Talk:Shatavari: Difference between revisions

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Line 6:

|label2 = Botanical name(s)

|data2 = Asparagus racemosus Willd.

|label3 = ~~Contributors~~

|label3 = Family

|data3 = --

|data3 = Liliaceae

|label4 = Year of publication

|label4 = Availability

|~~data4~~ = ~~2023~~

|data4 = Available

|~~label5~~ = Publisher

|label5 = Contributors

|~~data5~~ = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|data5 = Team Dravyaguna

|~~label6~~ = DOI

|label6 = Year of publication

|~~data6~~ = Awaited

|data6 = 2026

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label8 = DOI

|data8 = Awaited

}}

'''''Asparagus racemosus''''' (commonly known as '''Shatavari''') is a species of plant in the family [[Asparagaceae]].

==English name==

Wild Asparagus

==Therapeutic Uses==

Acid Peptic Disorders (Amlapitta), Haemorrhoids (Arsha), Diarrhoea (Atisara), Abdominal lump (Gulma), Kshaya, Bleeding diarrhoea (Raktisara), Intrinsic haemorrhage (Raktapitta), Raktavikara, Gout (Vatarakta), Herpes zoster (Visarpa), Parinama Shoola, Mutrarakta, Vatajvara, Hoarseness of voice (Svarabheda), Night blindness (Naktandhya), Sutika Roga, Stanya Dosha, Stanya Kshaya<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume IV:50.</ref>

==Other varieties / other botanical names==

* Asparagus rigidulus Nakai

* Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm.

==Types==

===Bhavaprakasha Nighantu===

Mentioned 2 types<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p.379.</ref>

# Shatavari – Asparagus racemosus Willd.

# Mahashatavari – Asparagus sarmentosus Linn.

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shatavari, Atirasa, Shatavirya, Bahusuta, Vari, Vira, Bhiru, Narayani

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Shatavari, Bahusuta, Bhiru, Indivari, Vari, Narayani, Shatapadi, Shatavirya, Pivari

Mahashatavari – Shatamuli, Urdhvakantika, Sahasravirya, Hetu, Rushyaprokta, Mahodari<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p.379.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

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|1

|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(7)

|Balya ~~mahakashay~~

|Balya(tonic) mahakashaya

|-

|2

|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/65

|~~Anutaila~~ dravya

|Anu taila dravya

|-

|3

|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/107

|Shaka Varga

|Shaka Varga(group of vegetables)

|-

|4

|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135

|~~Vaman~~ dravyani

|Vamana dravyani(emesis dravya)

|-

|5

|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139

|~~Madhur skanda~~

|Madhura skandha(group of sweet drugs)

|-

|6

|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/20

|~~Garbhasthapan~~ dravya

|Garbhasthapana dravya

|-

|7

|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/58

|Stanyadushti chikitsa- ~~Dhatrikarma~~

|Stanyadushti(disease of vitiated breast milk) chikitsa- Dhatri karma

|-

|8

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/44

|In formulation of ~~brahma~~ rasayana

|In formulation of Brahma rasayana

|-

|9

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Line 123:

|11

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/34

|Ingredient in ~~Vajikaran~~ ~~Ghrit~~

|Ingredient in Vajikarana Ghrita

|-

|12

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/6

|Ingredient in Apatyakari Shashtikadi Gutika

|-

|13

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/14

|Ingredient in ~~Apatyakar~~ Swaras

|Ingredient in Apatyakara Swaras

|-

|14

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/18

|Ingredient in Vrushya ~~Kshir~~

|Ingredient in Vrushya Kshira

|-

|15

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18

|Ingredient of Vrushya ~~shatavari Ghrit~~

|Ingredient of Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita

|-

|16

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/28

|Ingredient in ~~Apatyakar~~ ~~Ghrit~~

|Ingredient in Apatyakara Ghrita

|-

|17

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250

|As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti.

|As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti

|-

|18

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258

|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.

