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Achyranthes aspera L.
<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Apamarga, Achyranthes aspera L., Prickly Chaff Flower, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
|description=Monograph on Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera L.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Apamarga - Achyranthes aspera
|type=article
}}
</noinclude>
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Apamarga
|title = Apamarga
Line 5: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Apamarga
|data1 = Herb database/Apamarga
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Achyranthes aspera L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Amarantheceae
|data3 = Amaranthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]''', popularly known as '''Apamarga''' or '''Prickly Chaff Flower''', is a rigid, erect annual or perennial herb distributed widely throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued for its scraping (*Lekhana*), purgative support, and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>


== English Name ==
Prickly Chaff Flower
Prickly Chaff Flower


==Therapeutic use<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>==
== Therapeutic Use ==
Sula(pain), udararoga , apachi, arsha, kandu, medoroga
Sula (pain), Udararoga (abdominal disorders), Apachi (cervical lymphadenitis), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Kandu (pruritus), Medoroga (disorders of fat metabolism)<ref name="API" />
 
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Pratyakpushpi &ndash; Deflexed flowers.
* Kharapushpa
* Shikhari &ndash; Bears terminal spike inflorescence.
* Durgraha &ndash; Difficult to hold.
* Adhashalya &ndash; Spinous bracteols and pointed perianth.
* Karmanjri


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
Pratyakpushpi(deflexed flowers), Kharapushpa, Shikhari(bears terminal spike inflorescence), Durgraha(difficult to hold), Adhashalya(spinuous bracteols and pointed perianth), Karmanjri
* Mayuraka &ndash; Anti-poisonous or cures many diseases.
* Markati
* Kinihi
* Kharamanjari &ndash; Inflorescence has spinous bracteols and pointed perianth, hence prickly to touch.<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 219-221.</ref>


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-219,220,221</ref>==
== Varieties ==
Mayuraka(it is anti-poisonous or cure many diseases), markati, kinihi, kharamanjari (inflorence has spinous bracteols and pointed perianth, hence prickly to touch)
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raja Nighantu ===
* Sweta
* Rakta


==Varieries==
=== Kaiyadeva Nighantu ===
==Bhavaprakasa nighantu , Dhanvantari nighantu, Raja nighantu== 
* Apamarga
# Sweta
* Vasira
# Rakta
* Ramatha
==Kaiyadeva nighantu==
# Apamarga
# Vasira
# Ramatha


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Apamarga has the following properties:<ref name="API" />


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Properties
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)  
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu),  Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata, Purification of Kapha and Pitta
|-
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata, Purification of Kapha and Pitta
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Apamarga is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82, 2/3, 2/33 || Phalini (Nasya) (Errhine therapy)
|-
|-
| 1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(23) || Vamanopag mahakashaya (group of herbs helping emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82, 2/3, 2/33
| Phalini  (Nasya) (Errhine therapy)
|-
|-
| 2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(23)
|Vamanopag  mahakashaya(helping emesis)
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worm infestation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vaman dravyani (emetic drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa(trearment of worm infestation)
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/19 || Punsavan Karma
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani(emetic dravya)
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanarth (for therapeutic emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/19
|Punsavan Karma
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/176 || As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanarth(for emesis)
|-
|-
|8
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/66 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogarth
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/176
|As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth(external application)
|-
|-
|9
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/66
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogarth
|-
|-
|10
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || As a Nasya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|11
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/171 || In formulation of Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|-
|12
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/126 || As an ingredient of Muktadhya churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/171
|In  formulation of kshara
|-
|-
|13
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/57 || As an ingredient of Agastya haritaki leha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 17/126
|As an ingredient of  muktadhya churna.
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/57
|As an ingredient of agastya haritaki leha.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 26/184
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Pradhamana nasya.
|-
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|}
|}


==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>==
== Dose ==
* 20-50 gm of the drug for decoction
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 20 – 50 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />
==Important formulation<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>==
 
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Apamargakshara
* Apamargakshara
* Apamargakshara taila
* Apamargakshara taila
Line 141: Line 128:
* Jyotishmati taila
* Jyotishmati taila


== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Found abundantly as a weed throughout India up to 900 meters altitude.


