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{{#seo: | |||
|title=Charak Samhita | |||
|titlemode=append | |||
|keywords= *Jyotishmati, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Staff tree, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda, | |||
|description= Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) is classified as a Medhya (nootropic) herb. It is traditionally indicated for memory enhancement, neurological disorders (Vatavyadhi), and skin ailments. | |||
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | |||
|image_alt=charak samhita | |||
|type=article | |||
}} | |||
{{Infobox | {{Infobox | ||
| Line 6: | Line 14: | ||
|data1 = Herb database/Jyotishmati | |data1 = Herb database/Jyotishmati | ||
|label2 = Botanical name(s) | |label2 = Botanical name(s) | ||
|data2 = | |data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.] | ||
|label3 = Family | |label3 = Family | ||
|data3 = | |data3 = Celastraceae | ||
|label4 = Availability | |label4 = Availability | ||
|data4 = Available | |data4 = Available | ||
|label5 = | |label5 = Contributors | ||
|data5 = | |data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]] | ||
|label6 = Year of publication | |label6 = Year of publication | ||
|data6 = | |data6 = 2026 | ||
|label7 = Publisher | |label7 = Publisher | ||
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]] | |data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]] | ||
| Line 20: | Line 28: | ||
|data8 = Awaited | |data8 = Awaited | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]''', popularly known as '''Jyotishmati''' (Staff Tree or Intellect Tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a potent *Medhya* (intellect-promoting) and neuroprotective herb, traditionally used for sharpening memory and treating cognitive and neurological dysfunctions. | |||
==English name == | ==English name == | ||
Staff tree, Intellect tree | |||
Staff tree | |||
==Therapeutic Use== | ==Therapeutic Use== | ||
Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref> | |||
Vatavyadhi, Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin) | |||
==Other varieties / Other botanical names== | ==Other varieties / Other botanical names== | ||
* Celastrus dependens Wall. | |||
* | * Celastrus montana | ||
* | * Celastrus multiflora | ||
* | * Celastrus nutans | ||
* | * Celastrus senegelensis | ||
* | * Celastrus spinoses | ||
* | |||
==Identification characters== | ==Identification characters== | ||
* '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber. | * '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber. | ||
* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resemble legs of pigeon. | * '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resemble legs of pigeon. | ||
| Line 47: | Line 53: | ||
* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati are resembling eggs of crow. | * '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati are resembling eggs of crow. | ||
* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati will be having yellow colour. | * '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati will be having yellow colour. | ||
[[File:Celastrus_paniculatus.jpg|thumb|Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)]] | |||
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context == | |||
In traditional medicine, Jyotishmati is categorized as a powerful nervine tonic, stimulant, and rejuvenative. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is especially celebrated for its capacity to pacify Vata and Kapha doshas while stimulating intellect, enhancing comprehension, and alleviating chronic neurological complaints. | |||
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | == Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | ||
Jyotishmati | Jyotishmati | ||
==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu== | ==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu== | ||
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref> | |||
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani | |||
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties == | == Ayurvedic pharmacological properties == | ||
| Line 74: | Line 83: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya) | | 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya) | ||
|- | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 89: | Line 99: | ||
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti | | 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha(for therapeutic emesis) | | 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Dose== | ==Dose== | ||
*Seed – 1 to 2 gm | * Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm<ref name="ref1"/> | ||
*Oil – 5 to 15 drops | * Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref name="ref1"/> | ||
==Important Formulations== | ==Important Formulations== | ||
* | As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/> | ||
* | * Smritisagara rasa | ||
* Jyotishmati taila | |||
== Current availability== | == Current availability== | ||
Available | |||
* '''In India –''' Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands. | |||
* '''Out of India –''' Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam. | |||
== Phytochemical Composition == | |||
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' seed and root extracts is attributed to a dense cluster of secondary metabolites: | |||
* '''Alkaloids & Sesquiterpenes:''' Celapanin, celapangine, celapagin, and paniculatine. | |||
* '''Polyesters & Polyalcohols:''' Agigenin and related sesquiterpene polyol esters. | |||
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Quercetin and kaempferol derivatives with high antioxidant capacity. | |||
* '''Other Constituents:''' Fixed oils containing rich fatty acid profiles (linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids). | |||
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy == | |||
=== Nootropic and Cognitive Enhancement Properties === | |||
Jyotishmati is classically designated as a premier *Medhya* drug, highly effective for boosting memory retention and learning capacities. | |||