|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila

|-

|19

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123

|Ingredient in Drakshadya ~~Ghrit~~ for ~~Pittaj~~ Gulma

|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma

|-

|20

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145

|Ingredient in Mahatikta ~~Ghrit~~

|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita

|-

|21

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/79

|Ingredient in Shira-~~Pashva –Ansha~~ Shula nashak lepa

|Ingredient in Shira-Parshva –Ansa Shula nashak lepa

|-

|22

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/105

|~~Ghrit~~ preparation in treatment of Daha

|Ghrita preparation in treatment of Daha(burning)

|-

|23

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/35

|Ingredient in Palankashadi ~~tail~~

|Ingredient in Palankashadi taila

|-

|24

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64

|Ingredient in ~~Atattvabhinivesh~~ ~~nashak yog~~

|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesha nashaka yoga

|-

|25

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36

|Ingredient in ~~Amrutprash~~ ~~Ghrit~~

|Ingredient in Amrutprasha Ghrita

|-

|26

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/46

|Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi ~~Ghrit~~

|Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita

|-

|27

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66

|Ingredient in Chaturtha ~~Sarpigud~~

|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpi guda

|-

|28

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/40

|As a ghrita dravya

|-

|29

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/43

|As a ghrita dravya

|-

|30

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50

|As a yavagu dravya

|As a yavagu(gruel) dravya

|-

|31

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/78

|Use with paya as a ahara or ghrita

|Use with paya(milk) as a ahara(food) or ghrita

|-

|32

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/97

|As an ingredient of ~~satavari~~ ghrita.

|As an ingredient of Shatavari ghrita

|-

|33

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|34

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/78

|As an ingredient of yavaka pradeha.

|As an ingredient of yavaka pradeha(external application)

|-

|35

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/79

|As an ingredient of Baladi alepa.

|As an ingredient of Baladi alepa

|-

|36

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/90

|For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa.

|For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa(herpes)

|-

|37

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/91

|For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa.

|For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa(herpes)

|-

|38

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/84

|For pradeha prayoga in Vata-pittaja visarpa.

|For pradeha prayoga in Vata-pittaja visarpa(herpes)

|-

|39

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/47

|As an ingredient of Vijayadi pralepa.

|As an ingredient of Vijayadi pralepa

|-

|40

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/75

|Used in shoola with sneha & ~~sarkara.~~

|Used in shoola with sneha & sharkara

|-

|41

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/110

|Use for nadi ~~sveda.~~

|Use for nadi sweda(fomentation)

|-

|42

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/160

|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.

|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila

|-

|43

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/52

|Used as Shaka dravya.

|Used as Shaka dravya

|-

|44

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/56

|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita.

|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita

|-

|45

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/58

|As an ingredient of Parushaka Ghrita.

|As an ingredient of Parushaka Ghrita

|-

|46

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61

|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita.

|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita

|-

|47

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/72

|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha.

|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha

|-

|48

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76, 77

|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila.

|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila

|-

|49

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81

|As an ingredient of Baladi yoga.

|As an ingredient of Baladi yoga

|-

|50

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92

|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.

|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila

|-

|51

|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/53

|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni.

|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni

|}

~~{| class~~=~~"wikitable"~~

==Dose==

* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume IV:50.</ref>

==Important formulations==

As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume IV:50.</ref>

* Brahma Rasayana

* Puga Khanda

* Narasimha Churna

* Mahanarayana Taila

* Shatavari Guda

* Saubhagya Shunthi

* Bruhat Chhagaladi Ghrita

* Shatavari Ghrita

* Shatavari Kalpa

* Ashvagandharishta

==Current availability ==

Available

* In India –

Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Jharkhand, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh

* Out of India –

Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia

==Current researches ==

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

~~This article is under development ..~~

== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Asparagus racemosus'' Willd.