== Current availability==  
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological profile of *Achyranthes aspera* is characterized by several active secondary metabolites:
* '''Triterpenoid Saponins:''' Achyranthine and related oleanolic acid glycosides.
* '''Alkaloids & Steroids:''' Betaine, ecdysterone (a prominent insect molting hormone with biological activity), and D-sitosterol.
* '''Minerals & Watersoluble Ash:''' High potassium content, which forms the core of its alkaline ash (*Kshara*) preparation.


Available
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern scientific evaluations validate various traditional indications associated with *Achyranthes aspera*:


== Current researches ==
=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Achyranthes%20aspera
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied for pain (*Sula*) and inflammatory conditions.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Whole plant and leaf extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models, reducing edema and inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis pathways.<ref name="Vijaya2012">Vijaya, Padma V., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Achyranthes aspera extracts." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>
 
=== 2. Diuretic and Renal Support ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in urinary disorders and abdominal swelling (*Udararoga*).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibit marked diuretic activity, increasing sodium and potassium excretion, which validates its traditional role in clearing fluid retention.<ref name="Gokhale2002">Gokhale, A. B., et al. "Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
 
=== 3. Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used topically for skin disorders, wounds, and localized infections (*Kandu*).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Plant extracts show potent broad-spectrum activity against bacterial pathogens like *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia coli*, while topical preparations significantly accelerate wound contraction and tensile strength.<ref name="Barua2010">Barua, C. C., et al. "Evaluation of the wound healing activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn. leaf extract in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>
 
=== 4. Hypolipidemic and Metabolic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Medoroga* (obesity and lipid disorders).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Administration of plant extracts significantly lowers serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids in experimental hyperlipidemic models.<ref name="Khan2009">Khan,uja, et al. "Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of Achyranthes aspera root extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Achyranthes aspera*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Pain & Inflammation (*Sula*)'''
| Saponins, Ecdysterone
| Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
|-
| '''Renal & Urinary Conditions'''
| Water-soluble ash, Alkaloids
| Diuretic, Electrolyte excretion modulation
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritation (*Kandu*)'''
| Triterpenoids, Phenolic compounds
| Antimicrobial, Wound contraction acceleration
|-
| '''Metabolic Disorders (*Medoroga*)'''
| Active glycosides, Sterols
| Hypolipidemic, Lipid profile normalization
|}
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its sharp (*Tikshna*) and hot (*Ushna*) properties, high doses should be avoided during pregnancy or by individuals with severe Pitta disorders.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 20–50 ml.<ref name="API" />
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 219-221.</ref>
<ref name="Vijaya2012">Vijaya, Padma V., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Achyranthes aspera extracts." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>
<ref name="Gokhale2002">Gokhale, A. B., et al. "Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Barua2010">Barua, C. C., et al. "Evaluation of the wound healing activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn. leaf extract in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>
<ref name="Khan2009">Khan,uja, et al. "Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of Achyranthes aspera root extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]


This article is under development ..
''This article is under development ..''

Latest revision as of 10:27, 13 September 2026


Apamarga
Section/Chapter Herb database/Apamarga
Botanical name(s) Achyranthes aspera L.
Family Amaranthaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Achyranthes aspera L., popularly known as Apamarga or Prickly Chaff Flower, is a rigid, erect annual or perennial herb distributed widely throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India. In Ayurveda, it is highly valued for its scraping (*Lekhana*), purgative support, and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.[1]

English Name

Prickly Chaff Flower

Therapeutic Use

Sula (pain), Udararoga (abdominal disorders), Apachi (cervical lymphadenitis), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Kandu (pruritus), Medoroga (disorders of fat metabolism)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Pratyakpushpi – Deflexed flowers.
  • Kharapushpa
  • Shikhari – Bears terminal spike inflorescence.
  • Durgraha – Difficult to hold.
  • Adhashalya – Spinous bracteols and pointed perianth.
  • Karmanjri

