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Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= *Varuna, Crataeva religiosa Forst. f., Three leaved caper* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Varuna
|title = Varuna
Line 6: Line 15:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
|data2 = Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Capparidaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = 2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6  = Awaited
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name==
 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataeva_religiosa Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.]''', popularly known as '''Varuna''', is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native to India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the premier lithotriptic and diuretic drug of choice for managing urinary calculi (renal stones), dysuria, and inflammatory conditions.
 
== English name ==
Three leaved caper
Three leaved caper


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Varuna, Tikta saka
Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
* Capparis magna Lour.
* Crateva lophosperma Kurz
* Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.
 
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Varuna is classified as a potent lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and anti-inflammatory herb. It effectively pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas, making it invaluable in urinary tract disorders, internal abscesses, and fluid retention.
 
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste).
 
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Varana, Kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days).<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>
 
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra  Sthana]] 14/31
|Dravya for  Nadi Sweda
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33
|Prajata stree  paricharya
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
|-
|Used in  swedana kriya
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|+ Herbs and their activities
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Properties
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|Taste  (rasa)
|Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33 || Prajata stree paricharya
|Potency  (veerya)
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|Qualities  (guna)
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}
|}


==Current availability ==
== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g.<ref name="API1986"/>
 
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Varunadi kwatha churna
 
== Current Availability ==
Available
Available
==Current researches ==
* In India: Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlogged areas. States include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania.
 
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Crataeva religiosa* is attributed to its diverse bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Triterpenoids and Phytosterols:''' Lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and varunol.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin and rutin derivatives.
* '''Glucosinolates:''' Epifriedelin and allied active principles responsible for lithotriptic activity.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Lithotriptic and Anti-Urolithiatic Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Active isolates like lupeol promote the dissolution of urinary calculi by modifying urinary pH, reducing stone-forming constituents like calcium oxalate, and flushing out crystalline aggregates through enhanced diuresis.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental animal studies validate that administration of stem bark extracts significantly inhibits urolithiasis and reduces urinary risk factors.<ref name="VarunaStone2008">{{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=P. J. |last2=Pathak |first2=S. N. |last3=Sahu |first3=G. |year=2008 |title=Experimental evaluation of Crataeva religiosa in urolithiasis |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=210–215}}</ref>
 
=== Diuretic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The plant extract stimulates renal blood flow, leading to increased urine output while suppressing acute inflammatory pathways in the urinary epithelium.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical models confirm its significant diuretic profile and capacity to reduce soft-tissue edema and inflammatory exudates.<ref name="VarunaAnti2011">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=A. |last2=Sharma |first2=R. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Crataeva religiosa bark extracts |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1190–1195}}</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' *Crataeva religiosa* stem bark extracts demonstrate a high safety margin with no adverse toxic effects observed at standard therapeutic dosages.
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution in severe dehydration or acute renal failure unless administered under professional medical guidance.
 
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Crataeva religiosa*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Renal Lithiasis (Ashmari)'''
| Lupeol, Glucosinolates
| Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic
|-
| '''Dysuria & Urinary Obstruction'''
| Triterpenoids, Phytosterols
| Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Internal Abscess & Abdominal Lump'''
| Flavonoids, Tannins
| Resolution of swelling, Antispasmodic
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>
<ref name="VarunaStone2008">{{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=P. J. |last2=Pathak |first2=S. N. |last3=Sahu |first3=G. |year=2008 |title=Experimental evaluation of Crataeva religiosa in urolithiasis |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=210–215}}</ref>
<ref name="VarunaAnti2011">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=A. |last2=Sharma |first2=R. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Crataeva religiosa bark extracts |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1190–1195}}</ref>
}}
 
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 16:48, 28 September 2026


Varuna
Section/Chapter Herb database/Varuna
Botanical name(s) Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
Family Capparidaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited


Crataeva religiosa Forst. f., popularly known as Varuna, is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native to India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in Ayurveda as the premier lithotriptic and diuretic drug of choice for managing urinary calculi (renal stones), dysuria, and inflammatory conditions.

English name

Three leaved caper

Therapeutic Uses

Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi).[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
  • Capparis magna Lour.
  • Crateva lophosperma Kurz
  • Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional medicine, Varuna is classified as a potent lithotriptic (*ashmarighna*) and anti-inflammatory herb. It effectively pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas, making it invaluable in urinary tract disorders, internal abscesses, and fluid retention.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste).

Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Varana, Kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days).[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/31 Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
2 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/33 Prajata stree paricharya
3 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
4 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 5/165 Pathya Diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
5 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/45 Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)

Dose

  • Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Varunadi kwatha churna

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlogged areas. States include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
  • Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania.

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic potential of *Crataeva religiosa* is attributed to its diverse bioactive secondary metabolites:

  • Triterpenoids and Phytosterols: Lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and varunol.
  • Flavonoids: Quercetin and rutin derivatives.
  • Glucosinolates: Epifriedelin and allied active principles responsible for lithotriptic activity.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Lithotriptic and Anti-Urolithiatic Effects

  • Mechanism: Active isolates like lupeol promote the dissolution of urinary calculi by modifying urinary pH, reducing stone-forming constituents like calcium oxalate, and flushing out crystalline aggregates through enhanced diuresis.
  • Scientific Evidence: Experimental animal studies validate that administration of stem bark extracts significantly inhibits urolithiasis and reduces urinary risk factors.[3]

Diuretic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions

  • Mechanism: The plant extract stimulates renal blood flow, leading to increased urine output while suppressing acute inflammatory pathways in the urinary epithelium.
  • Scientific Evidence: Preclinical models confirm its significant diuretic profile and capacity to reduce soft-tissue edema and inflammatory exudates.[4]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: *Crataeva religiosa* stem bark extracts demonstrate a high safety margin with no adverse toxic effects observed at standard therapeutic dosages.
  • Precautions: Use with caution in severe dehydration or acute renal failure unless administered under professional medical guidance.


Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of *Crataeva religiosa*
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Renal Lithiasis (Ashmari) Lupeol, Glucosinolates Anti-urolithiatic, Lithotriptic
Dysuria & Urinary Obstruction Triterpenoids, Phytosterols Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory
Internal Abscess & Abdominal Lump Flavonoids, Tannins Resolution of swelling, Antispasmodic

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.
  2. ↑ Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.
  3. ↑ Deshpande, P. J.; Pathak, S. N.; Sahu, G. (2008). "Experimental evaluation of Crataeva religiosa in urolithiasis". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 115 (2): 210–215. 
  4. ↑ Gupta, A.; Sharma, R. (2011). "Evaluation of diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Crataeva religiosa bark extracts". Phytotherapy Research. 25 (8): 1190–1195. 
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