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Abutilon indicum L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Atibala, Atibala, Indian mallow* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Atibala (Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet) is traditionally classified as a premier balya (tonic), rasayana, and vatahara herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing general debility, joint disorders, urinary complaints, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Atibala
|title = Atibala
Line 5: Line 13:
|data1 = Herb database/Atibala
|data1 = Herb database/Atibala
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Abutilon indicum L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Malvaceae
|data3 = Malvaceae
Line 11: Line 19:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


== English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atibala''', is a shrub of the Malvaceae family distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as a potent tonic (''Balya''), rejuvenative (''Rasayana''), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" />
--
 
==Therapeutic use<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :13</ref>==
== English Name ==
Raktapitta(bleeding disorder), Vatarakta(gout), meha
Indian mallow
 
== Therapeutic Use ==
Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Vatarakta (gout), Meha (obstinate urinary disorders)<ref name="API" />


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Atibala, Rishyaprokta(grows wild,so liked by sages and animal), Kankatika(Fruits are resembling a comb),Balika, Vatyapushpy(Flowers of atibala resemble flowers of bala), Bhuribala
* Atibala
* Rishyaprokta &ndash; Grows wild, so liked by sages and animals.
* Kankatika &ndash; Fruits resemble a comb.
* Balika
* Vatyapushpa &ndash; Flowers of atibala resemble flowers of bala.
* Bhuribala
 
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Atibala has the following properties:<ref name="API" />


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Properties
!Sr.no.  
!Pharmacological criteria
!Properties
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|Taste (rasa)
|Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Cold (''Sheeta'')
|Potency (veerya)
|Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Slimy (''Pichhila'')
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Slimy (pichhila)  
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Vata and Pitta
|Actions (karma)
|Pacify Vata and Pitta
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
Atibala is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
|+
 
Herbs and their activities
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!Sr.no.
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
!Reference in Charak Samhita
!Activity
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(7) || Balya mahakashaya (group of tonics)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(7)
|Balya mahakashaya(tonics)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda(group of sweet drug)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/24 || Garbhini paricharya (antenatal care)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/24
|Garbhini paricharya
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/4 || In formulation of Amalaka ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/4
|In formulation of amalaka ghrita
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient ofAgurvadi taila.
|-
|-
|6
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a yavagu (gruel) dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50
|As a yavagu(gruel) dravya
|-
|-
|7
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87 || As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|8
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/159
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|-
|-
|9
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/56 || As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/56
|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|10
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/62 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/62
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita.
|-
|-
|11
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/72 || As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/72
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha.
|-
|-
|12
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila.
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :13</ref>==
== Dose ==
* 3-6 gm of the drug in powder form
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g daily.<ref name="API" />
==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :13</ref>==
 
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Bala taila
* Bala taila
* Narayana taila
* Narayana taila
* Mahanarayana taila
* Mahanarayana taila


== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reviewed.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> Across the genus ''Abutilon'', reported secondary metabolites include flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, triterpenes, coumarins and alkaloids.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Reviews of the literature report antibacterial, antipyretic, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum''.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> The following sections summarise the studies that support the traditional uses.
=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in ''Vatarakta'' (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The analgesic effect of petroleum ether, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of ''A. indicum'' root was evaluated in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flick and tail immersion methods.<ref name="Goyal2009" /> The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ''A. indicum'' whole-plant extracts have also been evaluated experimentally.<ref name="Saraswathi2011" /> Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities are reported across the genus ''Abutilon''.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />


==Current availability ==
=== 2. Hepatoprotective Activity ===
Available
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
India- All over india
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Hepatoprotective activity of ''Abutilon indicum'' has been reported in experimental studies.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
==Current researches ==
 
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Abutilon%20indicum
=== 3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Antibacterial and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reported in the literature.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
 
