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|title=Daily consumable (nitya sevaniya) and non-consumable (nitya asevaniya) food
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|description=This chapter is about daily consumable and non consumable food items as prescribed in ayurveda and their contemporary aspects. 
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<p style="text-align:justify;">'Nitya' means regulary or daily. 'Sevaniya' means consumable or that can be taken for a long time. This chapter is about daily consumable and non consumable food items as prescribed in [[ayurveda]] and their contemporary aspects. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nutrition is a prerequisite for healthy life. A proper diet is essential from a very early age of life for growth, development, and active life. Nutrition is the science that deals with all the factors of which food is composed and how proper nourishment is brought about. Due to a lack of time and awareness, junk food intake has been increasing. ‘Junk foods' are foods that lack nutrients like vitamins and minerals and are high in calories, salts, sugars, and fats.<ref name="ref1">Junk food and your health | healthdirect accessed on 12.06.2023.</ref> Junk food is so-called because it doesn’t play a role in healthy eating, especially if it's eaten excessively or frequently. An unhealthy diet is one of the leading risks for the global disease burden, mainly for noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.<ref name="ref2">Healthy diet (who.int) accessed on 12.06.2023.</ref> So, there is a need to elaborate on the concept of daily consumable and non-consumable food items.</p>
{{Infobox
|title =  Contributors
|label1 = Section/Chapter/topic
|data1 = Concepts & Contemporary practices/[[Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya]]  
|label2 = Author
|data2 = Deshmukh Saylee<sup>1</sup> 
|label3 = Reviewers 
|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]<sup>2</sup> <br/>Khandel S.K.
|label4 = Editor
|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]<sup>3</sup>
|label5 = Affiliations
|data5 = <sup>1</sup> RRAP Central Ayurveda Research Institute, CCRAS, Worli, Mumbai, India <br/><sup>2</sup> Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. <br/><sup>3</sup> Department of Kayachikitsa, G. J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 
|label6 = Correspondence emails
|data6 = [mailto:dsaylee@ymail.com dsaylee@ymail.com], <br/>[mailto:carakasamhita@gmail.com carakasamhita@gmail.com]
|label7 = Publisher 
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
|label8 = Date of publication:
|data8 = September 27, 2023
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
== Etymology and meaning ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">Wholesome (pathya) in [[ayurveda]] is the regimen that does not adversely affect the body channels i.e., ''Patha/[[Srotas]]''. The word ''“Nitya''” means constantly/continuously. Criteria for the classification of food items have not been clearly mentioned in the texts of [[Ayurveda]], but in context of vitiation of body channels (''srotodushti''), Acharya Charak has stated that food and regimens that promote the morbidity by aggravation of [[dosha]] and go contrary to the well-being of [[dhatu]] vitiates the channels. With the help of this quotation, it can be said that the food that leads to vitiation of body channels by vitiation of [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] can be considered as daily non-consumable (nitya asevaniya). On the contrary, it can be said that a diet that does not lead to any srotodushti by vitiation of any [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] can be said as daily consumable (''nitya sevaniya''), maintaining equilibrium of all the [[dosha]]. <br/>Daily consumable and daily non-consumable food items have been quoted in ‘[[Matrashitiya Adhyaya]]''’ of [[Charak Samhita]] and Ashtanga Hridaya, ‘Annapanavidhi adhyaya’ of Ashtanga Samgraha and ''Vihara varga'' of Kaiyyadevanighantu. In a similar context, ekanta hitakara (solely wholesome) and ekanta ahitakara (solely unwholesome) food etc. have also been described at various places in the texts of [[ayurveda]]. Nitya sevaniya and ekanta hitakara [[dravya]] have been stated for daily intake for maintenance of health because of their specific properties described in the texts of [[ayurveda]], while ''Nitya asevaniya'' and ''Ekanta ahitakara dravya'' are prohibited for regular/long time use because of their harmful effects on body. </p>

== Daily consumable food items ==
List of daily consumable food items described in [[Charak Samhita]], Ashtanga hridaya, Ashtanga samgraha and Kaiyyadeva Nighantu is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Some food items have been uniquely mentioned like:
|
* Indian gooseberry- Emblica officinalis Gaertn (''[[Amalaki]]'')
* Cow’s milk (''Godugdha'')
* Cow’s ghee (''Goghrita'')
* Meat of animal in arid climate (''Jangala'' ''mamsa'')
* Honey (''Madhu'')
* Rainwater (''Antariksha'' ''jala'')
