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Solanum anguivi LAM.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Bruhati, Solanum anguivi LAM., Solanum indicum, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Bruhati (Solanum anguivi LAM.) is widely used in Ayurveda for respiratory ailments, pain management, cardiac support, and digestive disorders. It acts as a powerful pacifier of Kapha and Vata doshas.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Bruhati
|data1 = Herb database/Bruhati
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Solanum anguivi LAM.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_anguivi Solanum anguivi LAM.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Solanaceae
|data3 = Solanaceae
Line 12: Line 20:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
Line 20: Line 28:
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_anguivi Solanum anguivi LAM.]''' (syn. *Solanum indicum* L.), popularly known as '''Bruhati''', is an erect, prickly shrub belonging to the family Solanaceae. It is highly esteemed in [[Ayurveda]] as a prominent medicinal plant, particularly valued for its role in respiratory health (*Kanthya*), pain relief, and pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
 
Indian nightshade, Poison berry
--


==Therapeutic uses==
==Therapeutic uses==
Sula(pain), swasa(dyspnea), hrudaroga(heart disease), jwara(fever), agnimandhya(loss of appetite)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:12</ref>
Sula (pain), Swasa (dyspnea), Hridroga (heart disease), Jwara (fever), Agnimandya (loss of appetite)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2: 12.</ref>


==Other varieties==
==Other varieties / Other botanical names==
* Solanum aethiopicum subsp. anguivi (Lam.) Banfi, Galasso & Bartolucci
* Solanum aethiopicum subsp. anguivi (Lam.) Banfi, Galasso & Bartolucci
* Solanum albidum De Wild.
* Solanum albiflorum De Wild.
* Solanum aurantiacobaccatum De Wild.
* Solanum batangense Dammer
* Solanum buettneri Dammer
* Solanum carvalhoi Dammer
* Solanum cultum De Wild.
* Solanum dichroanthum Dammer
* Solanum dinklagei Dammer
* Solanum distichum Schumach. & Thonn.
* Solanum flamignii De Wild.
* Solanum grotei Dammer
* Solanum halophilum Pax
* Solanum hermannii Dunal
* Solanum hermannii Dunal
* Solanum indicum var. brevipedicellatum Bitter
* Solanum indicum var. brevipedicellatum Bitter
* Solanum indicum subsp. distichum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Bitter
* Solanum indicum subsp. mesodolichum Bitter
* Solanum indicum subsp. pervilleanum Bitter
* Solanum indicum var. pseudogeminifolium (Dammer) Bitter
* Solanum jaegeri Dammer
* Solanum jespersenii De Wild.
* Solanum kandtii Dammer
* Solanum keniense Turrill
* Solanum lividum Link
* Solanum mesodolichum (Bitter) Pic.Serm.
* Solanum newtonii Dammer
* Solanum nguelense Dammer
* Solanum occidentale Dunal
* Solanum olivaceum Dammer
* Solanum orthocarpum Pic.Serm.
* Solanum pseudogeminifolium Dammer
* Solanum recurvum Hoffmanns.
* Solanum rederi Dammer
* Solanum rohrii C.H.Wright
* Solanum ruwenzoriense De Wild.
* Solanum sakarense Dammer
* Solanum scalare C.H.Wright
* Solanum schroederi Dammer
* Solanum senegambicum Dunal
* Solanum sodomeum L.
* Solanum sodomeum L.
* Solanum spathotrichum Dammer
*(and numerous other taxonomic synonyms and regional variations)
* Solanum stuhlmannii Dammer
* Solanum ueleense De Wild.
* Solanum urosepalum Dammer
* Solanum wildemanii Dammer ex De Wild. & T.Durand
* Solanum yangambiense De Wild.


