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Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Sariva, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Schult., Indian sarsaparilla* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Sariva is classified as a blood purifier and rasayana. It is traditionally indicated for skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Sariva
|data1 = Herb database/Sariva
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apocynaceae
|data3 = Apocynaceae
Line 12: Line 22:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2025
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (*raktashodhaka*), coolant (*pittahara*), and rejuvenative (*rasayana*) drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.


== English name ==
Indian sarsaparilla
Indian sarsaparilla


==Therapeutic uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Agnimandhya, Aruchi, Swasa, Kasa, Jwara,Atisara,Kandu,Kustha, Raktavikara.
Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
==Other varieties==


== Other Varieties ==
* Periploca indica
* Periploca indica


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
 
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (*madhura*) and bitter (*tikta*) tastes, with a cooling potency (*sheeta veerya*) that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.
Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli
 
==Synonyms in Bhavprakash samhita<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guducyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>==
Gopi(it protect the person who use it), gopavadhu,lata


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
Line 52: Line 63:
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24 || Pipasaghniyavagu (Gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24 || Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
|-
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashay(beneficial for throat & voice)
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhana mahakashay(galacto-purifiers)
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
|-
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashay(faecal astringents)
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
|-
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya(relieving fever)
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
|-
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying burning sensation)
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anutailadravya
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anutailadravya
|-
|-
|8
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|9
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhurskanda(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|-
|10
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29 || Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa(Use in treatment of constipation during third trimester , here sariva is mentioned with the name of ananta)
|-
|-
|11
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || Kshira vishodhana dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan  dravya
|-
|-
|12
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201 || Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as kwatha in Satat jwara.
|-
|-
|13
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|14
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|-
|-
|15
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76  
|As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna.
|-
|-
|16
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81
|As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya.
|-
|-
|17
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128 || Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth, Pana, Snan, Lepa
|-
|-
|18
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145 || Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|-
|19
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/109 || Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/109
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|20
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
|-
|21
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42
|Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|-
|-
|22
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/160 || As an ingredient of kanakasava
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanak  Ghrita
|-
|-
|23
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/160
|As an  ingredient of kanakarist
|-
|-
|24
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha  and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahaniroga
|-
|-
|25
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110 || Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125
|As an  ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
|-
|26
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177 || As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Use in treatment of hikka swasha (Here Sariva is mentioned with name of asphota)
|-
|-
|27
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177
|As an ingredient  of jivantyadi leha.
|-
|-
|28
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana (decoction)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50
|As a pana dravya
|-
|-
|29
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For kashaya  pana(decoction).
|-
|-
|30
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88 || For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76
|As an ingredient  of Sarivadi pralepa.
|-
|-
|31
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of ksharagada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88
|For pradeha  prayoga in kaphaja visarpa.
|-
|-
|32
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102
|As an ingredient of ksharagada.
|-
|-
|33
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202 || As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201
|Used in the treatment of Luta visha(treatment of spider poison).
|-
|-
|34
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202
|As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga.
|-
|-
|35
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita.
|-
|-
|36
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/185 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of  Bhargyadi taila.
|-
|-
|37
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/264 || As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/185
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Pradhamana nasya.
|-
|-
|38
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/269 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/264
|As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila.
|-
|-
|39
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168 || As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/269
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
|-
|-
|40
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita.
|-
|-
|41
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179
|As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita.
|-
|-
|42
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234
|Used in Pittaja netraroga(eye disease).
|-
|-
|43
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/125 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti.
|-
|-
|44
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/125
|As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha.
|-
|-
|45
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|-
|-
|46
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila.
|-
|-
|47
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || As an ingredient of Pinda taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94
|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.
|-
|-
|48
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/146 || Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123
|As an ingredient of Pinda taila.
|-
|-
|49
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/146
|Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta.
|-
|-
|50
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/263 || Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|-
|51
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/263
|Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya.
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275
|Used in the treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, As  an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa.
|}
|}


== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.<ref name="API1986"/>


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>==
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Sarivadhyasava


* 20-30 g of the drug for decoction.
== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.