* Green gram- Vigna radiata L. (''Mudga'')
* Rock salt- Sodii chloridum (''Saindhava'')
* Rice- Oryza sativum L. (''Shashtika'' ''Shali'')
* Barley- Hordeum vulgare L. (''Yava'')
|[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/12] <br/>A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/45,  <br/>A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/42, <br/>Kai.Ni.7/277
|-
|
* Unripen radish-Raphanus sativus L. (''Bala'' ''mulaka'')
* Pomegranate-Punica granatum L. (''Dadima'')
* Wheat- Triticum aestivum L. (''Godhuma'')
* Cork swallow wort- Leptadenia reticulata Retz./ Holostemma  adakodien schultes (''Jivanti'')
* Dried grapes-Vitis vinifera L. (''Mridvika'')
* Chebulic myrobalan- Terminalia chebula Retz. (''Pathyaa''/[[Haritaki]])
* Pointed gourd- Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (''Patola'')
* Rock sugar (''Sharkara'')
| A.Sa.Su.10/45,  <br/>A.Hr.Su.8/42, <br/>Kai.Ni.7/277
|-
|
* Clover fern plant- Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. (''Sunishannaka'')
* White goosefoot/ pigweed- Chenopodium album L.  (''Vastuka'')
|A.Sa.Su.10/45,  <br/>A.Hr.Su.8/42,
|}
Properties of daily consumable food items from different classics and contemporary sciences are summarized in Table-2.
{| class="wikitable"
!'''SN'''
!'''Items'''
!'''Taste'''
!'''Post digestive effect''' 
!'''Potency'''
! 

'''Properties'''
!'''Effect on [[Dosha]]'''
! 

'''Pharmacological  properties'''
!'''References'''
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |1.       
|Indian  gooseberry 
|sour, sweet, bitter, astringent, pungent
|Sweet
|cold
|dry
|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]] 
|antioxidant, immuno-modulatory, hepato-protective ,  cyto-protective
|<ref name="ref9">Bhattacharya A, Chatterjee A, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya SK. Antioxidant activity of active tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis; Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1999;Jul37(7):676–80.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref10">Madhuri S., Pandey Govind, Verma Karuna S. Anti-oxidant, Immuno- modulatory and Anti-cancer activities of Emblica Officinalis: An Overview; International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2011;2(8):38–42.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref11">Karadka T, Rashmi M et al. Hepatoprotective properties of the Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn): a review; Food & Function. 2013;10(4):1431-1441.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref12">M Sai Ram, D Neetu, B Yogesh, B Anju, P Dipti, T Pauline, S.K Sharma, S.K.S Sarada, G Ilavazhagan, Devendra Kumar, W Selvamurthy. Cyto-protective and immune-modulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study; Journal of Ethno-pharmacology. 2002;1:5–10.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2.       
|Rainwater
|Unmanifested
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]], purifies blood
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |3.       
|Pomegranate
|Sour, astringent, sweet
|sweet
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates [[Vata]], does not  vitiate [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]]
|antioxidant,  skin protecting activity against  AGEs and UV-A, hepatoprotective, immune-modulatory,  cytoprotective, embryo-protective. 
|<ref name="ref13">Hwa Lee, Mi-Hyun Nam, Jeong Han Kang, Jae-Eon Yang, Chung-Oui Hong, Jun- Gu Oh, Yun-Chang Koo, Young-Bu Kim1, Kwang-Won Lee. Antioxidant and protective effects of black Punica granatum extract on AGEs and UV-A- induced damaged human fibroblast (647.28); April The FASEB Journal;    2014;28(1):647.28.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref14">Kumar AK, Vijayalakshmi K. Protective effect of Punica granatum peel and Vitis vinifera seeds on DEN-induced oxidative stress and hepatocellular damage in rats; Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2015;175(1):410–20.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref15">Joseph MM, Aravind SR, Varghese S, Mini S, Sreelekha TT. Evaluation of antioxidant, antitumor and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharide isolated from fruit rind of Punica granatum; Mol Med Rep. 2012;5(2):489–96.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref16">Piero Sestili, Chiara Martinelli, Donata Ricci, Daniele Fraternale, Anahi Bucchini, Laura Giamperi, Rosanna Curcio, Giovanni Piccoli, Vilberto Stocchi. Cytoprotective effect of preparations from various parts of Punica granatum L. fruits in oxidatively injured mammalian cells in comparison with their antioxidant capacity in cell free systems; Pharmacological Research, 2007;56(1):18–26.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref17">Kishor RK, Sudhakar D, Parthasarathy PR. Embryo protective effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit extract in adriamycin-induced oxidative stress; Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2009;46(1):106–11.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |4.       