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

  • Mayuraka – Anti-poisonous or cures many diseases.
  • Markati
  • Kinihi
  • Kharamanjari – Inflorescence has spinous bracteols and pointed perianth, hence prickly to touch.[2]

Varieties

Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raja Nighantu

  • Sweta
  • Rakta

Kaiyadeva Nighantu

  • Apamarga
  • Vasira
  • Ramatha

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Apamarga has the following properties:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Pungent (Katu), Bitter (Tikta)
2 Potency (Veerya) Hot (Ushna)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Pungent (Katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (Laghu), Rough (Ruksha), Sharp (Tikshna)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata, Purification of Kapha and Pitta

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Apamarga is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/82, 2/3, 2/33 Phalini (Nasya) (Errhine therapy)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(23) Vamanopag mahakashaya (group of herbs helping emesis)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors, and drugs)
4 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/17 Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worm infestation)
5 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 Vaman dravyani (emetic drugs)
6 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/19 Punsavan Karma
7 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/14 Vamanarth (for therapeutic emesis)
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/176 As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/66 Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogarth
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/44 As a Nasya dravya
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/171 In formulation of Kshara
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/126 As an ingredient of Muktadhya churna
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/57 As an ingredient of Agastya haritaki leha
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/184 Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya

Dose

  • Decoction (*Kwatha*): 20 – 50 ml of the drug.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Apamargakshara
  • Apamargakshara taila
  • Abhaya lavana
  • Gudapippali
  • Jyotishmati taila

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Found abundantly as a weed throughout India up to 900 meters altitude.

Major Phytoconstituents

The pharmacological profile of *Achyranthes aspera* is characterized by several active secondary metabolites:

  • Triterpenoid Saponins: Achyranthine and related oleanolic acid glycosides.
  • Alkaloids & Steroids: Betaine, ecdysterone (a prominent insect molting hormone with biological activity), and D-sitosterol.
  • Minerals & Watersoluble Ash: High potassium content, which forms the core of its alkaline ash (*Kshara*) preparation.

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Modern scientific evaluations validate various traditional indications associated with *Achyranthes aspera*:

1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

  • Traditional Use: Applied for pain (*Sula*) and inflammatory conditions.
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Whole plant and leaf extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models, reducing edema and inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis pathways.[3]

2. Diuretic and Renal Support

  • Traditional Use: Employed in urinary disorders and abdominal swelling (*Udararoga*).
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibit marked diuretic activity, increasing sodium and potassium excretion, which validates its traditional role in clearing fluid retention.[4]

3. Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity

  • Traditional Use: Used topically for skin disorders, wounds, and localized infections (*Kandu*).
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Plant extracts show potent broad-spectrum activity against bacterial pathogens like *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia coli*, while topical preparations significantly accelerate wound contraction and tensile strength.[5]

4. Hypolipidemic and Metabolic Effects

  • Traditional Use: Indicated in *Medoroga* (obesity and lipid disorders).
  • Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Administration of plant extracts significantly lowers serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids in experimental hyperlipidemic models.[6]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of *Achyranthes aspera*
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Pain & Inflammation (*Sula*) Saponins, Ecdysterone Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
Renal & Urinary Conditions Water-soluble ash, Alkaloids Diuretic, Electrolyte excretion modulation
Wounds & Skin Irritation (*Kandu*) Triterpenoids, Phenolic compounds Antimicrobial, Wound contraction acceleration
Metabolic Disorders (*Medoroga*) Active glycosides, Sterols Hypolipidemic, Lipid profile normalization

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Due to its sharp (*Tikshna*) and hot (*Ushna*) properties, high doses should be avoided during pregnancy or by individuals with severe Pitta disorders.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Decoction (*Kwatha*): 20–50 ml.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04
  2. ↑ Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 219-221.
  3. ↑ Vijaya, Padma V., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Achyranthes aspera extracts." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.
  4. ↑ Gokhale, A. B., et al. "Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
  5. ↑ Barua, C. C., et al. "Evaluation of the wound healing activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn. leaf extract in rats." Fitoterapia.
  6. ↑ Khan,uja, et al. "Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of Achyranthes aspera root extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

Herbs

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