=== 4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Traditionally managed under ''Meha'' conditions.<ref name="API" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Alcohol and water extracts of ''A. indicum'' leaves (400 mg/kg, orally) produced a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal rats 4 hours after administration (23.10% and 26.95% respectively).<ref name="Seetharam2002" /> The aqueous extract reduced plasma glucose in diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (0.5 and 1 g/kg), by inhibiting glucose absorption and stimulating insulin secretion.<ref name="Krisanapun2009" /> In cell studies, the butanol fraction bound to PPAR&gamma; and promoted adipocyte differentiation, and the crude extract activated the GLUT1 promoter.<ref name="Krisanapun2011" />
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Abutilon indicum''
! Indication
! Reported Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation & Gout (''Vatarakta'')'''
| Analgesic, anti-inflammatory<ref name="Goyal2009" /><ref name="Saraswathi2011" />
|-
| '''Liver Health'''
| Hepatoprotective<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Infections'''
| Antibacterial, wound healing<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
|-
| '''Metabolic Support (''Meha'')'''
| Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic<ref name="Seetharam2002" /><ref name="Krisanapun2009" />
|}
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Antifertility activity has been reported for ''Abutilon indicum'' in the literature,<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> so use during pregnancy should be under the guidance of an Ayurvedic physician. Clinical safety data in humans are lacking.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root/Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.<ref name="API" />
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=13}}</ref>
<ref name="Kaushik2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=P. |last2=Kaushik |first2=D. |last3=Khokra |first3=S. |last4=Chaudhary |first4=B. |year=2009 |title=Abutilon indicum (Atibala): ethno-botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology – a review |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |url=https://www.lavierebelle.org/IMG/pdf/abutilon_indicum_atibala_ethno-botany_phytochemistry_and_pharmacology-_a_review.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Gomaa2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gomaa |first1=A. A.-R. |last2=Samy |first2=M. N. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of genus Abutilon: a review (1972–2015) |journal=Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=56–74 |doi=10.21608/jabps.2018.3333.1000 |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_14982.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Goyal2009">{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=N. |last2=Singh |first2=S. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. K. |year=2009 |title=Analgesic effects of various extracts of the root of Abutilon indicum Linn |journal=Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=43–46 |doi=10.4103/0975-7406.62686 |url=https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.62686}}</ref>
<ref name="Saraswathi2011">{{cite journal |last1=Saraswathi |first1=R. |last2=Upadhyay |first2=L. |last3=Venkatakrishnan |first3=R. |last4=Meera |first4=R. |last5=Devi |first5=P. |year=2011 |title=Phytochemical investigation, analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of Abutilon indicum Linn |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=3 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=154–156 |url=https://innovareacademics.in/journal/ijpps/Vol3Suppl2/1147.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Seetharam2002">{{cite journal |last1=Seetharam |first1=Y. N. |last2=Chalageri |first2=G. |last3=Setty |first3=S. R. |last4=Bheemachar |year=2002 |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=156–159 |doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00015-1 |pmid=11978431 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11978431/}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2009">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Peungvicha |first2=P. |last3=Temsiririrkkul |first3=R. |last4=Wongkrajang |first4=Y. |year=2009 |title=Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum Sweet inhibits glucose absorption and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents |journal=Nutrition Research |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=579–587 |doi=10.1016/j.nutres.2009.07.006 |pmid=19761892 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19761892/}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2011">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Lee |first2=S.-H. |last3=Peungvicha |first3=P. |last4=Temsiririrkkul |first4=R. |last5=Baek |first5=S. J. |year=2011 |title=Antidiabetic activities of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet are mediated by enhancement of adipocyte differentiation and activation of the GLUT1 promoter |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2011 |doi=10.1093/ecam/neq004 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3094712}}</ref>
}}
 
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
''This article is under development ..''
  This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 06:56, 6 October 2026

Atibala
Section/Chapter Herb database/Atibala
Botanical name(s) Abutilon indicum L.
Family Malvaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Abutilon indicum L., popularly known as Atibala, is a shrub of the Malvaceae family distributed throughout India.[1] In Ayurveda, it is highly revered as a potent tonic (Balya), rejuvenative (Rasayana), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.[2]

English Name

Indian mallow

Therapeutic Use

Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Vatarakta (gout), Meha (obstinate urinary disorders)[2]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Atibala
  • Rishyaprokta – Grows wild, so liked by sages and animals.
  • Kankatika – Fruits resemble a comb.
  • Balika
  • Vatyapushpa – Flowers of atibala resemble flowers of bala.
  • Bhuribala

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Atibala has the following properties:[2]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Sweet (Madhura)
2 Potency (Veerya) Cold (Sheeta)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Sweet (Madhura)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (Laghu), Unctuous (Snigdha), Slimy (Pichhila)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Vata and Pitta

