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Ricinus communis L
<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Eranda, Ricinus communis L., Castor oil plant, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
|description=Monograph on Eranda (Ricinus communis L.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Eranda - Ricinus communis
|type=article
}}
</noinclude>


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Eranda
|data1 = Herb database/Eranda
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Ricinus communis L
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
Line 12: Line 22:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]''', popularly known as '''Eranda''' or the '''Castor Oil Plant''', is a large, annual or perennial shrub distributed widely throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the prime drug for managing Vata disorders (*Vatavyadhi*), especially rheumatoid arthritis (*Amavata*), abdominal conditions, and as an ideal agent for therapeutic purgation (*Virechana*) and enema therapies.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>


Caster oil plant
== English Name ==
Castor oil plant


==Therapeutic uses<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :23</ref>==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Sotha (swelling), jwara(fever), udararoga(disease of abdomen), amavata(rhematoid arthritis),bastisula,
Sotha (swelling), Jwara (fever), Udararoga (disease of abdomen), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Bastisula (pain in urinary bladder)<ref name="API" />


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Urubuka, Vardhaman, Urubaka, Panchagula, Chitra
* Urubuka
* Vardhamana
* Urubaka
* Panchagula
* Chitra


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu==  
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
Aamanda(the flowers when blossomed plant appears very attractive), chitra, gandharvahasta(resembling the palm of gandharva), panchangula(leaves of erand are palmatery lobed), vardhamana, dirghadanda(leaves of erand has got long petiole), vyadambaka(when wind blows the inflorescence of eranda appear like dancing), vatari(best drug of vatavyadhi), taruna, rubuka
* Amana &ndash; The flowers when blossomed, plant appears very attractive.
* Chitra
* Gandharvahasta &ndash; Resembling the palm of Gandharva.
* Panchangula &ndash; Leaves of Eranda are palmately lobed.
* Vardhamana
* Dirghadanda &ndash; Leaves of Eranda have a long petiole.
* Vyadambaka &ndash; When wind blows, the inflorescence of Eranda appears like dancing.
* Vatari &ndash; Best drug for Vatavyadhi.
* Taruna
* Rubuka


==Varieties ==
== Varieties ==
==Bhavaprakasa nighantu==  
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ===
# Sukla eranda  
* Sukla eranda
# Rakta eranda
* Rakta eranda
==Raja nighantu==
# Rakta eranda
# Sthula eranda


=== Raja Nighantu ===
* Rakta eranda
* Sthula eranda


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Eranda has the following properties:<ref name="API" />


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Properties  
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura''), Pungent (''Katu''), Astringent (''Kashaya'')
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya)
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Sweet (''Madhura'')
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Unctuous (''Snigdha''), Sharp (''Tikshna''), Subtleness (''Sukshma'')
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna), Minute/fineness/subtleness(sukshma)
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==