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Vyaghri, Mahati, Kuli, Simhi(very efficacious in kasa), Rashtrika, Hinguli, Vartaki(common plant available in all region), Sinhi, Mahoshtri, Dushpragarshini
Vyaghri, Mahati, Kuli, Simhi (very efficacious in kasa), Rashtrika, Hinguli, Vartaki (common plant available in all regions), Sinhi, Mahoshtri, Dushpragarshini
 
==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Kshudhrabhantaki<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 36, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu==
==Varieties Mentioned in Nighantus==
Kshudhrabhantaki<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-36</ref>
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 25, 27, 29.</ref>
# Bruhati
# Sarpatanu
# Swetabruhati


==Varieties==
[[File:Solanum_anguivi.jpg|thumb|Bruhati (Solanum anguivi)]]
===Raja nighantu===
Mentioned 3 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, satahvadi  varga verse no- 25,27,29</ref>
# Bruhati  
# Sarpatanu
# Swetabruhati


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Bruhati is classified under prominent groups like *Kanthya* (beneficial for voice and throat) and *Jwarahara* (antipyretic). Possessing a pungent and bitter taste (*katu, tikta rasa*), hot potency (*ushna veerya*), and sharp qualities (*tikshna guna*), it is highly effective in counteracting respiratory distress, cough, and localized inflammation.


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
Line 107: Line 78:
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|-
|}
|}