* '''Family:''' [[Asparagaceae]] (formerly classified under [[Liliaceae]])

* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shatavari ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Hindi]]), Satamuli ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]), Kurilo ([[Nepali language|Nepali]])

* '''Plant Part Used:''' Dried tuberous roots

* '''Habitat & Distribution:''' Spiny climbing under-shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, Asia, Australia, and parts of Africa.<ref name="Bopana2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bopana N, Saxena S |title=Asparagus racemosus—Ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation needs |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.001}}</ref><ref name="Alok2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M |title=Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=242–251 |year=2013 |doi=10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60049-3}}</ref>

== Phytochemical profile ==

The primary therapeutic activity of ''Asparagus racemosus'' stems from its rich mixture of steroidal [[saponin]]s and secondary metabolites concentrated within the tuberous roots.<ref name="Alok2013" />

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Phytochemical Profile of ''Asparagus racemosus''

|-

! Chemical Class !! Key Bioactive Compounds !! Biological Significance

|-

| '''Steroidal Saponins''' || Shatavarins (I–IV), Immunoside, Sarsasapogenin || Phytoestrogenic, galactagogue, and immunomodulatory activity

|-

| '''Alkaloids''' || Asparagamine A (pyrrolizidine-type) || Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities

|-

| '''Flavonoids & Isoflavones''' || Rutin, Quercetin, Hyperoside, 8-methoxy-isoflavones || Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties

|-

| '''Polysaccharides''' || Mucilage, complex oligosaccharides || Gastroprotective and demulcent effects

|-

| '''Trace Minerals''' || Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Calcium (Ca) || Nutritional support and metabolic cofactor functions

|}

== Pharmacological actions and therapeutic efficacy ==

=== Galactagogue effect and lactation enhancement ===

''Asparagus racemosus'' is recognized in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]] as a primary [[galactagogue]]. Modern clinical trials support its ability to enhance breast milk production by stimulating systemic [[prolactin]] release and promoting the growth of mammary lobuloalveolar tissues.<ref name="Alok2013" /><ref name="Birla2022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Birla A, Satia M, Shah R, et al. |title=Postpartum Use of Shavari Bar® Improves Breast Milk Output: A Double-Blind, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study |journal=Cureus |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=e26831 |year=2022 |doi=10.7759/cureus.26831}}</ref>

* '''Mechanism of Action:''' Bioactive saponins (specifically Shatavarin I–IV) modulate hormone axes to trigger endogenous prolactin release, leading to alveolar hyperplasia and increased milk synthesis.

* '''Clinical Evidence:''' Randomized double-blind clinical trials evaluating postpartum women administered ''A. racemosus'' root preparations demonstrated a statistically significant increase in maternal serum prolactin levels, enhanced total breast milk output, and proportional infant weight gain compared to placebo groups.<ref name="Birla2022" />

{{quote|text=The galactagogue action of Shatavari is attributed to its dual hormonal regulation—boosting prolactin expression while providing systemic antioxidant support to lactating tissue.}}

=== Female reproductive health and endocrine modulation ===

The root extract exhibits [[phytoestrogen]]ic properties due to structural similarities between Shatavarins/isoflavones and 17β-[[estradiol]], allowing selective binding to [[estrogen receptor]]s (<math>\text{ER}\alpha</math> and <math>\text{ER}\beta</math>).<ref name="Alok2013" />

* '''Dysmenorrhea & Infertility:''' Helps regulate [[gonadotropin]] release, supports [[folliculogenesis]], and mitigates uterine hyper-reactivity.<ref name="Bopana2007" />

* '''Menopausal Symptom Relief:''' Studies demonstrate that ''A. racemosus'' root extracts alleviate vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) and mood fluctuations during pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal phases through partial estrogenic receptor modulation without inducing unwanted endometrial proliferation.<ref name="Alok2013" />

=== Adaptogenic, neuroprotective and anxiolytic properties ===

Classified as a ''[[Rasayana]]'' (rejuvenative tonic), Shatavari functions as a systemic [[adaptogen]] by buffering the central nervous system against physical and emotional stressors.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Singh2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh N, Garg M, Prajapati P, et al. |title=Adaptogenic property of Asparagus racemosus: Future trends and prospects |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e14932 |year=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14932}}</ref>

<pre>

[ Environmental / Physiological Stress ]

│

▼

[ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis ]

│

┌─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┐

▼ ▼

(Unmodulated Cortisol Surge) (Modulated via A. racemosus)

│ │

▼ ▼

[ Neuronal Cell Loss & ] [ Upregulation of BDNF & ]

