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Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bijaka, Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Malabar kino, Indian kino, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
|description=Monograph on Bijaka (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Bijaka - Pterocarpus marsupium
|type=article
}}
</noinclude>
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Bijaka
|title = Bijaka
Line 5: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Bijaka
|data1 = Herb database/Bijaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Fabaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.]''', popularly known as '''Bijaka''', '''Malabar Kino''', or '''Indian Kino Tree''', is a large, deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered for its anti-diabetic (*Prameha*), skin-protective (*Kustha*), and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>


== English Name ==
Malabar kino, Indian kino
Malabar kino, Indian kino


==Therapeutic Use==
== Therapeutic Use ==
 
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis (Kustha), Diabetes mellitus (Prameha), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)<ref name="API" />
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis(Kustha), Diabetes mellitus( Prameha ), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)
 
==Other varieties / Other Botanical names==


* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)  
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain  
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)  
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain
* Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)


==Identification Characters==
== Identification Characters ==
* '''Pivara''' &ndash; Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
* '''Mahasarja''' &ndash; Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica).
* '''Tishya''' &ndash; Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter).
* '''Sugandhi''' &ndash; Flowers are aromatic.
* '''Pitasara''' &ndash; Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* '''Pitashalaka''' &ndash; Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta).


* '''Pivara''' – Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* '''Mahasarja''' – Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica)
* Pitasara &ndash; Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
* '''Tishya''' – Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter)
* Pitashaalaka &ndash; Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala (Shorea robusta).
* '''Sugandhi''' – Flowers are aromatic
* Bandhukpushpa
* '''Pitasara''' – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour
* Priyaka
* '''Pitashalaka''' – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta)
* Sarjaka
* Asana


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Pitasara(Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour), Pitashaalaka(heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala(shorea robusta)), Bandhukpushpa, Priyaka, Sarjaka, Asana
* Bijaka
* Pitasara
* Pitashalaka
* Bandhukapushpa
* Priyaka
* Sarjaka
* Asana<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>


==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
Bijaka, Pitasara, Pitashalaka, Bandhukapushpa, Priyaka, Sarjaka, Asana
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Bijaka has the following properties:


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|+'''Properties'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
!'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Astringent (''Kasaya'')
|Taste (rasa)
|Astringent (Kasaya)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Dry (''Ruksa''), Light (''Laghu'')
|Potency (veerya)
|Dry (Ruksa), laghu (Light)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (Katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|Qualities (guna)
|Hot (Ushna)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosha
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosa
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Bijaka is documented across therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/106 || As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/106
|As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56 || As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].27/56  
|}
|As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
 
== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 50 – 100 gm of the drug.<ref name="API" />
 
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Nyagrodhadi Churna
* Asanabilvadi Taila
 
== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.
* '''Out of India:''' Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan.
 
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of *Pterocarpus marsupium* heartwood and bark is attributed to a distinct profile of secondary metabolites:
* '''Flavonoids & Polyphenols:''' Pterostilbene, marsupin, epicatechin, and liquiritigenin.
* '''Condensed Tannins & Gum:''' Significant proportions of kino-tannic acid yielding active astringent principles.
 
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological investigations validate several traditional claims associated with *Pterocarpus marsupium*:
 
=== 1. Anti-Diabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity (*Prameha*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Highly indicated in *Prameha* (diabetes mellitus) and metabolic disorders.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Pterostilbene and epicatechin present in the heartwood demonstrate profound insulin-mimetic properties, enhancing peripheral glucose uptake, regenerating pancreatic beta-cells, and lowering blood glucose levels in experimental models.<ref name="Chakravarthy1981">Chakravarthy, I. K., et al. "Insulin release and insulin-like activity of Pterocarpus marsupium if heartwood extracts." Life Sciences.</ref>
 
=== 2. Antihyperlipidemic and Metabolic Support (*Medodosa*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Medodosa* (obesity) and lipid dysregulation.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts significantly reduce serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), preventing lipid accumulation and supporting vascular health.<ref name="Variya2016">Variya, B. C., et al. "Pterocarpus marsupium (Malabar kino): Chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential." Pharmaceutical Biology.</ref>
 
=== 3. Skin Protection and Anti-psoriatic Action (*Kustha*) ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used for *Kustha* (psoriasis and skin disorders) and chronic skin lesions.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' The astringent and anti-inflammatory properties of kino-tannic acid fractions suppress inflammatory pathways, reduce cellular proliferation, and accelerate dermal healing.<ref name="Manickam1997">Manickam, M., et al. "Antidiabetic activity of hypoglycemic principles from Pterocarpus marsupium." Journal of Natural Products.</ref>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Pterocarpus marsupium*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diabetes (*Prameha*)'''
| Pterostilbene, Epicatechin
| Beta-cell regeneration, Hypoglycemic action
|-
| '''Lipid Disorders (*Medodosa*)'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Lipid profile normalization, Antihyperlipidemic
|-
|-
|3
| '''Skin Diseases (*Kustha*)'''
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].27/56
| Kino-tannic acid, Tannins
|As an ingredient  of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
| Anti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative
|}
|}


