref2"/>
|Potency (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)<ref name="ref2"/>
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu)<ref name="ref2"/>
|Qualities (guna)
|-
|Light (laghu)
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta, Brain tonic (medhya)<ref name="ref2"/>
|-
|-
|5
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Pitta, Brain tonic (medhya)
|}
|}


 
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|-
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana mahakashaya (anti-ageing group of herbs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50)
|Vayasthapan (anti-ageing) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/95 || In Shaka varga (class of vegetables)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/95
|In Shaka varga (Class of vegetable)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Viman Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || As an ingredient for procedure to remove placenta post-delivery
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|As an ingredient for Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of Dwitiya brahma rasayana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58
|In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
|-
|6
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/30 || Ekala rasayana dravya (single rejuvenative drug)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/30
|Ekala rasayan  dravya
|-
|-
|7
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/92 || As a Vardhamana rasayana prayoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan  Prayoga
|-
|-
|8
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181 || In treatment of Sannipatodara (after visha prayoga)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181  
|-
|In treatment of Sannipatodara (After visha prayoga)  
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/225 || As a pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
|-
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/225
|As a pathya ahara.
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:29</ref>==
==Dose==
* 3-6 gm
* Powder form: 3–6 g<ref name="ref1"/>
 
==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4:29</ref>==
* Brahma rasayana


==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Brahma rasayana


==Current availability ==
==Current availability ==
Available
Available
India – all india mostly in moist region
* '''India –''' Distributed throughout India, mostly found growing wild in moist and damp marshy areas.


==Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Centella%20asiatica
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Hydrocotyle asiatica'' (*Centella asiatica*) is attributed to a rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Triterpenoid Saponins (Centelloids):''' Asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid, responsible for most neuroprotective and wound-healing actions.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenols:''' Quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin acting as powerful antioxidants.
* '''Volatile Oils & Amino Acids:''' Essential oils, vallerine, and various free amino acids.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Effects ===
Mandukaparni is globally recognized as a premier *Medhya* (nootropic) herb that enhances memory, learning, and neurological functions.
* '''Mechanism:''' Triterpenoids stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, protect neurons against amyloid-beta induced toxicity, and modulate central neurotransmitter pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental and clinical studies confirm that standardized extracts significantly improve cognitive performance, spatial memory retention, and mitigate neurodegenerative oxidative stress.<ref name="Gohil2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gohil |first1=K. J. |last2=Patel |first2=J. A. |last3=Gajjar |last3=A. K. |year=2010 |title=Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica: a potential herbal cure-all |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=546–556}}</ref>
 
=== Wound Healing and Dermatological Efficacy ===
Its traditional application in chronic skin conditions (*kustha*) and tissue regeneration is strongly validated by modern science.
* '''Mechanism:''' Asiaticoside promotes collagen synthesis, stimulates fibroblast proliferation, and enhances angiogenesis at wound sites.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research demonstrates that topical and systemic administration accelerates epithelialization, enhances tensile strength in scars, and improves microcirculation in venous insufficiency models.<ref name="Shukla1999b">{{cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=A. |last2=Rasik |first2=A. M. |last3=Jain |last3=G. K. |year=1999 |title=In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=1–11}}</ref>
 
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Anxiolytic Actions ===
Mandukaparni exhibits profound systemic anti-inflammatory and stress-relieving properties.
* '''Mechanism:''' Suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulates GABAergic systems to reduce anxiety and stress responses.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical trials indicate marked reductions in anxiety indices and notable systemic anti-inflammatory responses comparable to standard reference compounds.<ref name="Bylka2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bylka |first1=W. |last2=Znajdek-Awizen |first2=P. |last3=Stelich |first3=E. |year=2013 |title=Centella asiatica in cosmetology |journal=Postepy Dermatologii i Alergologii |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=46–49}}</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Mandukaparni is safe for long-term therapeutic and dietary consumption within standard dosages.
* '''Precautions:''' High doses may occasionally cause mild headache or skin sensitivity in hyper-sensitive individuals.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda physician<ref name="ref1"/>.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Hydrocotyle asiatica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Medhya'''
| Asiaticoside, Madecassoside
| Neuroprotective, Nootropic, NGF stimulator
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Diseases / Kustha'''
| Asiatic acid, Madecassic acid
| Pro-collagen stimulator, Wound healing
|-
| '''Inflammation & Stress'''
| Flavonoids, Triterpenes
| Anti-inflammatory, Anxiolytic
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 4: 29.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 160, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020.</ref>
<ref name="Gohil2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gohil |first1=K. J. |last2=Patel |first2=J. A. |last3=Gajjar |last3=A. K. |year=2010 |title=Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica: a potential herbal cure-all |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=546–556}}</ref>
<ref name="Shukla1999b">{{cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=A. |last2=Rasik |first2=A. M. |last3=Jain |last3=G. K. |year=1999 |title=In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=1–11}}</ref>
<ref name="Bylka2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bylka |first1=W. |last2=Znajdek-Awizen |first2=P. |last3=Stelich |first3=E. |year=2013 |title=Centella asiatica in cosmetology |journal=Postepy Dermatologii i Alergologii |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=46–49}}</ref>
}}


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