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Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.
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|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= Agnimantha, Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.,Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
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[[wikipedia:Clerodendrum_phlomidis|Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.]]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
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|data2 = Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.
|data2 = Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = --
|data3 = Team Dravyaguna
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Year of publication  
|data4 =  2021
|data4 =  2026
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Publisher  
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
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}}
}}


==English name ==
'''''Clerodendrum phlomidis''''' (Sanskrit: ''Agnimantha'') is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large puberulent shrub or small tree native to dry, arid, and tropical regions across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Wang2018" /> Morphologically, it possesses ovate or deltoid leaves with entire or coarsely dentate margins and fragrant, white-to-pinkish tubular flowers in axillary cymes. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]], it serves as ''Brihat Agnimantha''—a vital constituent of [[Dashamula]] (the ten sacred roots formulation).


--
== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' Linn.f.
* '''Botanical synonyms:''' ''Clerodendrum multiflorum'' (Burm.f.) O. Kuntze, ''Volkameria multiflora'' Burm.f.
* '''Family:''' Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
* '''Sanskrit name:''' ''Agnimantha'' (also ''Ganikarika'', ''Arani'', ''Tarkari'', ''Vatagni'')
* '''Vernacular names:''' Arni, Piran (Hindi); Arani, Tekar (Marathi); Aranimula (Gujarati); Vadamadakki, Taludalai (Tamil); Nelli, Tekkali (Telugu); Munja (Malayalam).
[[File:Agnimantha.jpg|thumb|'''Agnimantha (''Clerodendrum phlomidis L.)''''']]


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==


Agnimantha
Agnimantha, Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vaijayanti


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics ==
 
In classical Ayurvedic literature, Agnimantha is classified as an essential Vata-Kapha Shamaka drug, specifically indicated for inflammatory conditions (Shotha), metabolic disorders (Prameha and Sthaulya), and fevers (Jwara).
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical relevance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)|| Cleanses tissue channels (''Srotas''), reduces excessive ''Kapha'' and ''Meda'' (fat).
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna) || Stimulates metabolic digestive fire (''Agni''), relieves ''Vata'' pain and swelling.
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 2/11 || Asthapana
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Enhances bio-elimination and metabolic clearance.
|-
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana 4/9(26)|| Anuvasanopagmahakashay
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha) || Pacifies heavy, sticky, congestive toxic accumulation (''Ama'').
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana 4/9(38) || Shwayathuharamahakashaya
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]|| Alleviates pain, edema, neuromuscular stiffness, and fluid retention.
|-
|-
| 6 || Primary indications || Shotha (Edema), Prameha (Diabetes), Sthaulya (Obesity), Jwara (Fever), Vata-vyadhi || Reduces swelling, joint discomfort, metabolic sluggishness, and pyrexia.
|}
|}


 
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 2/11 || Used as a Asthapana dravya
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(26)|| Anuvasanopaga mahakashaya
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(38) || Shwayathuhara mahakashaya
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 21/24
|Management of  obesity
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 21/24
|Management of  obesity
|-
|6
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa sthana 1/1/43
|In  formulation of brahma rasayana
|-
|7
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa sthana 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|8
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa sthana 5/67
|To increase effect of Trayushanaadi  ghrit
|-
|9
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa sthana 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|10
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja  prameha
|-
|11
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|12
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|13
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara  Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|14
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki  Avaleh
|-
|16
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 13/65
|In treatment  of vatodara for anuvasana basti
|-
|17
|Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113
|As an  ingredient of Panchkola ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/117
|As an  ingredient of yavadi ghrit
|-
|19
|Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/170
|Kshar siddha  taila used in udara roga
|-
|20
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 14/45
|Used in  Swedana kriya
|-
|21
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 14/144
|As an  ingredient of Dantyarista
|-
|22
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana15/82
|As an  ingredient of Dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 15/88
|As an  ingredient of Panchamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|24
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 15/156
|As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|25
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation  for hikka svasa
|-
|26
|Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 17/105
|Dashamula kwath used in condition of trishna in patients of Hikka Shvasa.
|-
|27
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/140
|As an ingredient of  Dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|28
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa.
|-
|29
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 24/129
|Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula.
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|30
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 25/78
|Used for parisechana in Daha & shoola.
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)
|31
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/138
|Used in Vataja pratishyaya For nasya.
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|32
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/153
|As an ingredient of  Bhargyadi taila.
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|33
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/237
|Used for aaschotana in  Vataja netraroga.
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|34
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/57
|As an ingredient  of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|35
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/52
|As an ingredient  of  Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|-
|36
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/54
|As an ingredient  of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|}
|}
 