|Cow’s milk
|sweet
|Sweet
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]] 
|anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, gut protective
|<ref name="ref18">Kulczycki A Jr & MacDermott RP. Bovine IgG and human immune responses, Con A-induced mitogenesis of human mononuclear cells is suppressed by bovine IgG. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1985;77:255-258.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref19">Dvorak B. Milk epidermal growth factor and gut protection. J Pediatr. 2010 Feb;156(2 Suppl):S31-5.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |5.       
|Cow’s ghee
|sweet
|Sweet
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]] 
|antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic properties, gastroprotective and adaptogenic, antimicrobial activity, immunostimulant, antioxidant and hepatoprotective  activity.
|<ref name="ref20">Chinnadurai K, Kanwal HK, Tyagi AK, Stanton C, Ross P. High conjugated linoleic acid enriched ghee (clarified butter) increases the antioxidant and antiatherogenic potency in female Wistar rats; Lipids Health Dis. 2013;7;12:121.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref21">S M S Samarakoon, S K M K Herapathdeniya, H M Chandola, B Ravishankar. Experimental evaluation of gastroprotective and adaptogenic activity of Amalakayas Rasayana and its vehicle (ghee and honey); Sri Lanka Journal of Indigenous Medicine. 2011;01(2):51–99.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref22">Prasad V, Dorle AK. Evaluation of ghee based formulation for wound healing activity. J Ethnopharmacology. 2006;107(1):38–47.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref23">Fulzele SV, Bhurchandi PM, Kanoje VM, Joshi SB, Dorle AK. Immunostimulant activity of Ashthamangal Ghrita in Rats. Ind J Pharmacol. 2002;34:194–197.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |6.       
|Wheat
|sweet
|Sweet
|cold
|Heavy, unctuous ''<sup> </sup>''
|alleviates  [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]] 
|anti- oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic,  neuro-protective, anti-microbial activity, protective to the skin  and gastric, intestinal mucosa. 
|<ref name="ref25">Pandey BR, Singh N, Verma P. Therapeutic Potential of Organic Triticum aestivum Linn. (Wheat Grass) in Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases: An Overview; International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2012;4(1):10–14.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref26">Ji-Young Im, Hyeon-Hui Ki, Mingjie Xin, Se-Uk Kwon, Young Ho Kim, Dae-Ki Kim, Sun-Pyo Hong, Jong-Sik Jin, Young-Mi Lee. Anti-obesity effect of Triticum aestivum sprout extract in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice; Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry; 2015;79(7):1133-40.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref27">Athul Sundaresan, Arul Selvi, H.K. Manonmani. The Anti-Microbial Properties of Triticum aestivum (Wheat Grass) Extract. Lifescience Global. 2015;4(3):84-91.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref28">G. Balint, A. Apathy, M. Gaal, A. Telekes, A. Resetar, G. Blazso, G. Falkay, B. Szende, A. Paksy, M. Ehrenfeld, Y. Shoenfeld, M. Hidvegi. Effect of Avemara a fermented wheat germ extract on rheumatoid arthritis Preliminary data, Clinical Experimental Rheumatology. 2006;24(3):325–328.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref29">T Lakshmi Srinivas, S Mohana Lakshmi, S Neelufar Shama, G Koteswara Reddy, K R Prasanna. Medicinal Plants as Anti-Ulcer Agents. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013;2(4):91–97.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref30">E. Ben-Arye, E. Goldin, D. Wengrower, A. Stamper, R. Kohn, E. Berry. Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulceative colitis: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial, Scand Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;37(4):444–9.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref31">Han HS, Jang JH, Jang JH, Choi JS, Kim YJ, Lee C, Lim SH, Lee HK, Lee J. Water extract of Triticum aestivum L. and its components demonstrate protective effect in a model of vascular dementia; J Med Food. 2010;13(3):572–8.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |7.       
|Meat of arid animal
|astringent,  sweet
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 ''Dosha'', at some extent causing fluid secretion
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |8.       