Line 116: Line 88:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1  
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana (therapeutic enema)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12  
|-
| Asthapana (Therapeutic Enema)
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
|-
| 2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya (reducing hiccups)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9)  
| Kanthyamahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
|-
| 3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38) || Shwayathuhara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress/edema)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30)  
| Hikkanigrahanamahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
|-
|-
| 4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)  
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya(relieving respiratory distress)
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamarda prashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39)
|Jwarahara mahakashaya(relieving fever)
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/65 || Anutaila dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44)
|Angamarda prashamana mahakashaya(relieving body-ache)
|-
|-
| 7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhura skandha (group of sweet drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/65
| Anutailadravya
|-
|-
|8
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/42 || In formulation of Brahma rasayana
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|-
|9
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210 || As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi kashaya used in sannipata jwara (fever)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/42
|In  formulation of brahma rasayana
|-
|-
|10
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/213 || As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi gana used in sannipata jwara and kasadi upadrava
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi kashaya used in Sannipata jwara(fever)
|-
|-
|11
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/224 || As an ingredient of Baladi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/213
|As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi Gana used in  Sannipata jwara and Kasadi upadrava
|-
|-
|12
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/234 || Used as Panchamuli shruta paya in kasa, svasa, sirashoola, parshvashoola, jwara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/224
|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
|-
|13
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/234
|Used as Panchamuli shruta paya in Kasa, Svasa,  Sirashoola, Parshvashoola, Jwara
|-
|-
|14
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67 || To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient ofAgurvadi taila
|-
|-
|15
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/97 || Mixed with Shilajatu prayoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/67
|To increase effect of Trayushanaadi  ghrita
|-
|-
|16
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/143 || Ingredient in Bhallatakadya ghrita for kaphaja gulma (abdominal lump)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/97
|Mixed with Shilajit prayoga
|-
|-
|17
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149 || Ingredient of Mishraka sneha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/143
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya  Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma(abdominal lump)
|-
|-
|18
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/167 || Panaka in kaphaja gulma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|-
|19
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/46 || As Asthapana basti dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/167
|Panak in Kaphaj Gulma(abdominal lump)
|-
|-
|20
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65 || Ingredient in Mustadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/46
|As Asthapan Basti dravya
|-
|-
|21
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81 || Ingredient in Triphalasava
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|-
|22
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/88 || Bahyaprayogartha lepa in mandala kushtha (skin disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasav
|-
|-
|23
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/102 || Bahyaprayogartha taila in kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/88
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth(skin disease) 
|-
|-
|24
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi taila for abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/102
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushth(skin disease) 
|-
|-
|25
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi  Tailav for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj  Kushtha(skin disease) 
|-
|-
|26
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128 || Abhyantara and bahyaprayogartha pana, snana, lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Taila
|-
|-
|27
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/91 || As a nasya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogartha Pana, Snan, Lepa
|-
|-
|28
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/93 || Ingredient in Uttarbhatika ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/91
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|-
|29
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/114 || Ingredient in Baladi kshirapaka
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/93
|Ingredient in Uttarbhatik  Ghrita
|-
|-
|30
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/133 || Diet and drinks for diarrhoea in rajayakshma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/114
|Ingredient in Baladi  Kshirapak
|-
|-
|31
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/168 || Ingredient in Rajayakshma nashaka ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/133
|Diet and drinks for Diarrhoea  in Rajyakshma
|-
|-
|32
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36 || Ingredient in Kalyanak ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/168
|Ingredient in Rajayakshma  nasak Ghrita
|-
|-
|33
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/36
|Ingredient in Kalyanak  Ghrita
|-
|-
|34
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52 || Ingredient in Apara lasunadya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42
|Ingredient in Mahakalyanak  Ghrita
|-
|-
|35
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/52
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|36
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36 || Ingredient in Amrutprasha ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|37
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/56 || Ingredient in Dvitiya sarpiguda
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/36
|Ingredient in Amrutprash  Ghrita
|-
|-
|38
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/62 || Ingredient in Tritiya sarpiguda
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/56
|Ingredient in Dvitiya  Sarpiguda
|-
|-
|39
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29 || Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/62
|Ingredient in Tritiya  sarpiguda
|-
|-
|40
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50 || Ingredient in Kansaharitaki avaleha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|-
|41
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73 || As an unmardana dravya in kaphaja shvayathu
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki  Avaleha
|-
|-
|42
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65 || In treatment of vatodara for anuvasana basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|-
|43
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113 || As an ingredient of Panchakola ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
|In treatment  of vatodara for anuvasan basti
|-
|-
|44
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50 || Dhupana yoga in arsha roga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/113
|As an  ingredient of panchkola ghrita
|-
|-
|45
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144 || As an ingredient of Dantyarishta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50
|Dhupan yoga  in arsha roga
|-
|-
|46
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|-
|47
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kosthagata kayagni in grahaniroga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an  ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|-
|48
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156 || As an ingredient of Mulasava
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha  and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahaniroga
|-
|-
|49
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/96 || Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/156
|As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|-
|50
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102 || Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/96
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|-
|51
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105 || Dashamula kwatha is used in condition of trishna in patients of hikka svasa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation  for hikka svasa
|-
|-
|52
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladhya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/105
|Dasamula kwath is  used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
|-
|-
|53
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/75 || As an ingredient of dhumapana yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|-
|54
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88 || As an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/75          
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga
|-
|-
|55
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99 || As a yoga dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|As an ingredient  of leha yoga pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|56
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101 || As a yoga dravya in sthiradi kshira
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|57
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/126 || As an ingredient of Kantakari ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/101
|As a yoga dravya  in sthiradi kshira
|-
|-
|58
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/176 || As an ingredient of Jivantyadi leha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/126
|As an ingredient of kantakari ghrita
|-
|-
|59
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/176
|As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
|-
|-
|60
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a yavagu dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26
|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|-
|61
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/78 || Used for parishecana in daha & shoola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50
|As a yavagu dravya
|-
|-
|62
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/78
|Used for parisechana in Daha & shoola
|-
|-
|63
| 64 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/62 || Used in ashmari with dadhi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61
|As an ingredient of  Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|-
|64
| 65 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/169 || As an ingredient of Mahamayura ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/62
|Used in ashmari with  dadhi.
|-
|-
|65
| 66 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/237 || Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/169
|As an ingredient ofMahamayur Ghrita
|-
|-
|66
| 67 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/240 || As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi varti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/237
|Used for aaschotana in  Vataja netraroga
|-
|-
|67
| 68 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakadi parisheka and pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/240
|As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi varti
|-
|-
|68
| 69 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/65 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56
|As in ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
|-
|69
| 70 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi ghrita/taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/65
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|-
|70
| 71 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/58 || As an ingredient of Saindhavadi taila, used in treatment of yoni shula
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/58
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi taila, used in the  treatment of Yoni shula
|}
|}
==Dose==
==Dose==
* 10-20 gm of drug for decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:12</ref>
* Decoction: 10–20 g of the drug for preparation<ref name="ref1"/>


==Important formulations==
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:12</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamularishta
* Dashamula ghrita
* Dashamula ghrita


== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of India as a wild weed or shrub.


== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Solanum anguivi'' roots, fruits, and aerial parts is attributed to a rich array of secondary metabolites:
* '''Steroidal Alkaloids & Glycoalkaloids:''' Solasodine, solanine, and related glycoalkaloid fractions.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid with strong antioxidant capacities.
* '''Saponins & Phytosterols:''' Beta-sitosterol and various active steroidal saponins.


 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
== Current availability==  
=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Actions ===
Bruhati's classification under *Kanthya* and *Shwayathuhara* mahakashayas is well-supported by modern pharmacological evaluations targeting airway constriction.
* '''Mechanism:''' Glycoalkaloids and active extracts act as bronchodilators, relaxing tracheal smooth muscles and reducing inflammatory mucus secretion in bronchial passageways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies demonstrate that root and whole plant extracts significantly inhibit histamine-induced bronchospasm and reduce airway inflammation in experimental models.<ref name="Patel2010">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=S. S. |last2=Shah |first2=R. S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of anti-asthmatic activity of Solanum anguivi root extracts in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=462–466}}</ref>


Available
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
Modern research validates its traditional usage in painful inflammatory states (*sula* and *angamarda*).
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive steroidal fractions inhibit inflammatory mediators, prostaglandins, and suppress neutrophil migration into inflamed tissues.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Animal model evaluations show marked reductions in carrageenan-induced paw edema and significant analgesic responses in chemical-induced pain assays.<ref name="Kiran2012">{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=G. |last2=Reddy |first2=K. |last3=Rao |first3=B. |year=2012 |title=Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Solanum anguivi root extract |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=580–584}}</ref>


== Current researches ==
=== Antimicrobial and Hepatoprotective Actions ===
Bruhati exhibits broad-spectrum protective effects against microbial pathogens and chemical toxins.
* '''Mechanism:''' Alkaloids and polyphenols disrupt microbial cell integrity and enhance endogenous hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro evaluations confirm strong antibacterial and antifungal activities, alongside marked restoration of liver marker enzymes in hepatotoxicity models.<ref name="Archana2011">{{cite journal |last1=Archana |first1=R. |last2=Taranath |first2=T. C. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and hepatoprotective potential of Solanum anguivi Lam. fruit extracts |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=210–214}}</ref>


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Solanum%20anguivi
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Bruhati is generally safe when consumed within standard Ayurvedic therapeutic ranges.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its hot potency (*ushna veerya*) and sharp qualities, individuals with high Pitta constitutions or severe gastric ulceration should use it under clinical supervision.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (Kwatha):'' 10–20 g of drug for preparation<ref name="ref1"/>.


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Solanum anguivi''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Asthma & Dyspnea / Swasa'''
| Solasodine, Glycoalkaloids
| Bronchodilator, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Inflammation & Pain / Sula'''
| Steroidal fractions, Flavonoids
| Analgesic, Anti-oedematogenic
|-
| '''Fever / Jwara'''
| Polyphenols, Glycosides
| Antipyretic, Antioxidant
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2: 12.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 36, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 25, 27, 29.</ref>
<ref name="Patel2010">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=S. S. |last2=Shah |first2=R. S. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of anti-asthmatic activity of Solanum anguivi root extracts in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=462–466}}</ref>
<ref name="Kiran2012">{{cite journal |last1=Kiran |first1=G. |last2=Reddy |first2=K. |last3=Rao |first3=B. |year=2012 |title=Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Solanum anguivi root extract |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=580–584}}</ref>
<ref name="Archana2011">{{cite journal |last1=Archana |first1=R. |last2=Taranath |first2=T. C. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and hepatoprotective potential of Solanum anguivi Lam. fruit extracts |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=210–214}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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Latest revision as of 04:34, 17 September 2026


Bruhati
Section/Chapter Herb database/Bruhati
Botanical name(s) Solanum anguivi LAM.
Family Solanaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Solanum anguivi LAM. (syn. *Solanum indicum* L.), popularly known as Bruhati, is an erect, prickly shrub belonging to the family Solanaceae. It is highly esteemed in Ayurveda as a prominent medicinal plant, particularly valued for its role in respiratory health (*Kanthya*), pain relief, and pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas.

