Talk:Jati: Difference between revisions

From Charak Samhita
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
Maitreya (talk | contribs)
252 edits
Created page with "Myristica fragrens Houtt. {{Infobox |title = Jati |label1 = Section/Chapter |data1 = Herb database/Jati |label2 = Botanical name(s) |data2 = Myristica fragrens Houtt. |label3..."
 
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
228 edits
No edit summary
 
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Myristica fragrens Houtt.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *jati, Myristica fragrans Houtt., Nutmeg* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Jati
|title = Jati
Line 5: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Jati
|data1 = Herb database/Jati
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Myristica fragrens Houtt.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristica_fragrans Myristica fragrans Houtt.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Myristicaceae
|data3 = Myristicaceae
Line 11: Line 20:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
Line 19: Line 28:
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristica_fragrans Myristica fragrans Houtt.]''', popularly known as '''Jati''' or Nutmeg, is an evergreen tree native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is widely valued in [[Ayurveda]] for its aromatic, carminative, and stimulant properties, providing two distinct spices from the same fruit: nutmeg (seed) and mace (aril).


==English name==
==English name==
Nut-meg
Nutmeg


==Therapeutic uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>==
==Therapeutic uses==
Atisara(Diarrhoea),swasa(dyspnea),chardi(vomiting),pinasa(rhinitis),grahani,mukharoga,sukrameha
Atisara (Diarrhoea), swasa (dyspnea), chardi (vomiting), pinasa (rhinitis), grahani, mukharoga, sukrameha<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jati, Sumana
Jati, Sumana


==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54</ref>==
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Jatikosha,malatiphala
Jatikosha, malatiphala<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54</ref>


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|+'''Properties'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|Taste (rasa)
|-
|Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|Potency (veerya)
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|Actions (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}
|}


Line 63: Line 63:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4
|Siddhatama  churna pradeha(local application)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Siddhatama churna pradeha (local application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13)
|Kushthaghna  (anti-dermatosis) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti-dermatosis) mahakashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77
|Mukha dharya  dravya( Mouth fresheners)
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77 || Mukha dharya dravya (Mouth fresheners)
|Cha.sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tiktaskandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/26
|As a mood  enhancing
|-
|-
|6
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/26 || As a mood enhancing
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Used in Vibadhdha dosha.
|-
|-
|7
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207 || Used in Vibadhdha dosha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/57
|For Scrapping
|-
|-
|8
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/57 || For Scrapping
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94
|Bahyaprayogarth(external application) Lepa in Kushtha 
|-
|-
|9
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 || Bahyaprayogarth (external application) Lepa in Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Tail
|-
|-
|10
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/135
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|-
|11
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/135 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56
|As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada.
|-
|-
|12
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145
|Used as nasya in Pakva  peenasa
|-
|-
|13
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145 || Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Pradhamana nasya.
|-
|-
|14
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna.
|-
|-
|15
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205 || Used for mukhadhavna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti.
|-
|-
|16
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241 || As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/245
|-
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti.
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/245 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>==
==Dose==
* 0.5-1.0 gm of the drug in powder form
* 0.5-1.0 gm of the drug in powder form<ref name="API1986"/>
==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>==
 
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Jatiphaladi churna
* Jatiphaladi churna