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Atibala is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(7) Balya mahakashaya (group of tonics)
2 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/139 Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
3 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/24 Garbhini paricharya (antenatal care)
4 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/2/4 In formulation of Amalaka ghrita
5 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/50 As a yavagu (gruel) dravya
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/159 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/56 As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/62 As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/72 As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila

Dose

  • Powder (Churna): 3 – 6 g daily.[2]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[2]

  • Bala taila
  • Narayana taila
  • Mahanarayana taila

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Distributed throughout India.[1]

Major Phytoconstituents

The ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Abutilon indicum have been reviewed.[1] Across the genus Abutilon, reported secondary metabolites include flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, triterpenes, coumarins and alkaloids.[3]

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Reviews of the literature report antibacterial, antipyretic, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and wound healing activities of Abutilon indicum.[1] The following sections summarise the studies that support the traditional uses.

1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

  • Traditional Use: Indicated in Vatarakta (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.[2]
  • Scientific Evidence: The analgesic effect of petroleum ether, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of A. indicum root was evaluated in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flick and tail immersion methods.[4] The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of A. indicum whole-plant extracts have also been evaluated experimentally.[5] Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities are reported across the genus Abutilon.[3]

2. Hepatoprotective Activity

  • Traditional Use: Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
  • Scientific Evidence: Hepatoprotective activity of Abutilon indicum has been reported in experimental studies.[1]

3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activity

  • Traditional Use: Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
  • Scientific Evidence: Antibacterial and wound healing activities of Abutilon indicum have been reported in the literature.[1]

4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects

  • Traditional Use: Traditionally managed under Meha conditions.[2]
  • Scientific Evidence: Alcohol and water extracts of A. indicum leaves (400 mg/kg, orally) produced a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal rats 4 hours after administration (23.10% and 26.95% respectively).[6] The aqueous extract reduced plasma glucose in diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (0.5 and 1 g/kg), by inhibiting glucose absorption and stimulating insulin secretion.[7] In cell studies, the butanol fraction bound to PPARγ and promoted adipocyte differentiation, and the crude extract activated the GLUT1 promoter.[8]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Abutilon indicum
Indication Reported Pharmacological Action
Inflammation & Gout (Vatarakta) Analgesic, anti-inflammatory[4][5]
Liver Health Hepatoprotective[1]
Wound Healing & Infections Antibacterial, wound healing[1]
Metabolic Support (Meha) Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic[6][7]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Antifertility activity has been reported for Abutilon indicum in the literature,[1] so use during pregnancy should be under the guidance of an Ayurvedic physician. Clinical safety data in humans are lacking.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Root/Plant Powder (Churna): 3–6 g daily.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Kaushik, P.; Kaushik, D.; Khokra, S.; Chaudhary, B. (2009). "Abutilon indicum (Atibala): ethno-botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology – a review" (PDF). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 1 (1): 4–9. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. I (Part I ed.). New Delhi: Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. 1986. p. 13. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gomaa, A. A.-R.; Samy, M. N.; et al. (2018). "Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of genus Abutilon: a review (1972–2015)". Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1 (2): 56–74. doi:10.21608/jabps.2018.3333.1000. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Goyal, N.; Singh, S.; Sharma, S. K. (2009). "Analgesic effects of various extracts of the root of Abutilon indicum Linn". Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 1 (1): 43–46. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.62686. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Saraswathi, R.; Upadhyay, L.; Venkatakrishnan, R.; Meera, R.; Devi, P. (2011). "Phytochemical investigation, analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of Abutilon indicum Linn" (PDF). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3 (Suppl 2): 154–156. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Seetharam, Y. N.; Chalageri, G.; Setty, S. R.; Bheemachar (2002). "Hypoglycemic activity of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts in rats". Fitoterapia. 73 (2): 156–159. PMID 11978431. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00015-1. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Krisanapun, C.; Peungvicha, P.; Temsiririrkkul, R.; Wongkrajang, Y. (2009). "Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum Sweet inhibits glucose absorption and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents". Nutrition Research. 29 (8): 579–587. PMID 19761892. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2009.07.006. 
  8. ↑ Krisanapun, C.; Lee, S.-H.; Peungvicha, P.; Temsiririrkkul, R.; Baek, S. J. (2011). "Antidiabetic activities of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet are mediated by enhancement of adipocyte differentiation and activation of the GLUT1 promoter". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011. doi:10.1093/ecam/neq004. 

Herbs

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