English name

Indian nightshade, Poison berry

Therapeutic uses

Sula (pain), Swasa (dyspnea), Hridroga (heart disease), Jwara (fever), Agnimandya (loss of appetite)[1]

Other varieties / Other botanical names

  • Solanum aethiopicum subsp. anguivi (Lam.) Banfi, Galasso & Bartolucci
  • Solanum hermannii Dunal
  • Solanum indicum var. brevipedicellatum Bitter
  • Solanum sodomeum L.
  • (and numerous other taxonomic synonyms and regional variations)

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Vyaghri, Mahati, Kuli, Simhi (very efficacious in kasa), Rashtrika, Hinguli, Vartaki (common plant available in all regions), Sinhi, Mahoshtri, Dushpragarshini

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Kshudhrabhantaki[2]

Varieties Mentioned in Nighantus

Raja Nighantu

Mentioned 3 types[3]

  1. Bruhati
  2. Sarpatanu
  3. Swetabruhati
File:Solanum anguivi.jpg
Bruhati (Solanum anguivi)

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Bruhati is classified under prominent groups like *Kanthya* (beneficial for voice and throat) and *Jwarahara* (antipyretic). Possessing a pungent and bitter taste (*katu, tikta rasa*), hot potency (*ushna veerya*), and sharp qualities (*tikshna guna*), it is highly effective in counteracting respiratory distress, cough, and localized inflammation.

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify kapha and vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/12 Asthapana (therapeutic enema)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(9) Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(30) Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya (reducing hiccups)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(38) Shwayathuhara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress/edema)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(39) Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(44) Angamarda prashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/65 Anutaila dravya
8 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/139 Madhura skandha (group of sweet drugs)
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/42 In formulation of Brahma rasayana
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/210 As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi kashaya used in sannipata jwara (fever)
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/213 As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi gana used in sannipata jwara and kasadi upadrava
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/224 As an ingredient of Baladi ghrita
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/234 Used as Panchamuli shruta paya in kasa, svasa, sirashoola, parshvashoola, jwara
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/67 To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/97 Mixed with Shilajatu prayoga
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/143 Ingredient in Bhallatakadya ghrita for kaphaja gulma (abdominal lump)
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/149 Ingredient of Mishraka sneha
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/167 Panaka in kaphaja gulma
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/46 As Asthapana basti dravya
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/65 Ingredient in Mustadi churna
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/81 Ingredient in Triphalasava
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/88 Bahyaprayogartha lepa in mandala kushtha (skin disease)
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/102 Bahyaprayogartha taila in kushtha
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/108 Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi taila for abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja kushtha
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/112 Ingredient in Kanakakshiri taila
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/128 Abhyantara and bahyaprayogartha pana, snana, lepa
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/91 As a nasya dravya
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/93 Ingredient in Uttarbhatika ghrita
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/114 Ingredient in Baladi kshirapaka
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/133 Diet and drinks for diarrhoea in rajayakshma
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/168 Ingredient in Rajayakshma nashaka ghrita
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/36 Ingredient in Kalyanak ghrita
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/42 Ingredient in Mahakalyanak ghrita
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/52 Ingredient in Apara lasunadya ghrita
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya ghrita
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/36 Ingredient in Amrutprasha ghrita
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/56 Ingredient in Dvitiya sarpiguda
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/62 Ingredient in Tritiya sarpiguda
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/29 Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 Ingredient in Kansaharitaki avaleha
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/73 As an unmardana dravya in kaphaja shvayathu
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/65 In treatment of vatodara for anuvasana basti
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113 As an ingredient of Panchakola ghrita
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/50 Dhupana yoga in arsha roga
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 As an ingredient of Dantyarishta
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 As an ingredient of Dashamuladya ghrita
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/106 Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kosthagata kayagni in grahaniroga
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/156 As an ingredient of Mulasava
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/96 Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/105 Dashamula kwatha is used in condition of trishna in patients of hikka svasa
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 As an ingredient of Dashamuladhya ghrita
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/75 As an ingredient of dhumapana yoga
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/88 As an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/99 As a yoga dravya
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/101 As a yoga dravya in sthiradi kshira
58 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/126 As an ingredient of Kantakari ghrita
59 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/176 As an ingredient of Jivantyadi leha
60 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/26 As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
61 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/50 As a yavagu dravya
62 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/78 Used for parishecana in daha & shoola
63 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/61 As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
64 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/62 Used in ashmari with dadhi
65 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/169 As an ingredient of Mahamayura ghrita
66 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/237 Used for aaschotana in Vataja netraroga
67 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/240 As an ingredient of Bruhatyadi varti
68 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/56 As an ingredient of Shyonakadi parisheka and pralepa
69 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/65 As an ingredient of Jeevaniya ghrita
70 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 As an ingredient of Sthiradi ghrita/taila
71 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/58 As an ingredient of Saindhavadi taila, used in treatment of yoni shula