{| class="wikitable"
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
|+ Herbs and their activities
Eranda is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana (Therapeutic Enema)
|-
|-
| 1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(4) || Bhedaniya mahakashaya (group of herbs breaking mass/solid lesions)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12
| Asthapana(Therapeutic Enema)
|-
|-
| 2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22) || Svedopag mahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(4)  
| Bhedaniyamahakashaya(breaking mass/solid lesions)
|-
|-
| 3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamardaprashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(22)  
| Svedopagmahakashaya(helping dia-phoresis/sudation)
|-
|-
| 4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10 || Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44)
| Angamardaprashamanamahakashaya(relieving body-ache)
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (tubular fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10
|Sthavara  Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/42 || Dravya for Prastara Sweda (bed-fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/42
|Dravya for Prastara Sweda(fomentation)
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/12 || Ideal for Virechana (purgation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10
|Sthavara  Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
|-
|8
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/12
|Ideal for  Virechana
|-
|-
|9
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31
|Dravya for  Nadi Sweda
|-
|-
|10
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/108, 27/109 || Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|11
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/289 || Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/108
|Shaka Varga(group of vegetable)
|-
|-
|12
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/109
|Shaka Varga(group of vegetable)
|-
|-
|13
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || Pathyadi modaka
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/289
|Krutanna Varga(Class on food articles)
|-
|-
|14
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
|Viruddha ahar(unwholesome diet)
|-
|-
|15
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/235 || Used as Ksheerapaka where Jwara is associated with Parikartika (fissure)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|-
|16
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|-
|17
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108 || Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50
|Pathyadimodak
|-
|-
|18
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/11
|SaptalaShankhini  Yoga
|-
|-
|19
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65 || In treatment of Vatodara for Anuvasana basti (unctuous enema)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/235
|Used as khseerapaka where jwara is associated with  parikartika(fissure).
|-
|-
|20
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69 || In treatment of Pittodara for Anuvasana basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|-
|21
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/173 || Eranda taila is used in Avarana avastha of Udararoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/108
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj  Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|-
|22
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44 || Used in Avasechana in Arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Taila
|-
|-
|23
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/79 || Used for Virechana in treatment of Vataja grahani
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/65
|In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti (unctuous enema)
|-
|-
|24
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/77, 17/80 || Used for Shodhanottara dhumpana (post-purification smoking)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69
|In treatment  of pittodara for anuvasan basti(unctuous enema)
|-
|-
|25
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/171 || As a yoga dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/173
|Eranda taila  is used in avaran avastha of udararoga(abdomen disease)
|-
|-
|26
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/48 || Used as medicine with Paya (milk)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/44
|Used in  avasechana in arsha roga(hemorrhoids)
|-
|-
|27
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/85 || Eranda taila with milk is used in Vata vyadhi with other doshas involved
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] a15/79
|Used for  virechana in treatment of vataja grahani (after niruha  basti)
|-
|-
|28
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/114 || As an ingredient of Utkarikadi lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/77 & 17/80
|Used for  shodhanottara dhumpana
|-
|-
|29
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/171
|As a yoga  dravya.
|-
|-
|30
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/197 || Eranda taila is used in the treatment of Purishavrita vata
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|As a yoga  dravya.
|-
|-
|31
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61 || As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/48
|Use as medicine with paya(milk)
|-
|-
|32
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81 || Used as Ksheerapaka for pain management
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/85
|Eranda taila with milk is used  in vata vyadhi, when other doshas are also  involved.
|-
|-
|33
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/83 || Eranda taila & ksheera used for Virechana in Bahudosha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/114
|As an ingredient of Utkarikadi lepa.
|-
|-
|34
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|-
|-
|35
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/140 || Used in Ksheerapishti form for Shoolanivrutti (pain relief)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/197
|Eranda taila is used in the treatment of  Purishavrita vata.
|-
|-
|36
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/141 || Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/61
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita.
|-
|-
|37
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/198 || Used in treatment of Klaibya (impotency) for Asthapana basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81
|}
|Used as Ksheerapaka for Pain.
 
== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />
 
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Gandharvahastadi kwatha churna
* Vatari guggulu
* Gandharvahastadi taila
 
== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Widely cultivated and found growing wild throughout tropical and subtropical regions.
 
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of *Ricinus communis* seeds, oil, and roots is attributed to several secondary metabolites:
* '''Fatty Acids (Castor Oil):''' High concentration of ricinoleic acid (accounting for nearly 85-90% of the fatty acid profile), alongside oleic, linoleic, and stearic acid triglycerides.
* '''Toxic Proteins & Alkaloids:''' Ricin (a toxic lectin) and ricinine (an alkaloid), which are detoxified during traditional processing.
* '''Flavonoids & Terpenoids:''' Quercetin, gallic acid, and various glycosides present in root and leaf extracts.
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological investigations validate several traditional claims associated with *Ricinus communis*:
 
=== 1. Purgative and Gastrointestinal Action (*Virechana*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely utilized as a safe and effective purgative and in managing abdominal conditions (*Udararoga*).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Ricinoleic acid released from castor oil hydrolysis in the small intestine stimulates intestinal smooth muscle contraction and inhibits fluid absorption, promoting rapid and smooth evacuation.<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru, S., et al. "Castor oil induces laxative effect via epithelial receptor EP3 activation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</ref>
 
=== 2. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity (*Amavata*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Amavata* (rheumatoid arthritis), swelling (*Sotha*), and localized pain.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Root and oil extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models by inhibiting cyclooxygenase pathways, reducing edema, and alleviating joint discomfort.<ref name="Shojaii2012">Shojaii, A., et al. "Review of pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of Ricinus communis." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.</ref>
 