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  


Line 66: Line 216:
== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== Phytochemical profile ==
  This article is under development ..
Phytochemical analyses of ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' have isolated over 280 secondary metabolites across the root, stem, leaf, and flower tissues.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Wang2018" /> These constituents provide the chemical foundation for its systemic bioactivities:
 
* '''Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides:''' Pectolinaringenin, scutellarein, hispidulin, apigenin, 7-hydroxyflavone, and pectolinaringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
* '''Steroids and sterol glycosides:''' γ-sitosterol, β-sitosterol, clerosterol, cholestanol, and 24β-ethylcholesta-5,22E,25-trien-3β-ol.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
* '''Diterpenes and diterpenoids:''' Clerodin, clerodendrin, and clerodermic acid.
* '''Phenylethanoid glycosides and phenolics:''' Acteoside, verbascoside, and serratagenic acid.<ref name="Wang2018" />
 
== Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological profile ==
 
=== Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity ===
The anti-inflammatory efficacy of ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' validates its classical classification as a principal ''Shothahara'' (edema-reducing) agent. Research on leaf and root extracts shows significant attenuation of both acute and chronic inflammation.<ref name="Babu2011" /><ref name="Wang2018" />
 
* '''Mechanisms of action:''' The aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibit marked lysosomal membrane stabilization, preventing the release of lysosomal enzymes that trigger tissue injury and inflammatory cascades.<ref name="Babu2011" /> ''In vivo'' models demonstrate significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema and suppression of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis.<ref name="Babu2011" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
* '''Nanoparticle applications:''' Green-synthesized aluminum oxide nanoparticles utilizing ''C. phlomidis'' extracts show enhanced anti-inflammatory membrane stabilization and radical scavenging activities ''in vitro''.<ref name="Thanaraj2024" />
 
=== Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activity ===
In traditional practice, ''Agnimantha'' is prescribed for ''Prameha'' (metabolic syndrome/diabetes mellitus). Modern pharmacological investigations confirm that alcoholic and aqueous leaf and root extracts possess dose-dependent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" />
 
* '''Mechanisms of action:''' ''C. phlomidis'' extracts promote circulating glucose uptake, restore pancreatic islet tissue integrity, reduce lipid peroxidation, and inhibit key digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), preventing postprandial hyperglycemia.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
 
=== Antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential ===
The plant's broad phenolic and flavonoid composition—specifically compounds like pectolinaringenin and acteoside—imparts strong antioxidant activity.<ref name="Bharitkar2015" /><ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
 
* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Extracts scavenge free radicals such as DPPH and ABTS while bolstering endogenously produced antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).<ref name="Thanaraj2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" /> This activity reduces oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage and supports systemic immune responsiveness.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
 
=== Hepatoprotective and anti-obesity effects ===
''Agnimantha'' is a component of formulations designed to address ''Sthaulya'' (obesity) and hepatic congestion.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" />
 
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' Ethyl acetate and alcoholic extracts significantly lower elevated serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin) in models of toxin-induced hepatic injury, restoring structural architecture and parenchymal integrity.<ref name="Wang2018" />
* '''Anti-obesity activity:''' Methanolic root extracts demonstrate hypolipidemic effects by reducing circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol, suppressing adipocyte hypertrophy, and inhibiting pre-adipocyte differentiation.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" />
 
=== Antimicrobial, antiasthmatic, and neuroprotective effects ===
* '''Antimicrobial:''' Leaf extracts exhibit antimicrobial broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal strains.<ref name="Ravichandran2022" /><ref name="Thanaraj2024" />
* '''Respiratory support:''' Ethnomedicinal claims for asthma and bronchitis treatment are supported by bronchodilatory and antiasthmatic actions that relax smooth muscle tissues and suppress allergic inflammatory responses.<ref name="Ravichandran2022" /><ref name="Wang2018" />
* '''Neuroprotection:''' Methanolic fractions demonstrate central nervous system calming effects, antiamnestic potential, and protection against neurodegenerative oxidative stress.<ref name="Mamuaja2024" /><ref name="Wang2018" />
 