==Current availability ==
==Current availability ==
Available
Available
* In India – Cultivated in southern parts of India including Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.
* Out of India – Native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia; cultivated widely across tropical Asia, Grenada, and tropical regions globally.
==Current researches ==
==Current researches ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Myristica%20fragrans
==Phytochemical Composition==
The diverse therapeutic profile of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt. stems from its secondary metabolite content across its seed and aril:
* '''Volatile Essential Oils:''' The main components of nutmeg seed essential oil are sabinene (21.38%), 4-terpineol (13.92%) and myristicin (13.57%); alkylbenzene and propylbenzene derivatives such as safrole and eugenol and its derivatives are also dominant in the seed.<ref name="Muchtaridi2010"/>
* '''Lignans and Neolignans:''' The plant contains lignans, neolignans, diphenylalkanes, phenylpropanoids and terpenoids, of which macelignan, meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid, myristicin and malabaricone C are among the most active compounds.<ref name="Ha2020"/>
* '''Phenolic Compounds (Mace/Aril):''' The methanol extract of mace yielded neolignans (including maceneolignans, licarin A, nectandrin B and verrucosin) and malabaricone C.<ref name="Morikawa2018"/>
==Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy==
=== Gastrointestinal and Antidiarrheal Efficacy ===
Traditionally indicated in *Atisara* (diarrhoea) and *Grahani*, nutmeg extracts have shown antidiarrheal activity in experimental animal studies.
* '''Mechanism:''' The petroleum ether extract inhibited contractions of guinea pig ileum produced by acetylcholine, histamine and prostaglandin; the crude nutmeg suspension increased intestinal tone.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Both the crude nutmeg suspension and the petroleum ether extract (but not the aqueous extract) decreased the number of loose stools or increased the latency period, and the extracts showed a significant sedative property with no harmful effects on blood pressure and ECG.<ref name="Grover2002"/>
=== Neuroprotective Properties ===
Aligning with the classical use as a mood enhancer, nutmeg volatile oil has shown neuropharmacological effects in an animal study.
* '''Mechanism:''' Increase in monoamine neurotransmitters and changes in hippocampal protein expression (neuroprotective mechanisms proposed).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats, seed volatile oil of ''Myristica fragrans'' increased serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the hippocampus and changed the hippocampal proteomic profile.<ref name="Plaingam2017"/>
=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Actions ===
Nutmeg oil has shown anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in an experimental model of chronic inflammatory pain.
* '''Mechanism:''' Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and reduction of blood substance P level.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats injected with complete Freund's adjuvant, nutmeg oil alleviated joint swelling, mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia.<ref name="Zhang2016"/>
=== Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Not established.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In laboratory studies, nutmeg was shown to have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.<ref name="Gupta2013"/>
==Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage==
* '''Safety Profile:''' The toxic effects of nutmeg have been purported to be due mainly to myristicin. A review of Illinois Poison Center data (2001–2011) found 32 nutmeg ingestions, over half of them unintentional, with a high share of exposures in children under 13 years, and mixing of nutmeg with other drugs in adolescents.<ref name="Ehrenpreis2014"/>
* '''Standard Dosage:''' 0.5–1.0 g of the drug in powder form (*Churna*) (see Dose above).
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt.
! Indication / Activity
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Grahani'''
| Crude nutmeg and petroleum ether extracts (active constituents not identified)
| Antidiarrheal, inhibition of induced ileal contraction (animal)
|-
| '''Neuroprotection / Mood'''
| Seed volatile oil
| Increase in hippocampal monoamines (animal)
|-
| '''Inflammation / Pain'''
| Nutmeg oil
| COX-2 and substance P reduction (animal)
|-
| '''Antimicrobial / Antioxidant'''
| Extracts, essential oil
| Antimicrobial and antioxidant (laboratory)
|}


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Myristica%20fragrans
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54</ref>
<ref name="Muchtaridi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Muchtaridi |last2=Subarnas |first2=A. |last3=Apriyantono |first3=A. |last4=Mustarichie |first4=R. |year=2010 |title=Identification of compounds in the essential oil of nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) that inhibit locomotor activity in mice |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=11 |pages=4771–4781 |doi=10.3390/ijms11114771}}</ref>
<ref name="Ha2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ha |first1=M.T. |last2=Vu |first2=N.K. |last3=Tran |first3=T.H. |last4=Kim |first4=J.A. |last5=Woo |first5=M.H. |last6=Min |first6=B.S. |year=2020 |title=Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Myristica fragrans Houtt.: an updated review |journal=Archives of Pharmacal Research |volume=43 |pages=1067–1092 |doi=10.1007/s12272-020-01285-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Morikawa2018">{{cite journal |last1=Morikawa |first1=T. |last2=Hachiman |first2=I. |last3=Ninomiya |first3=K. |last4=Hata |first4=H. |last5=Sugawara |first5=K. |last6=Muraoka |first6=O. |last7=Matsuda |first7=H. |year=2018 |title=Degranulation inhibitors from the arils of Myristica fragrans in antigen-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia cells |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=464–473 |doi=10.1007/s11418-017-1170-x}}</ref>
<ref name="Grover2002">{{cite journal |last1=Grover |first1=J.K. |last2=Khandkar |first2=S. |last3=Vats |first3=V. |last4=Dhunnoo |first4=Y. |last5=Das |first5=D. |year=2002 |title=Pharmacological studies on Myristica fragrans – antidiarrheal, hypnotic, analgesic and hemodynamic (blood pressure) parameters |journal=Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=675–680 |doi=10.1358/mf.2002.24.10.802317}}</ref>
<ref name="Plaingam2017">{{cite journal |last1=Plaingam |first1=W. |last2=Sangsuthum |first2=S. |last3=Angkhasirisap |first3=W. |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=Kaempferia parviflora rhizome extract and Myristica fragrans volatile oil increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and impact the proteomic profiles in the rat hippocampus: mechanistic insights into their neuroprotective effects |journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=538–552 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.01.002}}</ref>
<ref name="Zhang2016">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=W.K. |last2=Tao |first2=S. |last3=Li |first3=T. |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Nutmeg oil alleviates chronic inflammatory pain through inhibition of COX-2 expression and substance P release in vivo |journal=Food & Nutrition Research |volume=60 |pages=30849 |doi=10.3402/fnr.v60.30849}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta2013">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=A.D. |last2=Bansal |first2=V.K. |last3=Babu |first3=V. |last4=Maithil |first4=N. |year=2013 |title=Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) |journal=Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology |volume=11 |pages=25–31 |doi=10.1016/j.jgeb.2012.12.001}}</ref>
<ref name="Ehrenpreis2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ehrenpreis |first1=J.E. |last2=DesLauriers |first2=C. |last3=Lank |first3=P. |last4=Armstrong |first4=P.K. |last5=Leikin |first5=J.B. |year=2014 |title=Nutmeg poisonings: a retrospective review of 10 years experience from the Illinois Poison Center, 2001–2011 |journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=148–151 |doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0379-7}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
   This article is under development ..
   This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 06:52, 9 October 2026


