Charak Samhita

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Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bijaka, Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Malabar kino, Indian kino, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
|description=Monograph on Bijaka (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Bijaka - Pterocarpus marsupium
|type=article
}}
</noinclude>
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Bijaka
|title = Bijaka
Line 5: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Bijaka
|data1 = Herb database/Bijaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Bijaka''', '''Malabar Kino''', or '''Indian Kino Tree''', is a large, deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered for its anti-diabetic (*Prameha*), skin-protective (*Kustha*), and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>


== English Name ==
Malabar kino, Indian kino
Malabar kino, Indian kino


==Therapeutic Use==
== Therapeutic Use ==
 
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis (Kustha), Diabetes mellitus (Prameha), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)<ref name="API" />
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis(Kustha), Diabetes mellitus( Prameha ), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)
 
==Other varieties / Other Botanical names==


* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)  
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain  
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)  
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)


==Identification Characters==
== Identification Characters ==
* '''Pivara''' &ndash; Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
* '''Mahasarja''' &ndash; Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica).
* '''Tishya''' &ndash; Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter).
* '''Sugandhi''' &ndash; Flowers are aromatic.
* '''Pitasara''' &ndash; Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* '''Pitashalaka''' &ndash; Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta).


* '''Pivara''' – Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* '''Mahasarja''' – Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica)
* Pitasara &ndash; Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* '''Tishya''' – Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter)
* Pitashaalaka &ndash; Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala (Shorea robusta).
* '''Sugandhi''' – Flowers are aromatic
* Bandhukpushpa
* '''Pitasara''' – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour
* Priyaka
* '''Pitashalaka''' – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta)
* Sarjaka
* Asana


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Pitasara(Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour), Pitashaalaka(heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala(shorea robusta)), Bandhukpushpa, Priyaka, Sarjaka, Asana
* Bijaka
* Pitasara
* Pitashalaka
* Bandhukapushpa
* Priyaka
* Sarjaka
* Asana<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>


==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
Bijaka, Pitasara, Pitashalaka, Bandhukapushpa, Priyaka, Sarjaka, Asana
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Bijaka has the following properties:


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|+'''Properties'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
!'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Astringent (''Kasaya'')
|Taste (rasa)
|Astringent (Kasaya)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Dry (''Ruksa''), Light (''Laghu'')
|Potency (veerya)
|Dry (Ruksa), laghu (Light)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (Katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|Qualities (guna)
|Hot (Ushna)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosha
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosa
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Bijaka is documented across therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/106 || As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/106
|As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].27/56  
|}
|As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
 
== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 50 – 100 gm of the drug.<ref name="API" />
 
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Nyagrodhadi Churna
* Asanabilvadi Taila
 
== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.
* '''Out of India:''' Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan.
 
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of *Pterocarpus marsupium* heartwood and bark is attributed to a distinct profile of secondary metabolites:
* '''Flavonoids & Polyphenols:''' Pterostilbene, marsupin, epicatechin, and liquiritigenin.
* '''Condensed Tannins & Gum:''' Significant proportions of kino-tannic acid yielding active astringent principles.
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological investigations validate several traditional claims associated with *Pterocarpus marsupium*:
 
=== 1. Anti-Diabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity (*Prameha*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Highly indicated in *Prameha* (diabetes mellitus) and metabolic disorders.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pterostilbene and epicatechin present in the heartwood demonstrate profound insulin-mimetic properties, enhancing peripheral glucose uptake, regenerating pancreatic beta-cells, and lowering blood glucose levels in experimental models.<ref name="Chakravarthy1981">Chakravarthy, I. K., et al. "Insulin release and insulin-like activity of Pterocarpus marsupium if heartwood extracts." Life Sciences.</ref>
 
=== 2. Antihyperlipidemic and Metabolic Support (*Medodosa*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Medodosa* (obesity) and lipid dysregulation.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts significantly reduce serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), preventing lipid accumulation and supporting vascular health.<ref name="Variya2016">Variya, B. C., et al. "Pterocarpus marsupium (Malabar kino): Chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential." Pharmaceutical Biology.</ref>
 
=== 3. Skin Protection and Anti-psoriatic Action (*Kustha*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Kustha* (psoriasis and skin disorders) and chronic skin lesions.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' The astringent and anti-inflammatory properties of kino-tannic acid fractions suppress inflammatory pathways, reduce cellular proliferation, and accelerate dermal healing.<ref name="Manickam1997">Manickam, M., et al. "Antidiabetic activity of hypoglycemic principles from Pterocarpus marsupium." Journal of Natural Products.</ref>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Pterocarpus marsupium*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diabetes (*Prameha*)'''
| Pterostilbene, Epicatechin
| Beta-cell regeneration, Hypoglycemic action
|-
| '''Lipid Disorders (*Medodosa*)'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Lipid profile normalization, Antihyperlipidemic
|-
|-
|3
| '''Skin Diseases (*Kustha*)'''
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].27/56
| Kino-tannic acid, Tannins
|As an ingredient  of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
| Anti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative
|}
|}


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Safe within therapeutic limits; avoid excessive dosages without professional supervision.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 50–100 gm.<ref name="API" />


==Current availability ==
== References ==
Available
{{Reflist|refs=
==Current researches ==
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
  This article is under development ..
<ref name="Chakravarthy1981">Chakravarthy, I. K., et al. "Insulin release and insulin-like activity of Pterocarpus marsupium if heartwood extracts." Life Sciences.</ref>
<ref name="Variya2016">Variya, B. C., et al. "Pterocarpus marsupium (Malabar kino): Chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential." Pharmaceutical Biology.</ref>
<ref name="Manickam1997">Manickam, M., et al. "Antidiabetic activity of hypoglycemic principles from Pterocarpus marsupium." Journal of Natural Products.</ref>
}}
 
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''This article is under development ..''
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