== Dosage, formulations, and safety profile ==
 
=== Classical formulations ===
# '''Dashamularishta:''' Fermented liquid formulation used for post-partum recovery, systemic inflammation, and respiratory disorders.
# '''Dashamula Kwatha:''' Decoction prescribed for ''Vata'' joint disorders, edema, and fever.
# '''Agnimanthadi Kwatha:''' Targeted decoction for obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic slowness.
# '''Chyawanprash:''' Polyherbal rasayana tonic incorporating ''Agnimantha'' root for immunity and vitality.
 
=== Recommended posology (raw drug) ===
* '''Root bark powder (''Churna''):''' 3–6 grams daily.
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50–100 mL daily in divided doses.
* '''Fresh leaf juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10–20 mL daily.
 
=== Toxicology and safety ===
Acute and sub-acute toxicity evaluations of ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' crude extracts in animal models demonstrate high safety margins with no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) at standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Wang2018" /> Standardized preparations remain well tolerated without documented target-organ toxicity.
 
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Babu2011">Babu, N. P., Pandikumar, P., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2011). Lysosomal membrane stabilization and anti-inflammatory activity of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f., a traditional medicinal plant. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 135(3), 779–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.028</ref>
 
<ref name="Bharitkar2015">Bharitkar, Y. P., Hazra, A., Shah, S., Saha, S., Matoori, A. K., & Mondal, N. B. (2015). New flavonoid glycosides and other chemical constituents from Clerodendrum phlomidis leaves: isolation and characterisation. ''Natural Product Research'', 29(19), 1850–1856. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1009457</ref>
 
<ref name="Mamuaja2024">Mamuaja, M. N., Herlina, T., Rumampuk, R. J., Maksum, I. P., & Rukayadi, Y. (2024). Flavonoids from Clerodendrum genus and their biological activities. ''ADMET and DMPK'', 12(4), 843–879. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2442</ref>
 
<ref name="Ravichandran2022">Ravichandran, S., Jegathaprathaban, R., Radhakrishnan, J., Usha, R., Vijayan, V., & Teklemariam, A. (2022). An investigation of electrospun Clerodendrum phlomidis leaves extract infused polycaprolactone nanofiber for in vitro biological application. ''Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications'', 2022, 2335443. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2335443</ref>
 
<ref name="Thanaraj2024">Thanaraj, S., Mitthun, A. N. K., Geetha Sravanthy, P., Carmelin, D. S., Surya, M., & Saravanan, M. (2024). Green synthesis of aluminum oxide nanoparticles using Clerodendrum phlomidis and their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. ''Cureus'', 16(1), e52279. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52279</ref>
 
<ref name="Wang2018">Wang, J.-H., Luan, F., He, X.-D., Wang, Y., & Li, M.-X. (2018). Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals. ''Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine'', 8(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001</ref>
}}
 
=== External links ===
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Clerodendrum%20phlomidis IMPPAT Database]
* [[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 06:55, 5 August 2026


Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.

Agnimantha
Section/Chapter Herb database/Agnimantha
Botanical name(s) Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Clerodendrum phlomidis (Sanskrit: Agnimantha) is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large puberulent shrub or small tree native to dry, arid, and tropical regions across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.[1] Morphologically, it possesses ovate or deltoid leaves with entire or coarsely dentate margins and fragrant, white-to-pinkish tubular flowers in axillary cymes. In Ayurvedic medicine, it serves as Brihat Agnimantha—a vital constituent of Dashamula (the ten sacred roots formulation).

Botanical profile and nomenclature

  • Taxonomic name: Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.
  • Botanical synonyms: Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) O. Kuntze, Volkameria multiflora Burm.f.
  • Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
  • Sanskrit name: Agnimantha (also Ganikarika, Arani, Tarkari, Vatagni)
  • Vernacular names: Arni, Piran (Hindi); Arani, Tekar (Marathi); Aranimula (Gujarati); Vadamadakki, Taludalai (Tamil); Nelli, Tekkali (Telugu); Munja (Malayalam).
Agnimantha (Clerodendrum phlomidis L.)