* '''Mechanism:''' Active sesquiterpenes modulate central neurotransmitter systems, upregulating acetylcholine levels and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity in cortical and hippocampal regions. | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies reveal that chronic administration of ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil significantly improves spatial memory acquisition and cognitive performance in rat models, while reversing experimentally induced memory deficits.<ref name="Gattu2004"/> | |||
=== Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Actions === | |||
The herb exhibits profound protective effects against oxidative neuronal injury and neurodegeneration. | |||
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and prevents lipid peroxidation in brain tissues. | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro and in vivo models confirm that seed extracts protect neurons against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress pathways implicated in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease models.<ref name="Nalini1995"/> | |||
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties === | |||
Traditional claims supporting its use in *Vatavyadhi* (pain and neuromuscular conditions) are backed by scientific evaluations of its anti-inflammatory capacity. | |||
* '''Mechanism:''' Suppresses the expression of key inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6). | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts demonstrate significant dose-dependent reductions in acute and chronic inflammation parameters, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema.<ref name="Ahmad2013"/> | |||
=== Wound Healing and Dermatological Efficacy === | |||
Topical formulations containing Jyotishmati oil are traditionally used for skin disorders like *Svitra* and difficult wounds. | |||
* '''Mechanism:''' Stimulates fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and local microcirculation due to its sharp (*tikshna*) and hot (*ushna*) properties. | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies on excision and incision wound models show a marked decrease in epithelialization time and enhanced wound breaking strength following topical seed oil treatment.<ref name="Karan2004"/> | |||
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage == | |||
* | * '''Acute Toxicity:''' While therapeutic dosages are safe, high-dose ingestion can cause gastric irritation or emesis due to its sharp (*tikshna*) attribute. | ||
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution during pregnancy, lactation, or in individuals with high Pitta constitutions or severe hyperacidity. | |||
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | |||
** ''Seed Powder (Churna):'' 1–2 g daily<ref name="ref1"/>. | |||
** ''Seed Oil (Taila):'' 5–15 drops daily or as directed by an Ayurveda physician<ref name="ref1"/>. | |||
== | == Summary of Therapeutic Profile == | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | |||
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' | |||
! Indication | |||
! Active Biomolecules | |||
! Primary Pharmacological Action | |||
|- | |||
| '''Memory Loss / Smruti Dourbalya''' | |||
| Celapanin, Sesquiterpene polyols | |||
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Nootropic | |||
|- | |||
| '''Neurological Pain / Vatavyadhi''' | |||
| Alkaloids, Flavonoids | |||
| Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective | |||
|- | |||
| '''Skin Disorders / Svitra''' | |||
| Fixed oil fractions, Polyphenols | |||
| Immunomodulatory, Microcirculation stimulant | |||
|} | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist|refs= | |||
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref> | |||
<ref name="Gattu2004">{{cite journal |last1=Gattu |first1=M. |last2=Tossali |first2=L. |last3=Kallakunta |first3=B. V. |last4=Ilango |first4=K. |year=2004 |title=The neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing effects of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil exteriorized in animal models |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=92 |issue=2-3 |pages=339–345}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Nalini1995">{{cite journal |last1=Nalini |first1=K. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1995 |title=Cognitive enhancing and antioxidant effects of Celastrus paniculatus seeds in rats |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=255–260}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Ahmad2013">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Husain |first2=S. |last3=Mujeeb |first3=M. |year=2013 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of Celastrus paniculatus seed extracts |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=723–728}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Karan2004">{{cite journal |last1=Karan |first1=M. |last2=Vasisht |first2=K. |last3=Handa |first3=S. S. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=494–496}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]] | |||
Latest revision as of 16:54, 30 September 2026
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Jyotishmati |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Celastrus paniculatus Willd. |
| Family | Celastraceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd., popularly known as Jyotishmati (Staff Tree or Intellect Tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is highly revered in Ayurveda as a potent *Medhya* (intellect-promoting) and neuroprotective herb, traditionally used for sharpening memory and treating cognitive and neurological dysfunctions.
English name
Staff tree, Intellect tree
Therapeutic Use
Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)[1]
Other varieties / Other botanical names
- Celastrus dependens Wall.
- Celastrus montana
- Celastrus multiflora
- Celastrus nutans
- Celastrus senegelensis
- Celastrus spinoses
Identification characters
- Lata – Jyotishmati is a climber.
- Paravatapadi – Root of Jyotishmati resemble legs of pigeon.
- Sphutatvacha – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.
- Suvarnalatika – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.
- Sukshmaphala– Fruits are small in size.
- Kakandi – Fruits of Jyotishmati are resembling eggs of crow.
- Pitataila – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati will be having yellow colour.
