Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana: Difference between revisions
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<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative instructions), [[Pratyaksha pramana|pratyaksha]] (direct observation) and [[Anumana pramana|anumana]] (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </br> | <p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative instructions), [[Pratyaksha pramana|pratyaksha]] (direct observation) and [[Anumana pramana|anumana]] (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </br> | ||
'''Keywords''': [[Aptopadesha]],[[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]],[[Anumana pramana|Anumana]], Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools. | '''Keywords''': [[Aptopadesha]], [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]], [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]], [[Pramana]], Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools. | ||
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Authoritative instructions are the teachings of | Authoritative instructions are the teachings of apta (persons who are the most reliable). Apta are free from doubts, their memory is unimpaired, they know things in their entirety by determinate experience. They see things without any attachment or affection (''nishpriti'' and ''nirupatapa''). Because of these qualities, what they say is authentic. On the other hand, statements- true or false- made by intoxicated, mad, illiterate people and people with attachments are not to be considered as authoritative. | ||
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[[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]] or direct observation is that which is comprehensible by an individual through his own senses and mind. | |||
[[Anumana pramana|Anumana]] or inference is the indirect knowledge based on [[Yukti pramana|Yukti i.e. reasoning, logic and experiments]]. [4] | |||
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First of all, one should examine the various aspects of diseases by employing all the three ''pramanas'' (i.e., the three methods of examination). Observations made on the nature of the disease thereafter are infallible. One cannot acquire authoritative knowledge about anything in all its aspects simply by examining it through a part of these “sources of knowledge”. Of all the sources of knowledge one should acquire knowledge in the beginning through authoritative instructions and, thereafter proceed to examine a thing through [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]] (direct observations), and [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]] (inference). What is to be examined by “direct observations” and inference unless something can be studied prima facie. Hence, all the three methods of examination are always to be used in the sequence viz. [[Aaptopadesha pramana|aptopadesha]], [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]]'' and [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]]. In other words, it could be said that if a physician possesses the textual knowledge ([[Aaptopadesha pramana|Aptopadesha]] ) then, for him, there are only two methods of examinations. [5] | First of all, one should examine the various aspects of diseases by employing all the three ''[[Pramana|pramanas]]'' (i.e., the three methods of examination). Observations made on the nature of the disease thereafter are infallible. One cannot acquire authoritative knowledge about anything in all its aspects simply by examining it through a part of these “sources of knowledge”. Of all the sources of knowledge one should acquire knowledge in the beginning through authoritative instructions and, thereafter proceed to examine a thing through [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]] (direct observations), and [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]] (inference). What is to be examined by “direct observations” and inference unless something can be studied prima facie. Hence, all the three methods of examination are always to be used in the sequence viz. [[Aaptopadesha pramana|aptopadesha]], [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]]'' and'' [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]]''.'' In other words, it could be said that if a physician possesses the textual knowledge ([[Aaptopadesha pramana|Aptopadesha]] ) then, for him, there are only two methods of examinations.'' [5]'' | ||
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Using the [[Aaptopadesha pramana|aptopadesha]] method of examination, one acquires knowledge as described here using the following terms that wise men, or ''apta'', use to understand a disease: | Using the [[Aaptopadesha pramana|aptopadesha]] method of examination, one acquires knowledge as described here using the following terms that wise men, or ''apta'', use to understand a disease: | ||
* ''Prakopanam'' : provoking factors, viz. process of the vitiation of the | * ''Prakopanam'' : provoking factors, viz. process of the vitiation of the [[Dosha|doshas]] | ||
* ''Yoni'': Source of | * ''Yoni'': Source of [[Dosha|doshas]] | ||
* ''Uthanam'': onset of a disease | * ''Uthanam'': onset of a disease | ||
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* ''Updravam'': Complications | * ''Updravam'': Complications | ||
* ''Vriddhi sthana kshayam'' (Increased, decreased, balanced): Whether '' | * ''Vriddhi sthana kshayam'' (Increased, decreased, balanced): Whether [[dosha]]'','' [[dhatu]] and mala are increased, decreased, or in balance | ||
* ''Udarakam'': Prognosis | * ''Udarakam'': Prognosis | ||
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* ''Nivritti'': Contraindication | * ''Nivritti'': Contraindication | ||
Using the above framework, one could gather all the knowledge necessary of a disease [6] | Using the above framework, one could gather all the knowledge necessary of a [[Vyadhi|disease]]. [6] | ||
=== Knowledge by direct perception === | === Knowledge by direct perception === | ||