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Agnimantha, Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vaijayanti

Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics

In classical Ayurvedic literature, Agnimantha is classified as an essential Vata-Kapha Shamaka drug, specifically indicated for inflammatory conditions (Shotha), metabolic disorders (Prameha and Sthaulya), and fevers (Jwara).

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties Clinical relevance
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura) Cleanses tissue channels (Srotas), reduces excessive Kapha and Meda (fat).
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna) Stimulates metabolic digestive fire (Agni), relieves Vata pain and swelling.
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu) Enhances bio-elimination and metabolic clearance.
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha) Pacifies heavy, sticky, congestive toxic accumulation (Ama).
5 Actions (karma) Pacify kapha and vata Alleviates pain, edema, neuromuscular stiffness, and fluid retention.
6 Primary indications Shotha (Edema), Prameha (Diabetes), Sthaulya (Obesity), Jwara (Fever), Vata-vyadhi Reduces swelling, joint discomfort, metabolic sluggishness, and pyrexia.

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 2/11 Used as a Asthapana dravya
2 Cha.Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(26) Anuvasanopaga mahakashaya
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 4/9(38) Shwayathuhara mahakashaya
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 21/24 Management of obesity
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra sthana 21/24 Management of obesity
6 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 1/1/43 In formulation of brahma rasayana
7 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
8 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 5/67 To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrit
9 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 5/149 Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
10 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/28 Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha
11 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/65 Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
12 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/81 Ingredient in Triphalasava
13 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/52 Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrit
14 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
15 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
16 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/65 In treatment of vatodara for anuvasana basti
17 Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113 As an ingredient of Panchkola ghrita
18 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/117 As an ingredient of yavadi ghrit
19 Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/170 Kshar siddha taila used in udara roga
20 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/45 Used in Swedana kriya
21 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 As an ingredient of Dantyarista
22 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana15/82 As an ingredient of Dashmuladya ghrita
23 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 As an ingredient of Panchamuladhya ghrit evum churna
24 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/156 As an ingredient of Mulasava
25 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
26 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/105 Dashamula kwath used in condition of trishna in patients of Hikka Shvasa.
27 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 As an ingredient of Dashamuladhya ghrita
28 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 21/125 As an ingredient of Baladi lepa.
29 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 24/129 Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula.
30 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 25/78 Used for parisechana in Daha & shoola.
31 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/138 Used in Vataja pratishyaya For nasya.
32 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/153 As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila.
33 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/237 Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga.
34 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/57 As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
35 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/52 As an ingredient of  Tarkaryadi Parisechana
36 Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/54 As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa

Current availability

Available

Current researches

Phytochemical profile

Phytochemical analyses of Clerodendrum phlomidis have isolated over 280 secondary metabolites across the root, stem, leaf, and flower tissues.[2][1] These constituents provide the chemical foundation for its systemic bioactivities:

  • Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides: Pectolinaringenin, scutellarein, hispidulin, apigenin, 7-hydroxyflavone, and pectolinaringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.[2][3]
  • Steroids and sterol glycosides: γ-sitosterol, β-sitosterol, clerosterol, cholestanol, and 24β-ethylcholesta-5,22E,25-trien-3β-ol.[2][3]
  • Diterpenes and diterpenoids: Clerodin, clerodendrin, and clerodermic acid.
  • Phenylethanoid glycosides and phenolics: Acteoside, verbascoside, and serratagenic acid.[1]

Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological profile

Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity

The anti-inflammatory efficacy of Clerodendrum phlomidis validates its classical classification as a principal Shothahara (edema-reducing) agent. Research on leaf and root extracts shows significant attenuation of both acute and chronic inflammation.[4][1]

  • Mechanisms of action: The aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibit marked lysosomal membrane stabilization, preventing the release of lysosomal enzymes that trigger tissue injury and inflammatory cascades.[4] In vivo models demonstrate significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema and suppression of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis.[4][3]
  • Nanoparticle applications: Green-synthesized aluminum oxide nanoparticles utilizing C. phlomidis extracts show enhanced anti-inflammatory membrane stabilization and radical scavenging activities in vitro.[5]

Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activity

In traditional practice, Agnimantha is prescribed for Prameha (metabolic syndrome/diabetes mellitus). Modern pharmacological investigations confirm that alcoholic and aqueous leaf and root extracts possess dose-dependent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties.[3][1]