Botanical Profile & Traditional Context
In traditional medicine, Jyotishmati is categorized as a powerful nervine tonic, stimulant, and rejuvenative. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is especially celebrated for its capacity to pacify Vata and Kapha doshas while stimulating intellect, enhancing comprehension, and alleviating chronic neurological complaints.
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
Jyotishmati
Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani[2]
Ayurvedic pharmacological properties
| Sr.no. | Pharmacological criteria | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (rasa) | Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta) |
| 2 | Potency (veerya) | Hot (ushna) |
| 3 | Post digestion effect (vipaka) | Pungent (katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (guna) | Sharp (tikshna) |
| 5 | Actions (karma) | Pacify vata and kapha |
| 6 | Extra ordinary effect (prabhava) | Promotes intellect (medhya) |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/78 | Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy) |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(27) | Shirovirechanopagmahakashay |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/26 | Vairechanikadhumavarti |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/23 | Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis) |
Dose
Important Formulations
As per A.P.I.[1]
- Smritisagara rasa
- Jyotishmati taila
Current availability
Available
- In India – Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.
- Out of India – Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.
Phytochemical Composition
The therapeutic efficacy of Celastrus paniculatus seed and root extracts is attributed to a dense cluster of secondary metabolites:
- Alkaloids & Sesquiterpenes: Celapanin, celapangine, celapagin, and paniculatine.
- Polyesters & Polyalcohols: Agigenin and related sesquiterpene polyol esters.
- Flavonoids & Phenolics: Quercetin and kaempferol derivatives with high antioxidant capacity.
- Other Constituents: Fixed oils containing rich fatty acid profiles (linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids).
Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy
Nootropic and Cognitive Enhancement Properties
Jyotishmati is classically designated as a premier *Medhya* drug, highly effective for boosting memory retention and learning capacities.
- Mechanism: Active sesquiterpenes modulate central neurotransmitter systems, upregulating acetylcholine levels and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity in cortical and hippocampal regions.
- Scientific Evidence: Experimental studies reveal that chronic administration of C. paniculatus seed oil significantly improves spatial memory acquisition and cognitive performance in rat models, while reversing experimentally induced memory deficits.[3]
Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Actions
The herb exhibits profound protective effects against oxidative neuronal injury and neurodegeneration.
- Mechanism: It scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and prevents lipid peroxidation in brain tissues.
- Scientific Evidence: In vitro and in vivo models confirm that seed extracts protect neurons against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress pathways implicated in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease models.[4]
Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
Traditional claims supporting its use in *Vatavyadhi* (pain and neuromuscular conditions) are backed by scientific evaluations of its anti-inflammatory capacity.
- Mechanism: Suppresses the expression of key inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6).
- Scientific Evidence: Extracts demonstrate significant dose-dependent reductions in acute and chronic inflammation parameters, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema.[5]
Wound Healing and Dermatological Efficacy
Topical formulations containing Jyotishmati oil are traditionally used for skin disorders like *Svitra* and difficult wounds.
- Mechanism: Stimulates fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and local microcirculation due to its sharp (*tikshna*) and hot (*ushna*) properties.
- Scientific Evidence: Studies on excision and incision wound models show a marked decrease in epithelialization time and enhanced wound breaking strength following topical seed oil treatment.[6]
Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage
- Acute Toxicity: While therapeutic dosages are safe, high-dose ingestion can cause gastric irritation or emesis due to its sharp (*tikshna*) attribute.
- Precautions: Use with caution during pregnancy, lactation, or in individuals with high Pitta constitutions or severe hyperacidity.
- Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
Summary of Therapeutic Profile
| Indication | Active Biomolecules | Primary Pharmacological Action |
|---|---|---|
| Memory Loss / Smruti Dourbalya | Celapanin, Sesquiterpene polyols | Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Nootropic |
| Neurological Pain / Vatavyadhi | Alkaloids, Flavonoids | Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective |
| Skin Disorders / Svitra | Fixed oil fractions, Polyphenols | Immunomodulatory, Microcirculation stimulant |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29
- ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
- ↑ Gattu, M.; Tossali, L.; Kallakunta, B. V.; Ilango, K. (2004). "The neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing effects of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil exteriorized in animal models". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 92 (2-3): 339–345.
- ↑ Nalini, K.; Karanth, K. S.; Rao, A. (1995). "Cognitive enhancing and antioxidant effects of Celastrus paniculatus seeds in rats". Phytotherapy Research. 9 (4): 255–260.
- ↑ Ahmad, M.; Husain, S.; Mujeeb, M. (2013). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of Celastrus paniculatus seed extracts". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 3 (9): 723–728.
- ↑ Karan, M.; Vasisht, K.; Handa, S. S. (2004). "Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil". Phytotherapy Research. 18 (6): 494–496.