Jati
Section/Chapter Herb database/Jati
Botanical name(s) Myristica fragrans Houtt.
Family Myristicaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Myristica fragrans Houtt., popularly known as Jati or Nutmeg, is an evergreen tree native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is widely valued in Ayurveda for its aromatic, carminative, and stimulant properties, providing two distinct spices from the same fruit: nutmeg (seed) and mace (aril).

English name

Nutmeg

Therapeutic uses

Atisara (Diarrhoea), swasa (dyspnea), chardi (vomiting), pinasa (rhinitis), grahani, mukharoga, sukrameha[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Jati, Sumana

Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu

Jatikosha, malatiphala[2]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/4 Siddhatama churna pradeha (local application)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(13) Kushthaghna (anti-dermatosis) mahakashaya
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/77 Mukha dharya dravya (Mouth fresheners)
4 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/143 Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
5 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/3/26 As a mood enhancing
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/207 Used in Vibadhdha dosha
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/57 For Scrapping
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/94 Bahyaprayogarth (external application) Lepa in Kushtha
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/111 Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/135 As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/56 As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/145 Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/184 Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/205 Used for mukhadhavna
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/241 As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/245 As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti

Dose

  • 0.5-1.0 gm of the drug in powder form[1]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Jatiphaladi churna

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Cultivated in southern parts of India including Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.
  • Out of India – Native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia; cultivated widely across tropical Asia, Grenada, and tropical regions globally.

Current researches

https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Myristica%20fragrans

Phytochemical Composition

The diverse therapeutic profile of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt. stems from its secondary metabolite content across its seed and aril:

  • Volatile Essential Oils: The main components of nutmeg seed essential oil are sabinene (21.38%), 4-terpineol (13.92%) and myristicin (13.57%); alkylbenzene and propylbenzene derivatives such as safrole and eugenol and its derivatives are also dominant in the seed.[3]
  • Lignans and Neolignans: The plant contains lignans, neolignans, diphenylalkanes, phenylpropanoids and terpenoids, of which macelignan, meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid, myristicin and malabaricone C are among the most active compounds.[4]
  • Phenolic Compounds (Mace/Aril): The methanol extract of mace yielded neolignans (including maceneolignans, licarin A, nectandrin B and verrucosin) and malabaricone C.[5]

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Gastrointestinal and Antidiarrheal Efficacy

Traditionally indicated in *Atisara* (diarrhoea) and *Grahani*, nutmeg extracts have shown antidiarrheal activity in experimental animal studies.

  • Mechanism: The petroleum ether extract inhibited contractions of guinea pig ileum produced by acetylcholine, histamine and prostaglandin; the crude nutmeg suspension increased intestinal tone.
  • Scientific Evidence: Both the crude nutmeg suspension and the petroleum ether extract (but not the aqueous extract) decreased the number of loose stools or increased the latency period, and the extracts showed a significant sedative property with no harmful effects on blood pressure and ECG.[6]

Neuroprotective Properties

Aligning with the classical use as a mood enhancer, nutmeg volatile oil has shown neuropharmacological effects in an animal study.