|Leptadenia  reticulata Retz./ Holostemma adakodien schultes
|sweet
|Sweet
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 ''Dosha''
|antioxidant, free radical scavenging property, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory     
|<ref name="ref32">K. Martin. Rapid propagation of Holostemma ada-kodien Schult., a rare medicinal plant, through axillary bud multiplication and indirect organogenesis; Plant Cell Reports. 2002;21(2):112–117.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref33">Mallikarjuna, B; Nagalakshmi, Usha R; Gayathri, D; Gopal, Rama G. In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Holostemma Ada- Kodien K. Svhum., An Important Rare Medicinal Plant; International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2011;2(9):2413–18.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref34">Junapudi Sunil, Janapati Yasodha Krishna, Pallaval Veera Bramhachari. Hepatoprotective Activity of Holostemma ada Kodien shcult, Extract against Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats; European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2015;6(1):45–54.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref35">Irimpan MT, Jolly CI, Sheela D. A Study of the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Holostemma adakodien schultes. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2011;2(3):1208–10.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref36">Louis, C Jelly. Study on the production of anti-neoplastic secondary metabolites from selected medicinal plants using cell and tissue culture techniques: With special reference to Ophiorrhiza mungos and Holostemma adakodien (Thesis), Mahatma Gandhi University,2015.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |9.       
|Honey
|astringent, sweet
|Pungent
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]], partially vitiates [[Vata]]  
|hepatoprotective, cardio- protective, cyto-protective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective  properties. 
|<ref name="ref37">Ateeq M J, Alarami, Mohammed S A Al-Awar. Hepatoprotective and Hepatocurative effects of NABK Honey in Penicillin-induced Hepatic toxicity;Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation. 2013;Sep-Oct.2(5):34–40.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref38">Md. Ibrahim Khalil, E. M. Tanvir, Rizwana Afroz, Siti Amrah Sulaiman, Siew Hua Gan. Cardioprotective Effects of Tualang Honey: Amelioration of Cholesterol and Cardiac Enzymes Levels; 2015;2015:286051.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref39">Faeza Abdel Mogib El-Dahtory, Sohier Yahia. Cytoprotective effect of honey against chromosomal breakage in fanconi anemia patients in vitro; Indian J Hum Genet. 2011;17(2):77–81.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref40">Wafaa M. Abdel-Moneim, Hemmat H. Ghafeer. The potential protective effect of natural Honey against Cadmium-induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity; Mansoura J. Forensic Med. Clin. Toxicol. 2007;15(2):75-98.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |10.    
|Dry grapes
|sweet
|Sweet
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]]
|antioxidant, hepato-protective,  immuno-modulatory, Vaso protective, neuroprotective, anti-cancer,  cardioprotective, gastroprotective and nephroprotective properties. 
|<ref name="ref41">G.K. JayaprAkashaa, R.P. Singh, K.K. Sakariah. Antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation models in vitro; Food Chemistry. 2001;73(3):285–290.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref42">Pirinççioğlu M, Kızıl G, Kızıl M, Özdemir G, Kanay Z, Ketani MA. Protective effect of Öküzgözü (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grape juice against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in rats; Food Funct. 2012;3(6):668–73.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref43">Rajaa k. baker. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Vitis Vinifera l. Leaf on the Rabbit Females Have Highly Thyroxine Induced by Levothyroxine Sodium; Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2014;4(3):482-487.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref44">Schneider E, von der Heydt H, Esperester A. Planta Med.; Evaluation of polyphenol composition in red leaves from different varieties of Vitis vinifera. 2008;74(5):565–72. </ref>,<ref name="ref45">Jin HY, Cha YS, Baek HS, Park TS. Neuroprotective effects of Vitis vinifera extract on prediabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet; Korean J Intern Med. 2013;28(5):579–86.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref46">Kequan Zhou, Julian J. Raffoul. Potential Anticancer Properties of Grape Antioxidants; Journal of Oncology; 2012;Sp.Issue:1–8.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref47">B. V. S. Lakshmi, M. Sudhakar, P. Shashank. Protective Role of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Vitis vinifera against Adriamycin Induced Cardiac, Renal and Hepatic Toxicities in Rat; International Journal of Pharma Research & Review. 2014;3(5):13–19.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref48">Cuevas VM, Calzado YR, Guerra YP, Yera AO, Despaigne SJ, Ferreiro RM, Quintana DC. Effects of grape seed extract, vitamin C, and vitamin e on ethanol- and aspirin-induced ulcers. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2011;2011:740687.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |11.    