=== 3. Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Efficacy ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied topically for skin ulcers and localized infections.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Seed and leaf extracts exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against common pathogens while enhancing dermal collagen synthesis and wound contraction metrics.<ref name="Perumal2015">Perumal, P., et al. "Wound healing and antimicrobial properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Ricinus communis*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
|38
| '''Constipation & Bowel Cleansing (*Virechana*)'''
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/83
| Ricinoleic acid triglycerides
|Erandataila & ksheera is used for virechana in  bahudosha.
| Intestinal smooth muscle stimulant, Laxative
|-
|-
|39
| '''Rheumatoid Arthritis (*Amavata* / *Sotha*)'''
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
| Ricinoleic acid, Flavonoids
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
| Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/140
|Used in Ksheerapishti form for Shoolanivrutti.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/141
|Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/198
|Used in the treatment of Klaibya(impotency), for Asthapana  basti.
|-
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritation'''
| Phenolic principles, Tannins
| Antimicrobial, Dermal wound contraction
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :23</ref>==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* 20-30 gm of the drug for decoction
* '''Precautions:''' Raw seeds contain toxic proteins (ricin) and must not be consumed unprocessed; standard therapeutic use relies on processed castor oil or purified root decoctions under professional guidance.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :23</ref>==
** ''Root Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />
* Gandharvahastadi kwath churna
** ''Castor Oil (*Taila*):'' 5–15 ml as directed for purgation.
* Vatari guggulu
* Gandharvahastadi taila


 
== References ==
== Current availability==  
{{Reflist|refs=
 
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>
Available
<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru, S., et al. "Castor oil induces laxative effect via epithelial receptor EP3 activation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</ref>
<ref name="Shojaii2012">Shojaii, A., et al. "Review of pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of Ricinus communis." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.</ref>
<ref name="Perumal2015">Perumal, P., et al. "Wound healing and antimicrobial properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
}}


== Current researches ==
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Ricinus%20communis


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
''This article is under development ..''
  This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 12:36, 13 September 2026


Eranda
Section/Chapter Herb database/Eranda
Botanical name(s) Ricinus communis L.
Family Euphorbiaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Ricinus communis L., popularly known as Eranda or the Castor Oil Plant, is a large, annual or perennial shrub distributed widely throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In Ayurveda, it is highly revered as the prime drug for managing Vata disorders (*Vatavyadhi*), especially rheumatoid arthritis (*Amavata*), abdominal conditions, and as an ideal agent for therapeutic purgation (*Virechana*) and enema therapies.[1]

English Name

Castor oil plant

Therapeutic Uses

Sotha (swelling), Jwara (fever), Udararoga (disease of abdomen), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Bastisula (pain in urinary bladder)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Urubuka
  • Vardhamana
  • Urubaka
  • Panchagula
  • Chitra

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

  • Amana – The flowers when blossomed, plant appears very attractive.
  • Chitra
  • Gandharvahasta – Resembling the palm of Gandharva.
  • Panchangula – Leaves of Eranda are palmately lobed.
  • Vardhamana
  • Dirghadanda – Leaves of Eranda have a long petiole.
  • Vyadambaka – When wind blows, the inflorescence of Eranda appears like dancing.
  • Vatari – Best drug for Vatavyadhi.
  • Taruna
  • Rubuka