[ Memory Impairment ] [ GABAergic Homeostasis ]

</pre>

* '''Neuroprotection:''' ''In vivo'' models show that root extracts protect hippocampal sub-regions (<math>\text{CA1}</math>, <math>\text{CA3}</math>, and dentate gyrus) from stress-induced cell degeneration by reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as [[superoxide dismutase]] (<math>\text{SOD}</math>) and [[glutathione]] (<math>\text{GSH}</math>).<ref name="Saxena2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saxena G, Singh M, Meena P, et al. |title=Neuroprotective Effects of Asparagus Racemosus Linn Root Extract: An Experimental and Clinical Evidence |journal=Annals of Neurosciences |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=57–63 |year=2007 |doi=10.5214/ans.0972.7531.2007.140302}}</ref><ref name="Singh2023" />

* '''Cognitive & Anticonvulsant Support:''' Network pharmacology studies demonstrate that key phytoconstituents target neuro-inflammatory cascade proteins (such as <math>\text{TNF}-\alpha</math>, <math>\text{CASP3}</math>, and <math>\text{PTGS2}</math>), providing protective effects in neurodegenerative and seizure models.<ref name="Kaur2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaur B, Kumar S, Kaur A, Goel RK |title=A network pharmacology approach to explore pharmacological mechanisms of Asparagus racemosus for ameliorative effect in epilepsy and comorbid progressive memory dysfunction |journal=In Silico Pharmacology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=28 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s40203-023-00169-x}}</ref>

=== Gastroprotective and anti-ulcer activity ===

''A. racemosus'' root extract acts as a cytoprotective agent within the gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="Alok2013" />

* '''Mechanism:''' Rather than purely suppressing gastric acid secretion, it enhances mucosal resistance by increasing mucosal secretion, extending the lifespan of mucosal cells, and reducing gastric hypermotility.

* '''Therapeutic Application:''' Effective in managing [[duodenal ulcer]]s, hyperacidity, and stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Alok2013" />

=== Immunomodulatory activity ===

Shatavari saponins, notably Immunoside and Shatavarin IV, act as biological response modifiers.<ref name="Alok2013" />

* Potentiates both humoral and cell-mediated immunity by enhancing macrophage phagocytic activity.

* Stimulates leucocytosis and restores immune equilibrium during stress-induced immunosuppression.<ref name="Bopana2007" />

== Dosage, safety, and toxicology ==

=== Standard clinical dosage ===

* '''Crude Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 3–6 g/day in divided doses, traditionally taken with milk or warm water.

* '''Standardized Extract (Water/Ethanol):''' 500–1000 mg/day (standardized to steroidal saponins).

=== Toxicology and contraindications ===

* '''Toxicity:''' Animal studies demonstrate high safety margins with no significant acute or sub-acute oral toxicity observed at standard therapeutic ranges.<ref name="Bopana2007" />

* '''Adverse Effects:''' Mild, transient gastrointestinal discomfort may occur in sensitive individuals.

* '''Precautions:''' Patients with estrogen-sensitive conditions (e.g., specific breast or uterine malignancies) should consult a physician prior to high-dose standardized extract therapy due to its phytoestrogenic receptor interaction profile.

== Summary and clinical outlook ==

''Asparagus racemosus'' is an adaptogenic herb with demonstrated clinical applications in female reproductive care, galactagogue support, gastroprotection, and neuroprotection. Modern pharmacological research confirms that its complex array of steroidal saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids underpins its traditional use as a multi-system restorative agent.