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Safe within therapeutic limits; avoid excessive dosages without professional supervision.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 50–100 gm.<ref name="API" />


==Current availability ==
== References ==
Available
{{Reflist|refs=
==Current researches ==
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8</ref>
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.</ref>
  This article is under development ..
<ref name="Chakravarthy1981">Chakravarthy, I. K., et al. "Insulin release and insulin-like activity of Pterocarpus marsupium if heartwood extracts." Life Sciences.</ref>
<ref name="Variya2016">Variya, B. C., et al. "Pterocarpus marsupium (Malabar kino): Chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential." Pharmaceutical Biology.</ref>
<ref name="Manickam1997">Manickam, M., et al. "Antidiabetic activity of hypoglycemic principles from Pterocarpus marsupium." Journal of Natural Products.</ref>
}}
 
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
 
''This article is under development ..''

Latest revision as of 12:26, 13 September 2026


Bijaka
Section/Chapter Herb database/Bijaka
Botanical name(s) Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
Family Fabaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., popularly known as Bijaka, Malabar Kino, or Indian Kino Tree, is a large, deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Ayurveda, it is highly revered for its anti-diabetic (*Prameha*), skin-protective (*Kustha*), and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.[1]

English Name

Malabar kino, Indian kino

Therapeutic Use

Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis (Kustha), Diabetes mellitus (Prameha), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)
  • Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain
  • Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)

Identification Characters

  • Pivara – Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
  • Mahasarja – Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica).
  • Tishya – Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter).
  • Sugandhi – Flowers are aromatic.
  • Pitasara – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
  • Pitashalaka – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta).

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Pitasara – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
  • Pitashaalaka – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala (Shorea robusta).
  • Bandhukpushpa
  • Priyaka
  • Sarjaka
  • Asana

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

  • Bijaka
  • Pitasara
  • Pitashalaka
  • Bandhukapushpa
  • Priyaka
  • Sarjaka
  • Asana[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Bijaka has the following properties:

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Astringent (Kasaya)
2 Potency (Veerya) Dry (Ruksa), Light (Laghu)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Pungent (Katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Hot (Ushna)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosha

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Bijaka is documented across therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/106 As an ingredient of Bijakarishta
2 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/56 As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa

Dose

  • Decoction (*Kwatha*): 50 – 100 gm of the drug.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Nyagrodhadi Churna
  • Asanabilvadi Taila

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.
  • Out of India: Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan.

Major Phytoconstituents

The pharmacological efficacy of *Pterocarpus marsupium* heartwood and bark is attributed to a distinct profile of secondary metabolites:

  • Flavonoids & Polyphenols: Pterostilbene, marsupin, epicatechin, and liquiritigenin.
  • Condensed Tannins & Gum: Significant proportions of kino-tannic acid yielding active astringent principles.

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Modern pharmacological investigations validate several traditional claims associated with *Pterocarpus marsupium*:

1. Anti-Diabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity (*Prameha*)

  • Traditional Use: Highly indicated in *Prameha* (diabetes mellitus) and metabolic disorders.
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Pterostilbene and epicatechin present in the heartwood demonstrate profound insulin-mimetic properties, enhancing peripheral glucose uptake, regenerating pancreatic beta-cells, and lowering blood glucose levels in experimental models.[3]

2. Antihyperlipidemic and Metabolic Support (*Medodosa*)

  • Traditional Use: Indicated in *Medodosa* (obesity) and lipid dysregulation.
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Aqueous extracts significantly reduce serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), preventing lipid accumulation and supporting vascular health.[4]

3. Skin Protection and Anti-psoriatic Action (*Kustha*)

  • Traditional Use: Used for *Kustha* (psoriasis and skin disorders) and chronic skin lesions.
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: The astringent and anti-inflammatory properties of kino-tannic acid fractions suppress inflammatory pathways, reduce cellular proliferation, and accelerate dermal healing.[5]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of *Pterocarpus marsupium*
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Diabetes (*Prameha*) Pterostilbene, Epicatechin Beta-cell regeneration, Hypoglycemic action
Lipid Disorders (*Medodosa*) Phenolic compounds Lipid profile normalization, Antihyperlipidemic
Skin Diseases (*Kustha*) Kino-tannic acid, Tannins Anti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Safe within therapeutic limits; avoid excessive dosages without professional supervision.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Decoction (*Kwatha*): 50–100 gm.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.
  3. ↑ Chakravarthy, I. K., et al. "Insulin release and insulin-like activity of Pterocarpus marsupium if heartwood extracts." Life Sciences.
  4. ↑ Variya, B. C., et al. "Pterocarpus marsupium (Malabar kino): Chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential." Pharmaceutical Biology.
  5. ↑ Manickam, M., et al. "Antidiabetic activity of hypoglycemic principles from Pterocarpus marsupium." Journal of Natural Products.

Herbs

This article is under development ..

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