|Green gram
|astringent, sweet
|Pungent
|cold
|Laghu, Vishada
|alleviates [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]], partially vitiates [[Vata]]  
|anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-anemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-microbial 
|<ref name="ref49">Yao Y, Yang X, Tian J, Liu C, Cheng X, Ren G. Anti-oxidant and anti- diabetic activities of black mung bean (Vigna radiata L.); J Agric Food Chem. 2013;28;61(34):8104–9.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref50">Tran Van Hien. Radioprotective effects of Vitexina for breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy with Cobalt-60; Integrative cancer therapies. 2002;1(1):38–43.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref51">Manikandaselvi S., David Raj C., Aravind S., Ravikumar R., Thinagarbabu R., Nandhini S. Anti-Anemic Activity of Sprouts of Vigna Radiata L. in male Albino Rats; International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;7(11):263-267.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref52">Nobuhiko Tachibana. Intake of Mungbean Protein Isolate Reduces Plasma Triglyceride Level in Rats; Functional foods in healyh and disease. 2013;3(9):365–376.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref53">Camalxaman SN, Zain ZM, Amom Z, Maimunah M, Mohamed E, Rambely AS. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Vigna radiata (L) Wilzeck extracts against gram negative enteric bacteria. World App Sci J. 2013;21(10):1490-4.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |12.    
|Unripen radish
|pungent, bitter
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|hot
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]] 
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |13.    
|Chebulic  myrobalan
|Astringent, pungent, bitter, Madhura sweet,  sour
|sweet
|hot
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]] 
|antioxidant and anti-microbial, anti-aging,  cardio-protective, hepato-protective activities
|<ref name="ref54">Pai Aruna, Rao JVLN Seshagiri, Rajendra Madhu, Sudhakar M. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity of seeds of Terminalia chebula plant extracts; Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Opinion. 20122(12):188–190.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref55">H.N. Shivaprasad, M.D. Kharya, A.C. Rana, S. Mohan.  Preliminary Immunomodulatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula; Pharmaceutical Biology. 2006;44(1):32-34.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref56">Suchalatha S, Shyamala Devi CS; Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against experimental myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol; Indian J Exp Biol.;42(2):174–8.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref57">Min-Kyung Choi, Hyeong-Geug Kim, Jong-Min Han, Jin-Seok Lee, Jong Suk Lee, Sun Ho Chung, Chang-Gue Son. Hepatoprotective Effect of Terminalia chebula against t-BHP-Induced Acute Liver Injury in C57/BL6 Mice; Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;1–11.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |14.    
|Pointed gourd
|bitter, pungent
|Sweet
|hot
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]] 
|antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, cytotoxic, arsenic poisoning ameliorative, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal
|<ref name="ref58">Mahia Khandaker, Saleha Akter, Mohammad Zafar Imam, Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.: A vegetable with diverse pharmacological properties, Food Science and Human Wellness, 2018;7(1):34-48.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |15.    
|Rock salt
|salty,sweet
|Sweet
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]] 
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |16.    
|Red rice
|sweet,  astringent
|Sweet
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]] 
|antioxidant,  cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective. 
|<ref name="ref59">Priya Gurumoorthy and Kavitha G Singh. Quantitative analysis of Proteins and Antioxidants; during Stress on Oryza Sativa; Journal of Global Biosciences. 2014;3(2):552–561.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref60">Bunyada Jittorntrum, Rodjana Chunhabundit, Ratchanee Kongkachuichai, Supanart Srisala, Yupin Visetpanit.  Cytoprotective and Cytotoxic Effects of Rice Bran Extracts on H2O2- Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells; Thai J Toxicology. 2009;24(2): 92–100.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref61">Yang LC, Hsieh CC, Lin WC. Characterization and immuno-modulatory activity of rice hull polysaccharides; Carbohydrate Polymer. 2015 Jun 25;124:150-6.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref62">Sinthorn W, Chatuphonprasert W, Chulasiri M, Jarukamjorn K. Thai red rice extract provides liver protection in paracetamol-treated mice by restoring the glutathione system; Pharmaceutical Biology. 2015;8:1–10.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |17.    
|Rock sugar
|sweet
|Sweet
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates [[Pitta]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |18.    