== See also ==

* [[Ayurveda]]

https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Asparagus%20racemosus

== References ==

[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 |label2 = Botanical name(s)
 |data2 = Asparagus racemosus Willd.
-|label3 = Contributors
+|label3 = Family
-|data3 = --
+|data3 = Liliaceae
-|label4 = Year of publication
+|label4 = Availability
-|data4 =  2023
+|data4 = Available
-|label5 = Publisher
+|label5 = Contributors
-|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
-|label6 = DOI
+|label6 = Year of publication
-|data6  = Awaited
+|data6 =  2026
+|label7 = Publisher
+|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|label8 = DOI
+|data8  = Awaited
 }}
+'''''Asparagus racemosus''''' (commonly known as '''Shatavari''') is a species of plant in the family [[Asparagaceae]].
 ==English name==
 Wild Asparagus
+==Therapeutic Uses==
+Acid Peptic Disorders (Amlapitta), Haemorrhoids (Arsha), Diarrhoea (Atisara), Abdominal lump (Gulma), Kshaya, Bleeding diarrhoea (Raktisara), Intrinsic haemorrhage (Raktapitta), Raktavikara, Gout (Vatarakta), Herpes zoster (Visarpa), Parinama Shoola, Mutrarakta, Vatajvara, Hoarseness of voice (Svarabheda), Night blindness (Naktandhya), Sutika Roga, Stanya Dosha, Stanya Kshaya<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume IV:50.</ref>
+==Other varieties / other botanical names==
+* Asparagus rigidulus Nakai
+* Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm.
+==Types==
+===Bhavaprakasha Nighantu===
+Mentioned 2 types<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p.379.</ref>
+# Shatavari – Asparagus racemosus Willd.
+# Mahashatavari – Asparagus sarmentosus Linn.
 ==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
 Shatavari, Atirasa, Shatavirya, Bahusuta, Vari, Vira, Bhiru, Narayani
+==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
+Shatavari, Bahusuta, Bhiru, Indivari, Vari, Narayani, Shatapadi, Shatavirya, Pivari
+Mahashatavari – Shatamuli, Urdhvakantika, Sahasravirya, Hetu, Rushyaprokta, Mahodari<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p.379.</ref>
 == Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
@@ Line 59: / Line 83: @@
 |1
 |Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(7)
-|Balya mahakashay
+|Balya(tonic) mahakashaya
 |-
 |2
 |Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/65
-|Anutaila dravya
+|Anu taila dravya
 |-
 |3
 |Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/107
-|Shaka Varga
+|Shaka Varga(group of vegetables)
 |-
 |4
 |Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
-|Vaman dravyani
+|Vamana dravyani(emesis dravya)
 |-
 |5
 |Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
-|Madhur skanda
+|Madhura skandha(group of sweet drugs)
 |-
 |6
 |Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/20
-|Garbhasthapan  dravya
+|Garbhasthapana  dravya
 |-
 |7
 |Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/58
-|Stanyadushti  chikitsa- Dhatrikarma
+|Stanyadushti(disease of vitiated breast milk) chikitsa- Dhatri karma
 |-
 |8
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/44
-|In  formulation of brahma rasayana
+|In  formulation of Brahma rasayana
 |-
 |9
@@ Line 99: / Line 123: @@
 |11
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/34
-|Ingredient in Vajikaran  Ghrit
+|Ingredient in Vajikarana  Ghrita
 |-
 |12
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/6
-|Ingredient in Apatyakari  Shashtikadi Gutika
+|Ingredient in Apatyakari Shashtikadi Gutika
 |-
 |13
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/14
-|Ingredient in Apatyakar  Swaras
+|Ingredient in Apatyakara  Swaras
 |-
 |14
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/18
-|Ingredient in Vrushya  Kshir
+|Ingredient in Vrushya Kshira
 |-
 |15
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18
-|Ingredient of  Vrushya shatavari Ghrit
+|Ingredient of  Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita
 |-
 |16
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/28
-|Ingredient in Apatyakar  Ghrit
+|Ingredient in Apatyakara  Ghrita
 |-
 |17
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
-|As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti.
+|As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
 |-
 |18
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
-|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
+|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
 |-
 |19
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
-|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrit  for Pittaj Gulma
+|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita  for Pittaja Gulma
 |-
 |20
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
-|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrit
+|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrita
 |-
 |21
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/79
-|Ingredient in Shira-Pashva  –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
+|Ingredient in Shira-Parshva –Ansa Shula nashak lepa
 |-
 |22
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/105