  • Mechanisms of action: C. phlomidis extracts promote circulating glucose uptake, restore pancreatic islet tissue integrity, reduce lipid peroxidation, and inhibit key digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), preventing postprandial hyperglycemia.[3]

Antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential

The plant's broad phenolic and flavonoid composition—specifically compounds like pectolinaringenin and acteoside—imparts strong antioxidant activity.[2][3]

  • Mechanisms of action: Extracts scavenge free radicals such as DPPH and ABTS while bolstering endogenously produced antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).[5][1] This activity reduces oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage and supports systemic immune responsiveness.[3]

Hepatoprotective and anti-obesity effects

Agnimantha is a component of formulations designed to address Sthaulya (obesity) and hepatic congestion.[3][1]

  • Hepatoprotection: Ethyl acetate and alcoholic extracts significantly lower elevated serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin) in models of toxin-induced hepatic injury, restoring structural architecture and parenchymal integrity.[1]
  • Anti-obesity activity: Methanolic root extracts demonstrate hypolipidemic effects by reducing circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol, suppressing adipocyte hypertrophy, and inhibiting pre-adipocyte differentiation.[3]

Antimicrobial, antiasthmatic, and neuroprotective effects

  • Antimicrobial: Leaf extracts exhibit antimicrobial broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal strains.[6][5]
  • Respiratory support: Ethnomedicinal claims for asthma and bronchitis treatment are supported by bronchodilatory and antiasthmatic actions that relax smooth muscle tissues and suppress allergic inflammatory responses.[6][1]
  • Neuroprotection: Methanolic fractions demonstrate central nervous system calming effects, antiamnestic potential, and protection against neurodegenerative oxidative stress.[3][1]

Dosage, formulations, and safety profile

Classical formulations

  1. Dashamularishta: Fermented liquid formulation used for post-partum recovery, systemic inflammation, and respiratory disorders.
  2. Dashamula Kwatha: Decoction prescribed for Vata joint disorders, edema, and fever.
  3. Agnimanthadi Kwatha: Targeted decoction for obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic slowness.
  4. Chyawanprash: Polyherbal rasayana tonic incorporating Agnimantha root for immunity and vitality.

Recommended posology (raw drug)

  • Root bark powder (Churna): 3–6 grams daily.
  • Decoction (Kwatha): 50–100 mL daily in divided doses.
  • Fresh leaf juice (Swarasa): 10–20 mL daily.

Toxicology and safety

Acute and sub-acute toxicity evaluations of Clerodendrum phlomidis crude extracts in animal models demonstrate high safety margins with no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) at standard therapeutic dosages.[1] Standardized preparations remain well tolerated without documented target-organ toxicity.

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Wang, J.-H., Luan, F., He, X.-D., Wang, Y., & Li, M.-X. (2018). Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 8(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Bharitkar, Y. P., Hazra, A., Shah, S., Saha, S., Matoori, A. K., & Mondal, N. B. (2015). New flavonoid glycosides and other chemical constituents from Clerodendrum phlomidis leaves: isolation and characterisation. Natural Product Research, 29(19), 1850–1856. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1009457
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Mamuaja, M. N., Herlina, T., Rumampuk, R. J., Maksum, I. P., & Rukayadi, Y. (2024). Flavonoids from Clerodendrum genus and their biological activities. ADMET and DMPK, 12(4), 843–879. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2442
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Babu, N. P., Pandikumar, P., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2011). Lysosomal membrane stabilization and anti-inflammatory activity of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f., a traditional medicinal plant. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 135(3), 779–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.028
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Thanaraj, S., Mitthun, A. N. K., Geetha Sravanthy, P., Carmelin, D. S., Surya, M., & Saravanan, M. (2024). Green synthesis of aluminum oxide nanoparticles using Clerodendrum phlomidis and their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Cureus, 16(1), e52279. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52279
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ravichandran, S., Jegathaprathaban, R., Radhakrishnan, J., Usha, R., Vijayan, V., & Teklemariam, A. (2022). An investigation of electrospun Clerodendrum phlomidis leaves extract infused polycaprolactone nanofiber for in vitro biological application. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2022, 2335443. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2335443

External links

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