Dose

  • Decoction: 10–20 g of the drug for preparation[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Dashamularishta
  • Dashamula ghrita

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of India as a wild weed or shrub.

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic efficacy of Solanum anguivi roots, fruits, and aerial parts is attributed to a rich array of secondary metabolites:

  • Steroidal Alkaloids & Glycoalkaloids: Solasodine, solanine, and related glycoalkaloid fractions.
  • Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids: Quercetin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid with strong antioxidant capacities.
  • Saponins & Phytosterols: Beta-sitosterol and various active steroidal saponins.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Actions

Bruhati's classification under *Kanthya* and *Shwayathuhara* mahakashayas is well-supported by modern pharmacological evaluations targeting airway constriction.

  • Mechanism: Glycoalkaloids and active extracts act as bronchodilators, relaxing tracheal smooth muscles and reducing inflammatory mucus secretion in bronchial passageways.
  • Scientific Evidence: Preclinical studies demonstrate that root and whole plant extracts significantly inhibit histamine-induced bronchospasm and reduce airway inflammation in experimental models.[4]

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties

Modern research validates its traditional usage in painful inflammatory states (*sula* and *angamarda*).

  • Mechanism: Bioactive steroidal fractions inhibit inflammatory mediators, prostaglandins, and suppress neutrophil migration into inflamed tissues.
  • Scientific Evidence: Animal model evaluations show marked reductions in carrageenan-induced paw edema and significant analgesic responses in chemical-induced pain assays.[5]

Antimicrobial and Hepatoprotective Actions

Bruhati exhibits broad-spectrum protective effects against microbial pathogens and chemical toxins.

  • Mechanism: Alkaloids and polyphenols disrupt microbial cell integrity and enhance endogenous hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione).
  • Scientific Evidence: In vitro evaluations confirm strong antibacterial and antifungal activities, alongside marked restoration of liver marker enzymes in hepatotoxicity models.[6]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: Bruhati is generally safe when consumed within standard Ayurvedic therapeutic ranges.
  • Precautions: Due to its hot potency (*ushna veerya*) and sharp qualities, individuals with high Pitta constitutions or severe gastric ulceration should use it under clinical supervision.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Decoction (Kwatha): 10–20 g of drug for preparation[1].

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Solanum anguivi
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Asthma & Dyspnea / Swasa Solasodine, Glycoalkaloids Bronchodilator, Anti-inflammatory
Inflammation & Pain / Sula Steroidal fractions, Flavonoids Analgesic, Anti-oedematogenic
Fever / Jwara Polyphenols, Glycosides Antipyretic, Antioxidant

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2: 12.
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 36, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;
  3. ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Shatavhadi Varga, verse no. 25, 27, 29.
  4. ↑ Patel, S. S.; Shah, R. S. (2010). "Evaluation of anti-asthmatic activity of Solanum anguivi root extracts in experimental animals". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 128 (2): 462–466. 
  5. ↑ Kiran, G.; Reddy, K.; Rao, B. (2012). "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Solanum anguivi root extract". Phytotherapy Research. 26 (4): 580–584. 
  6. ↑ Archana, R.; Taranath, T. C. (2011). "Evaluation of antimicrobial and hepatoprotective potential of Solanum anguivi Lam. fruit extracts". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 1 (3): 210–214. 

Herbs

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