-|Ghrit preparation in treatment of Daha
+|Ghrita preparation in treatment of Daha(burning)
 |-
 |23
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/35
-|Ingredient in Palankashadi  tail
+|Ingredient in Palankashadi  taila
 |-
 |24
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64
-|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh  nashak yog
+|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesha  nashaka yoga
 |-
 |25
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36
-|Ingredient in Amrutprash  Ghrit
+|Ingredient in Amrutprasha  Ghrita
 |-
 |26
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/46
-|Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi  Ghrit
+|Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi  Ghrita
 |-
 |27
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
-|Ingredient in Chaturtha  Sarpigud
+|Ingredient in Chaturtha  Sarpi guda
 |-
 |28
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/40
-|As a ghrita  dravya
+|As a ghrita dravya
 |-
 |29
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/43
-|As a ghrita  dravya
+|As a ghrita dravya
 |-
 |30
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50
-|As a yavagu dravya
+|As a yavagu(gruel) dravya
 |-
 |31
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/78
-|Use with paya as a ahara or ghrita
+|Use with paya(milk) as a ahara(food) or ghrita
 |-
 |32
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/97
-|As an ingredient of satavari ghrita.
+|As an ingredient of Shatavari ghrita
 |-
 |33
@@ Line 191: / Line 215: @@
 |34
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/78
-|As an ingredient  of yavaka pradeha.
+|As an ingredient  of yavaka pradeha(external application)
 |-
 |35
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/79
-|As an ingredient  of Baladi alepa.
+|As an ingredient  of Baladi alepa
 |-
 |36
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/90
-|For pradeha  prayoga in kaphaja visarpa.
+|For pradeha  prayoga in kaphaja visarpa(herpes)
 |-
 |37
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/91
-|For pradeha  prayoga in kaphaja visarpa.
+|For pradeha  prayoga in kaphaja visarpa(herpes)
 |-
 |38
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/84
-|For pradeha  prayoga in Vata-pittaja visarpa.
+|For pradeha  prayoga in Vata-pittaja visarpa(herpes)
 |-
 |39
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/47
-|As an ingredient of Vijayadi pralepa.
+|As an ingredient of Vijayadi pralepa
 |-
 |40
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/75
-|Used in shoola with sneha & sarkara.
+|Used in shoola with sneha & sharkara
 |-
 |41
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/110
-|Use for nadi sveda.
+|Use for nadi sweda(fomentation)
 |-
 |42
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/160
-|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
+|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
 |-
 |43
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/52
-|Used as Shaka dravya.
+|Used as Shaka dravya
 |-
 |44
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/56
-|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita.
+|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
 |-
 |45
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/58
-|As an ingredient of Parushaka Ghrita.
+|As an ingredient of Parushaka Ghrita
 |-
 |46
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61
-|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita.
+|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
 |-
 |47
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/72
-|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha.
+|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
 |-
 |48
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76, 77
-|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila.
+|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
 |-
 |49
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81
-|As an ingredient of Baladi yoga.
+|As an ingredient of Baladi yoga
 |-
 |50
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92
-|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.
+|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
 |-
 |51
 |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/53
-|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the  treatment of Vataja yoni.
+|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the  treatment of Vataja yoni
 |}
-{| class="wikitable"
+==Dose==
+* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume IV:50.</ref>
+==Important formulations==
+As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume IV:50.</ref>
+* Brahma Rasayana
+* Puga Khanda
+* Narasimha Churna
+* Mahanarayana Taila
+* Shatavari Guda
+* Saubhagya Shunthi
+* Bruhat Chhagaladi Ghrita
+* Shatavari Ghrita
+* Shatavari Kalpa
+* Ashvagandharishta
 ==Current availability ==
 Available
+* In India –
+Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Jharkhand, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh
+* Out of India –
+Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia
 ==Current researches ==
-[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
-  This article is under development ..
+== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
+* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Asparagus racemosus'' Willd.
+* '''Family:''' [[Asparagaceae]] (formerly classified under [[Liliaceae]])
+* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shatavari ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Hindi]]), Satamuli ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]), Kurilo ([[Nepali language|Nepali]])
+* '''Plant Part Used:''' Dried tuberous roots
+* '''Habitat & Distribution:''' Spiny climbing under-shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, Asia, Australia, and parts of Africa.<ref name="Bopana2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bopana N, Saxena S |title=Asparagus racemosus—Ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation needs |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.001}}</ref><ref name="Alok2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M |title=Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=242–251 |year=2013 |doi=10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60049-3}}</ref>
+== Phytochemical profile ==
+The primary therapeutic activity of ''Asparagus racemosus'' stems from its rich mixture of steroidal [[saponin]]s and secondary metabolites concentrated within the tuberous roots.<ref name="Alok2013" />
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Phytochemical Profile of ''Asparagus racemosus''
+|-
+! Chemical Class !! Key Bioactive Compounds !! Biological Significance
+|-
+| '''Steroidal Saponins''' || Shatavarins (I–IV), Immunoside, Sarsasapogenin || Phytoestrogenic, galactagogue, and immunomodulatory activity
+|-
+| '''Alkaloids''' || Asparagamine A (pyrrolizidine-type) || Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities
+|-
+| '''Flavonoids & Isoflavones''' || Rutin, Quercetin, Hyperoside, 8-methoxy-isoflavones || Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties
+|-
+| '''Polysaccharides''' || Mucilage, complex oligosaccharides || Gastroprotective and demulcent effects
+|-
+| '''Trace Minerals''' || Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Calcium (Ca) || Nutritional support and metabolic cofactor functions
+|}
+== Pharmacological actions and therapeutic efficacy ==
+=== Galactagogue effect and lactation enhancement ===
+''Asparagus racemosus'' is recognized in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]] as a primary [[galactagogue]]. Modern clinical trials support its ability to enhance breast milk production by stimulating systemic [[prolactin]] release and promoting the growth of mammary lobuloalveolar tissues.<ref name="Alok2013" /><ref name="Birla2022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Birla A, Satia M, Shah R, et al. |title=Postpartum Use of Shavari Bar® Improves Breast Milk Output: A Double-Blind, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study |journal=Cureus |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=e26831 |year=2022 |doi=10.7759/cureus.26831}}</ref>
+* '''Mechanism of Action:''' Bioactive saponins (specifically Shatavarin I–IV) modulate hormone axes to trigger endogenous prolactin release, leading to alveolar hyperplasia and increased milk synthesis.
+* '''Clinical Evidence:''' Randomized double-blind clinical trials evaluating postpartum women administered ''A. racemosus'' root preparations demonstrated a statistically significant increase in maternal serum prolactin levels, enhanced total breast milk output, and proportional infant weight gain compared to placebo groups.<ref name="Birla2022" />
+{{quote|text=The galactagogue action of Shatavari is attributed to its dual hormonal regulation—boosting prolactin expression while providing systemic antioxidant support to lactating tissue.}}
+=== Female reproductive health and endocrine modulation ===
+The root extract exhibits [[phytoestrogen]]ic properties due to structural similarities between Shatavarins/isoflavones and 17β-[[estradiol]], allowing selective binding to [[estrogen receptor]]s (<math>\text{ER}\alpha</math> and <math>\text{ER}\beta</math>).<ref name="Alok2013" />
+* '''Dysmenorrhea & Infertility:''' Helps regulate [[gonadotropin]] release, supports [[folliculogenesis]], and mitigates uterine hyper-reactivity.<ref name="Bopana2007" />
+* '''Menopausal Symptom Relief:''' Studies demonstrate that ''A. racemosus'' root extracts alleviate vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) and mood fluctuations during pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal phases through partial estrogenic receptor modulation without inducing unwanted endometrial proliferation.<ref name="Alok2013" />
+=== Adaptogenic, neuroprotective and anxiolytic properties ===