  • Mechanism: Increase in monoamine neurotransmitters and changes in hippocampal protein expression (neuroprotective mechanisms proposed).
  • Scientific Evidence: In rats, seed volatile oil of Myristica fragrans increased serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the hippocampus and changed the hippocampal proteomic profile.[7]

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Actions

Nutmeg oil has shown anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in an experimental model of chronic inflammatory pain.

  • Mechanism: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and reduction of blood substance P level.
  • Scientific Evidence: In rats injected with complete Freund's adjuvant, nutmeg oil alleviated joint swelling, mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia.[8]

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties

  • Mechanism: Not established.
  • Scientific Evidence: In laboratory studies, nutmeg was shown to have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.[9]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Safety Profile: The toxic effects of nutmeg have been purported to be due mainly to myristicin. A review of Illinois Poison Center data (2001–2011) found 32 nutmeg ingestions, over half of them unintentional, with a high share of exposures in children under 13 years, and mixing of nutmeg with other drugs in adolescents.[10]
  • Standard Dosage: 0.5–1.0 g of the drug in powder form (*Churna*) (see Dose above).

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt.
Indication / Activity Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Diarrhoea / Grahani Crude nutmeg and petroleum ether extracts (active constituents not identified) Antidiarrheal, inhibition of induced ileal contraction (animal)
Neuroprotection / Mood Seed volatile oil Increase in hippocampal monoamines (animal)
Inflammation / Pain Nutmeg oil COX-2 and substance P reduction (animal)
Antimicrobial / Antioxidant Extracts, essential oil Antimicrobial and antioxidant (laboratory)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34
  2. ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54
  3. ↑ Muchtaridi; Subarnas, A.; Apriyantono, A.; Mustarichie, R. (2010). "Identification of compounds in the essential oil of nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) that inhibit locomotor activity in mice". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 11: 4771–4781. doi:10.3390/ijms11114771. 
  4. ↑ Ha, M.T.; Vu, N.K.; Tran, T.H.; Kim, J.A.; Woo, M.H.; Min, B.S. (2020). "Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Myristica fragrans Houtt.: an updated review". Archives of Pharmacal Research. 43: 1067–1092. doi:10.1007/s12272-020-01285-4. 
  5. ↑ Morikawa, T.; Hachiman, I.; Ninomiya, K.; Hata, H.; Sugawara, K.; Muraoka, O.; Matsuda, H. (2018). "Degranulation inhibitors from the arils of Myristica fragrans in antigen-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia cells". Journal of Natural Medicines. 72 (2): 464–473. doi:10.1007/s11418-017-1170-x. 
  6. ↑ Grover, J.K.; Khandkar, S.; Vats, V.; Dhunnoo, Y.; Das, D. (2002). "Pharmacological studies on Myristica fragrans – antidiarrheal, hypnotic, analgesic and hemodynamic (blood pressure) parameters". Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 24 (10): 675–680. doi:10.1358/mf.2002.24.10.802317. 
  7. ↑ Plaingam, W.; Sangsuthum, S.; Angkhasirisap, W.; et al. (2017). "Kaempferia parviflora rhizome extract and Myristica fragrans volatile oil increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and impact the proteomic profiles in the rat hippocampus: mechanistic insights into their neuroprotective effects". Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 7 (4): 538–552. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.01.002. 
  8. ↑ Zhang, W.K.; Tao, S.; Li, T.; et al. (2016). "Nutmeg oil alleviates chronic inflammatory pain through inhibition of COX-2 expression and substance P release in vivo". Food & Nutrition Research. 60: 30849. doi:10.3402/fnr.v60.30849. 
  9. ↑ Gupta, A.D.; Bansal, V.K.; Babu, V.; Maithil, N. (2013). "Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt)". Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 11: 25–31. doi:10.1016/j.jgeb.2012.12.001. 
  10. ↑ Ehrenpreis, J.E.; DesLauriers, C.; Lank, P.; Armstrong, P.K.; Leikin, J.B. (2014). "Nutmeg poisonings: a retrospective review of 10 years experience from the Illinois Poison Center, 2001–2011". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 10 (2): 148–151. doi:10.1007/s13181-013-0379-7.  
 This article is under development ..
Retrieved from "https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Talk:Jati&oldid=45803"