==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>==  
== Current Researches ==
* Sarivadhyasava
 
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from its diverse secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
* '''Coumarins and Lignans:''' Hemidesmin-1, hemidesmin-2, and hemidesmin-3.
* '''Essential Oils:''' Rich in 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, which gives the root its characteristic sarsaparilla-like aroma.
* '''Triterpenoids and Sterols:''' Alpha-lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol.
* '''Flavonoids and Saponins:''' Hyperoside, rutin, and various glycosides.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
 
=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity ===
Sariva is extensively utilized in traditional medicine to mitigate inflammatory conditions and joint disorders.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active principles suppress the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that root and leaf extracts significantly reduce acute and chronic paw edema in rat models, corroborating its traditional efficacy in inflammatory joint ailments.<ref name="DSouza2022">{{cite journal |last1=D’Souza |first1=Shalet |year=2022 |title=Hemidesmus indicus: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves |journal=NeuroQuantology |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1422–1437 |doi=10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12.NQ77122}}</ref>
 
=== Immunomodulatory and Hepatoprotective Effects ===
The plant exhibits strong potential in protecting liver tissues from toxins and boosting immune responses.
* '''Mechanism:''' It enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating lipid peroxidation in hepatic cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations show that administration of ''H. indicus'' extract markedly restores altered serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and total bilirubin toward normal levels during hepatotoxin-induced liver injury.<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–213}}</ref>
 
=== Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy ===
Sariva roots demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
* '''Mechanism:''' Essential oil components like 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde disrupt microbial cell membrane permeability, leading to intracellular component leakage and cell death.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro assays indicate substantial inhibitory zones against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and dermatophytic fungi, supporting its use in skin disorders (*kustha*).<ref name="ShOME2007">{{cite journal |last1=Shome |first1=S. |last2=Talukdar |first2=A. |last3=Choudhury |first3=M. D. |year=2007 |title=Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts |journal=Research Journal of Microbiology |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=779–783}}</ref>
 
=== Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential ===
Sariva contributes significantly to glycemic control and oxidative stress reduction.
* '''Mechanism:''' It improves peripheral glucose utilization and protects pancreatic beta-cells from oxidative damage through its high phenolic and flavonoid content.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research on diabetic rat models confirms that oral treatment with root extract leads to significant reduction in blood glucose levels and improvement in lipid profiles.<ref name="Tariq2010">{{cite journal |last1=Tariq |first1=M. |last2=Alam |first2=M. |last3=Jafri |first3=M. A. |year=2010 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |volume=6 |issue=22 |pages=121–125}}</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Hemidesmus indicus'' is generally safe at recommended therapeutic doses. Acute toxicity trials indicate no major adverse effects or mortality at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight in animals.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its cold (*sheeta*) potency, individuals with chronic respiratory weakness or severe cold hypersensitivity should consume it under professional guidance.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Decoction (Kwatha):'' 20–30 g daily.
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Hemidesmus indicus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammatory Disorders & Arthritis'''
| Coumarins, Flavonoids
| COX/LOX inhibition, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress'''
| Triterpenoids, Phenolics
| Antioxidant enzyme enhancement, Hepatoprotection
|-
| '''Dermatological Infections'''
| Essential oils (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)
| Cell membrane disruption, Antimicrobial
|-
| '''Hyperglycemia'''
| Polyphenols, Glycosides
| Pancreatic beta-cell protection, Antidiabetic
|}


== Current availability==  
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>


Available
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
* India- karnataka, kerala, bihar ,west bengal, maharashtra


== Current researches ==
<ref name="DSouza2022">{{cite journal |last1=D’Souza |first1=Shalet |year=2022 |title=Hemidesmus indicus: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves |journal=NeuroQuantology |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1422–1437 |doi=10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12.NQ77122}}</ref>


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Hemidesmus%20indicus
<ref name="Sultana2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sultana |first1=S. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Sharma |first3=S. |year=2003 |title=Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=85 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–213}}</ref>


<ref name="ShOME2007">{{cite journal |last1=Shome |first1=S. |last2=Talukdar |first2=A. |last3=Choudhury |first3=M. D. |year=2007 |title=Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts |journal=Research Journal of Microbiology |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=779–783}}</ref>
<ref name="Tariq2010">{{cite journal |last1=Tariq |first1=M. |last2=Alam |first2=M. |last3=Jafri |first3=M. A. |year=2010 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |volume=6 |issue=22 |pages=121–125}}</ref>
}}


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Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.

Sariva
Section/Chapter Herb database/Sariva
Botanical name(s) Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.
Family Apocynaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT., popularly known as Sariva (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in Ayurveda as a premier blood purifier (*raktashodhaka*), coolant (*pittahara*), and rejuvenative (*rasayana*) drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.

English name

Indian sarsaparilla

Therapeutic Uses

Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).[1]

Other Varieties

  • Periploca indica

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (*madhura*) and bitter (*tikta*) tastes, with a cooling potency (*sheeta veerya*) that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.

Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Cold (sheeta)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Sweet (madhura)
4 Qualities (guna) Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify vata, pitta and kapha

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/24 Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
2 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(9) Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
3 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(18) Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
4 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(31) Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
5 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(39) Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
6 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(41) Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
7 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/64 Anutailadravya
8 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha
9 Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/139 Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
10 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/29 Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
11 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/56 Kshira vishodhana dravya
12 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/201 Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
13 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/219 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
14 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
15 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 4/76 As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
16 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 4/81 As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
17 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/128 Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
18 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/145 Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
19 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/109 Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
20 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/35 Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
21 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/42 Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
22 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/160 As an ingredient of kanakasava
23 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/106 Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
24 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/125 As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
25 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/110 Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
26 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 18/177 As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
27 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/50 As a pana dravya
28 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/54 For kashaya pana (decoction)
29 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/76 As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
30 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/88 For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
31 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/102 As an ingredient of ksharagada
32 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/201 Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
33 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/202 As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
34 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/243 As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
35 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/153 As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
36 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/185 Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
37 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/264 As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
38 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/269 As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
39 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/168 As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
40 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/179 As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
41 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/234 Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
42 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/243 As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
43 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/125 As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
44 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/158 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
45 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
46 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/94 As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
47 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/123 As an ingredient of Pinda taila
48 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/146 Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
49 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/92 As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
50 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/263 Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
51 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/275 Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa

Dose

  • Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Sarivadhyasava

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.

Current Researches

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic versatility of Hemidesmus indicus stems from its diverse secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:

  • Coumarins and Lignans: Hemidesmin-1, hemidesmin-2, and hemidesmin-3.
  • Essential Oils: Rich in 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, which gives the root its characteristic sarsaparilla-like aroma.
  • Triterpenoids and Sterols: Alpha-lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol.
  • Flavonoids and Saponins: Hyperoside, rutin, and various glycosides.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity

Sariva is extensively utilized in traditional medicine to mitigate inflammatory conditions and joint disorders.

  • Mechanism: Active principles suppress the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways.
  • Scientific Evidence: Experimental studies demonstrate that root and leaf extracts significantly reduce acute and chronic paw edema in rat models, corroborating its traditional efficacy in inflammatory joint ailments.[3]

Immunomodulatory and Hepatoprotective Effects

The plant exhibits strong potential in protecting liver tissues from toxins and boosting immune responses.

  • Mechanism: It enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating lipid peroxidation in hepatic cells.
  • Scientific Evidence: In vivo evaluations show that administration of H. indicus extract markedly restores altered serum marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and total bilirubin toward normal levels during hepatotoxin-induced liver injury.[4]

Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy

Sariva roots demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

  • Mechanism: Essential oil components like 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde disrupt microbial cell membrane permeability, leading to intracellular component leakage and cell death.
  • Scientific Evidence: In vitro assays indicate substantial inhibitory zones against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and dermatophytic fungi, supporting its use in skin disorders (*kustha*).[5]

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential

Sariva contributes significantly to glycemic control and oxidative stress reduction.

  • Mechanism: It improves peripheral glucose utilization and protects pancreatic beta-cells from oxidative damage through its high phenolic and flavonoid content.
  • Scientific Evidence: Research on diabetic rat models confirms that oral treatment with root extract leads to significant reduction in blood glucose levels and improvement in lipid profiles.[6]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: Hemidesmus indicus is generally safe at recommended therapeutic doses. Acute toxicity trials indicate no major adverse effects or mortality at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight in animals.
  • Precautions: Due to its cold (*sheeta*) potency, individuals with chronic respiratory weakness or severe cold hypersensitivity should consume it under professional guidance.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Root Decoction (Kwatha): 20–30 g daily.
    • Root Powder (Churna): 3–6 g daily.

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Hemidesmus indicus
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Inflammatory Disorders & Arthritis Coumarins, Flavonoids COX/LOX inhibition, Anti-inflammatory
Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress Triterpenoids, Phenolics Antioxidant enzyme enhancement, Hepatoprotection
Dermatological Infections Essential oils (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde) Cell membrane disruption, Antimicrobial
Hyperglycemia Polyphenols, Glycosides Pancreatic beta-cell protection, Antidiabetic

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;
  3. ↑ D’Souza, Shalet (2022). "Hemidesmus indicus: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves". NeuroQuantology. 20 (12): 1422–1437. doi:10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12.NQ77122. 
  4. ↑ Sultana, S.; Khan, N.; Sharma, S. (2003). "Modulatory effect of Hemidesmus indicus on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 85 (2–3): 207–213. 
  5. ↑ Shome, S.; Talukdar, A.; Choudhury, M. D. (2007). "Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts". Research Journal of Microbiology. 2 (10): 779–783. 
  6. ↑ Tariq, M.; Alam, M.; Jafri, M. A. (2010). "Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". Pharmacognosy Magazine. 6 (22): 121–125. 

Herbs

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