+Classified as a ''[[Rasayana]]'' (rejuvenative tonic), Shatavari functions as a systemic [[adaptogen]] by buffering the central nervous system against physical and emotional stressors.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Singh2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh N, Garg M, Prajapati P, et al. |title=Adaptogenic property of Asparagus racemosus: Future trends and prospects |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e14932 |year=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14932}}</ref>
+<pre>
+                             [ Environmental / Physiological Stress ]
+                                                │
+                                                ▼
+                             [ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis ]
+                                                │
+                          ┌─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┐
+                          ▼                                           ▼
+            (Unmodulated Cortisol Surge)             (Modulated via A. racemosus)
+                          │                                           │
+                          ▼                                           ▼
+             [ Neuronal Cell Loss & ]                 [ Upregulation of BDNF & ]
+             [ Memory Impairment    ]                 [ GABAergic Homeostasis  ]
+</pre>
+* '''Neuroprotection:''' ''In vivo'' models show that root extracts protect hippocampal sub-regions (<math>\text{CA1}</math>, <math>\text{CA3}</math>, and dentate gyrus) from stress-induced cell degeneration by reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as [[superoxide dismutase]] (<math>\text{SOD}</math>) and [[glutathione]] (<math>\text{GSH}</math>).<ref name="Saxena2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saxena G, Singh M, Meena P, et al. |title=Neuroprotective Effects of Asparagus Racemosus Linn Root Extract: An Experimental and Clinical Evidence |journal=Annals of Neurosciences |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=57–63 |year=2007 |doi=10.5214/ans.0972.7531.2007.140302}}</ref><ref name="Singh2023" />
+* '''Cognitive & Anticonvulsant Support:''' Network pharmacology studies demonstrate that key phytoconstituents target neuro-inflammatory cascade proteins (such as <math>\text{TNF}-\alpha</math>, <math>\text{CASP3}</math>, and <math>\text{PTGS2}</math>), providing protective effects in neurodegenerative and seizure models.<ref name="Kaur2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaur B, Kumar S, Kaur A, Goel RK |title=A network pharmacology approach to explore pharmacological mechanisms of Asparagus racemosus for ameliorative effect in epilepsy and comorbid progressive memory dysfunction |journal=In Silico Pharmacology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=28 |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/s40203-023-00169-x}}</ref>
+=== Gastroprotective and anti-ulcer activity ===
+''A. racemosus'' root extract acts as a cytoprotective agent within the gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="Alok2013" />
+* '''Mechanism:''' Rather than purely suppressing gastric acid secretion, it enhances mucosal resistance by increasing mucosal secretion, extending the lifespan of mucosal cells, and reducing gastric hypermotility.
+* '''Therapeutic Application:''' Effective in managing [[duodenal ulcer]]s, hyperacidity, and stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Alok2013" />
+=== Immunomodulatory activity ===
+Shatavari saponins, notably Immunoside and Shatavarin IV, act as biological response modifiers.<ref name="Alok2013" />
+* Potentiates both humoral and cell-mediated immunity by enhancing macrophage phagocytic activity.
+* Stimulates leucocytosis and restores immune equilibrium during stress-induced immunosuppression.<ref name="Bopana2007" />
+== Dosage, safety, and toxicology ==
+=== Standard clinical dosage ===
+* '''Crude Root Powder (''Churna''):''' 3–6 g/day in divided doses, traditionally taken with milk or warm water.
+* '''Standardized Extract (Water/Ethanol):''' 500–1000 mg/day (standardized to steroidal saponins).
+=== Toxicology and contraindications ===
+* '''Toxicity:''' Animal studies demonstrate high safety margins with no significant acute or sub-acute oral toxicity observed at standard therapeutic ranges.<ref name="Bopana2007" />
+* '''Adverse Effects:''' Mild, transient gastrointestinal discomfort may occur in sensitive individuals.
+* '''Precautions:''' Patients with estrogen-sensitive conditions (e.g., specific breast or uterine malignancies) should consult a physician prior to high-dose standardized extract therapy due to its phytoestrogenic receptor interaction profile.
+== Summary and clinical outlook ==
+''Asparagus racemosus'' is an adaptogenic herb with demonstrated clinical applications in female reproductive care, galactagogue support, gastroprotection, and neuroprotection. Modern pharmacological research confirms that its complex array of steroidal saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids underpins its traditional use as a multi-system restorative agent.
+== See also ==
+* [[Ayurveda]]
+https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Asparagus%20racemosus
+== References ==
+{{reflist}}
+[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]