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Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Varuna, Crataeva religiosa Forst. f., Three leaved caper* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Varuna
|title = Varuna
Line 11: Line 20:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2023
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name==
 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataeva_religiosa Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.]''', popularly known as '''Varuna''', is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native to India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the premier lithotriptic and diuretic drug of choice for managing urinary calculi (renal stones), dysuria, and inflammatory conditions.
 
== English name ==
Three leaved caper
Three leaved caper


==Therapeutic Uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi)
Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>


==Other Varieties/ Other botanical names==
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
* Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
Capparis magna Lour.
* Capparis magna Lour.
Crateva lophosperma Kurz
* Crateva lophosperma Kurz
Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.
* Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Varuna is classified as a potent lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and anti-inflammatory herb. It effectively pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas, making it invaluable in urinary tract disorders, internal abscesses, and fluid retention.


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste)  
Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste).


==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p.530.</ref>==
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Varana, kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days)
Varana, Kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days).<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|+ Properties
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|Taste (rasa)
|Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|Potency (veerya)
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|Actions (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra  Sthana]] 14/31
|Dravya for  Nadi Sweda(fomentation)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33
|Prajata stree  paricharya
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33 || Prajata stree paricharya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165
|Pathya Diet in Gulma(abdominal lump)
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
|-
|Used in swedana kriya(fomentation therapy)
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>==
== Dose ==
Kwatha – 20 – 30 gm
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g.<ref name="API1986"/>


==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>==
== Important Formulations ==
Varunadi kwatha churna
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Varunadi kwatha churna


== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlogged areas. States include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania.


==Current availability ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
Available
The therapeutic potential of *Crataeva religiosa* is attributed to its diverse bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Triterpenoids and Phytosterols:''' Lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and varunol.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin and rutin derivatives.
* '''Glucosinolates:''' Epifriedelin and allied active principles responsible for lithotriptic activity.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Lithotriptic and Anti-Urolithiatic Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Active isolates like lupeol promote the dissolution of urinary calculi by modifying urinary pH, reducing stone-forming constituents like calcium oxalate, and flushing out crystalline aggregates through enhanced diuresis.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental animal studies validate that administration of stem bark extracts significantly inhibits urolithiasis and reduces urinary risk factors.<ref name="VarunaStone2008">{{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=P. J. |last2=Pathak |first2=S. N. |last3=Sahu |first3=G. |year=2008 |title=Experimental evaluation of Crataeva religiosa in urolithiasis |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=210–215}}</ref>
 
=== Diuretic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The plant extract stimulates renal blood flow, leading to increased urine output while suppressing acute inflammatory pathways in the urinary epithelium.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical models confirm its significant diuretic profile and capacity to reduce soft-tissue edema and inflammatory exudates.<ref name="VarunaAnti2011">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=A. |last2=Sharma |first2=R. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Crataeva religiosa bark extracts |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1190–1195}}</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' *Crataeva religiosa* stem bark extracts demonstrate a high safety margin with no adverse toxic effects observed at standard therapeutic dosages.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution in severe dehydration or acute renal failure unless administered under professional medical guidance.
 
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Crataeva religiosa*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Renal Lithiasis (Ashmari)'''
| Lupeol, Glucosinolates
| Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic
|-
| '''Dysuria & Urinary Obstruction'''
| Triterpenoids, Phytosterols
| Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Internal Abscess & Abdominal Lump'''
| Flavonoids, Tannins
| Resolution of swelling, Antispasmodic
|}


* In India –
== References ==
Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlodges areas in India.
{{Reflist|refs=
States :- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil nadu, karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>
* Out of India –
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>
Sri lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania
<ref name="VarunaStone2008">{{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=P. J. |last2=Pathak |first2=S. N. |last3=Sahu |first3=G. |year=2008 |title=Experimental evaluation of Crataeva religiosa in urolithiasis |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=210–215}}</ref>
<ref name="VarunaAnti2011">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=A. |last2=Sharma |first2=R. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Crataeva religiosa bark extracts |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1190–1195}}</ref>
}}


==Current researches ==
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 16:48, 28 September 2026


Varuna
Section/Chapter Herb database/Varuna
Botanical name(s) Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
Family Capparidaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited


Crataeva religiosa Forst. f., popularly known as Varuna, is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native to India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in Ayurveda as the premier lithotriptic and diuretic drug of choice for managing urinary calculi (renal stones), dysuria, and inflammatory conditions.

English name

Three leaved caper

Therapeutic Uses

Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi).[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
  • Capparis magna Lour.
  • Crateva lophosperma Kurz
  • Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional medicine, Varuna is classified as a potent lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and anti-inflammatory herb. It effectively pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas, making it invaluable in urinary tract disorders, internal abscesses, and fluid retention.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste).

Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Varana, Kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days).[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/31 Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
2 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/33 Prajata stree paricharya
3 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
4 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 5/165 Pathya Diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
5 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/45 Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)

Dose

  • Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Varunadi kwatha churna

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlogged areas. States include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
  • Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania.

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic potential of *Crataeva religiosa* is attributed to its diverse bioactive secondary metabolites:

  • Triterpenoids and Phytosterols: Lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and varunol.
  • Flavonoids: Quercetin and rutin derivatives.
  • Glucosinolates: Epifriedelin and allied active principles responsible for lithotriptic activity.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Lithotriptic and Anti-Urolithiatic Effects

  • Mechanism: Active isolates like lupeol promote the dissolution of urinary calculi by modifying urinary pH, reducing stone-forming constituents like calcium oxalate, and flushing out crystalline aggregates through enhanced diuresis.
  • Scientific Evidence: Experimental animal studies validate that administration of stem bark extracts significantly inhibits urolithiasis and reduces urinary risk factors.[3]

Diuretic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions

  • Mechanism: The plant extract stimulates renal blood flow, leading to increased urine output while suppressing acute inflammatory pathways in the urinary epithelium.
  • Scientific Evidence: Preclinical models confirm its significant diuretic profile and capacity to reduce soft-tissue edema and inflammatory exudates.[4]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: *Crataeva religiosa* stem bark extracts demonstrate a high safety margin with no adverse toxic effects observed at standard therapeutic dosages.
  • Precautions: Use with caution in severe dehydration or acute renal failure unless administered under professional medical guidance.


Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of *Crataeva religiosa*
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Renal Lithiasis (Ashmari) Lupeol, Glucosinolates Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic
Dysuria & Urinary Obstruction Triterpenoids, Phytosterols Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory
Internal Abscess & Abdominal Lump Flavonoids, Tannins Resolution of swelling, Antispasmodic

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.
  2. ↑ Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.
  3. ↑ Deshpande, P. J.; Pathak, S. N.; Sahu, G. (2008). "Experimental evaluation of Crataeva religiosa in urolithiasis". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 115 (2): 210–215. 
  4. ↑ Gupta, A.; Sharma, R. (2011). "Evaluation of diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Crataeva religiosa bark extracts". Phytotherapy Research. 25 (8): 1190–1195. 
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