Varieties

Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

  • Sukla eranda
  • Rakta eranda

Raja Nighantu

  • Rakta eranda
  • Sthula eranda

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Eranda has the following properties:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Sweet (Madhura), Pungent (Katu), Astringent (Kashaya)
2 Potency (Veerya) Hot (Ushna)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Sweet (Madhura)
4 Qualities (Guna) Unctuous (Snigdha), Sharp (Tikshna), Subtleness (Sukshma)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Eranda is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/12 Asthapana (Therapeutic Enema)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(4) Bhedaniya mahakashaya (group of herbs breaking mass/solid lesions)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(22) Svedopag mahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(44) Angamardaprashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 13/10 Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 14/31 Dravya for Nadi Sweda (tubular fomentation)
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 14/42 Dravya for Prastara Sweda (bed-fomentation)
8 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 13/12 Ideal for Virechana (purgation)
9 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha (best food articles, factors, and drugs)
10 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 26/84 Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
11 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/108, 27/109 Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
12 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/289 Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
13 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/139 Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
14 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/50 Pathyadi modaka
15 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 11/11 Saptala Shankhini Yoga
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/235 Used as Ksheerapaka where Jwara is associated with Parikartika (fissure)
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/108 Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/112 Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/65 In treatment of Vatodara for Anuvasana basti (unctuous enema)
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/69 In treatment of Pittodara for Anuvasana basti
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/173 Eranda taila is used in Avarana avastha of Udararoga
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/44 Used in Avasechana in Arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/79 Used for Virechana in treatment of Vataja grahani
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/77, 17/80 Used for Shodhanottara dhumpana (post-purification smoking)
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/171 As a yoga dravya
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/48 Used as medicine with Paya (milk)
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/85 Eranda taila with milk is used in Vata vyadhi with other doshas involved
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/114 As an ingredient of Utkarikadi lepa
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/161 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/197 Eranda taila is used in the treatment of Purishavrita vata
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/61 As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/81 Used as Ksheerapaka for pain management
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/83 Eranda taila & ksheera used for Virechana in Bahudosha
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/103 As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/140 Used in Ksheerapishti form for Shoolanivrutti (pain relief)
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/141 Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/198 Used in treatment of Klaibya (impotency) for Asthapana basti

Dose

  • Decoction (*Kwatha*): 20 – 30 ml of the drug.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Gandharvahastadi kwatha churna
  • Vatari guggulu
  • Gandharvahastadi taila

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Widely cultivated and found growing wild throughout tropical and subtropical regions.

Major Phytoconstituents

The pharmacological efficacy of *Ricinus communis* seeds, oil, and roots is attributed to several secondary metabolites:

  • Fatty Acids (Castor Oil): High concentration of ricinoleic acid (accounting for nearly 85-90% of the fatty acid profile), alongside oleic, linoleic, and stearic acid triglycerides.
  • Toxic Proteins & Alkaloids: Ricin (a toxic lectin) and ricinine (an alkaloid), which are detoxified during traditional processing.
  • Flavonoids & Terpenoids: Quercetin, gallic acid, and various glycosides present in root and leaf extracts.

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Modern pharmacological investigations validate several traditional claims associated with *Ricinus communis*:

1. Purgative and Gastrointestinal Action (*Virechana*)

  • Traditional Use: Widely utilized as a safe and effective purgative and in managing abdominal conditions (*Udararoga*).
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Ricinoleic acid released from castor oil hydrolysis in the small intestine stimulates intestinal smooth muscle contraction and inhibits fluid absorption, promoting rapid and smooth evacuation.[2]

2. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity (*Amavata*)

  • Traditional Use: Indicated in *Amavata* (rheumatoid arthritis), swelling (*Sotha*), and localized pain.
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Root and oil extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models by inhibiting cyclooxygenase pathways, reducing edema, and alleviating joint discomfort.[3]

3. Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Efficacy

  • Traditional Use: Applied topically for skin ulcers and localized infections.
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Seed and leaf extracts exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against common pathogens while enhancing dermal collagen synthesis and wound contraction metrics.[4]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of *Ricinus communis*
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Constipation & Bowel Cleansing (*Virechana*) Ricinoleic acid triglycerides Intestinal smooth muscle stimulant, Laxative
Rheumatoid Arthritis (*Amavata* / *Sotha*) Ricinoleic acid, Flavonoids Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
Wounds & Skin Irritation Phenolic principles, Tannins Antimicrobial, Dermal wound contraction

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Raw seeds contain toxic proteins (ricin) and must not be consumed unprocessed; standard therapeutic use relies on processed castor oil or purified root decoctions under professional guidance.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Root Decoction (*Kwatha*): 20–30 ml.[1]
    • Castor Oil (*Taila*): 5–15 ml as directed for purgation.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23
  2. ↑ Tunaru, S., et al. "Castor oil induces laxative effect via epithelial receptor EP3 activation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
  3. ↑ Shojaii, A., et al. "Review of pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of Ricinus communis." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
  4. ↑ Perumal, P., et al. "Wound healing and antimicrobial properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

Herbs

This article is under development ..

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