|Clover  fern
|sweet, astringent
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]] 
|anti-inflammatory activity, diuretic  activity, anti-venom activity, hypo glycemic activity and anti-bacterial  activity
|<ref name="ref63">Gopalakrishnan K, Udayakumar R. Antimicrobial Activity of M. quadrifolia (L.) against some selected pathogenic microorganisms. British Microbiol Res J. 2014;4(9):1046-1056.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref64">Ripa FA, Nahar L, Haque M, Islam MM. Antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of crude extract of Marsilea quadrifolia. Euro J Sci Res. 2009;33(1):123- 129.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref65">Uma R, Pravin B. Invitro Cytotoxic Activity of Marsilea quadrifolia Linn of MCF-7 Cells of Human Breast Cancer. Int Res J Med Sci. 2013;1(1):10-13.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref66">Singh S, Yadav AK. Protection of stress induced behavioural and physiological alteration by Marsilea quadrifolia in rodents. J Chem Pharm Res. 2014;6(7):2207-2217.</ref>,<ref name="ref67">Zahan R, Ripa FA, Alam MB, Haque MA, Mosaddik MA, Nahar L. Hypoglycemic and in Vitro antioxidant effects of methanolic extract of Marsilea quadrifolia plant. Pharmaconosy J. 2011;3(26):86-92.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref68">Asham, Tripathys, Madhuri. Y. Preliminary Screening of Marsilea Quadrifolia extracts for their Antianxiety potential. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5(3):137-139.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref69">Sethi P. Antibacterial Activity of Marsilea Quadrifolia Linn. Int J Res Plant Sci. 2014; 4(2):60-62.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref70">Mathangi T, Prabhakaran P. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the extracts of the aquatic fern Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2013;2(10):534- 536. </ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |19.    
|White goosefoot/ pigweed
|sweet
|Pungent
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]] 
|anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastroprotective, hepato-protective,  anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial ,
|<ref name="ref71">Usman LA, Hamid AA, Muhammad NO, Olawore NO, Edewor TI and Saliu BK. Chemical constituents and antiinflammatory activity of leaf essential oil of Nigerian grown Chenopodium album L. EXCLI Journal, 9, 2010, 181.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref72">Elif Korcan S, Aksoy O, Erdoğmuş SF, Ciğerci İH and Konuk M. Evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA protective capacity of Chenopodium album's ethanolic leaf extract. Chemosphere. 2013;90(2):374-379.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref73">Lone BA, Chishti MZ, Bhat FA, Tak H, Bandh SA, Khan A. Evaluation of anthelmintic antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Chenopodium album. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2017 Dec;49(8):1597-1605.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref74">Nigam V and Paarakh PM. Hepatoprotective activity of Chenopodium album Linn against paracetamol induced liver damage. Pharmacologyonline, 2011;3:312-328.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |20.    
|Hordeum vulgare L.
|sweet, astringent
|Pungent
|cold
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|alleviates [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]] 
|anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory
|<ref name="ref75">Sowjanya K et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Hordeum vulgare. International Journal of Lifesciences and Pharma Research. 2020.Sp8:423-427.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref name="ref76">Lemieszek MK, Komaniecka I, Chojnacki M, Choma A, Rzeski W. Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharide-Rich Young Green Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Extract and Its Structural Characterization. Molecules. 2022;27(5):1742.</ref>
|}
<p style="text-align:justify;">Among daily consumable food items mentioned in classical Ayurvedic texts, <b>green gram</b> (<i>Mudga</i> i.e. <i>Vigna radiata</i> L.), easily available in all parts of India, has been described best in Shamidhanya i.e. pulses. It has high nutritional value. It is a good source of protein, carbohydrate, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, iron and vitamins like carotene, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid.<ref name="ref77">Gopalan C, Sastri BVR. Balasubramanian SC; Nutritive value of Indian foods; National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad: ICMR. 2007;161.</ref> Its regular consumption can regulate enterobacterial flora of the intestine, decrease absorption of toxic substances, reduce the risk of hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease, and prevent cancer. Extracts of green gram were also found to have a potent scavenging activity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and an inhibitory effect on low-density lipoprotein oxidation.<ref name="ref78">Tang D, Dong Y, Ren H, Li l, He C. A review of phytochemistry metabolite changes and medicinal uses of the common food Mungbean and its sprouts; Chemistry Central Journal; 2014;18(1):4.</ref><ref name="ref79">Ill Min Chumg, Min-A Yeo, Sun-Jin Kim, Hyung-In Moon. Protective effects of organic solvents fractions from the seeds of Vigna radiata L. Wilczek against antioxidant mechanisms; Human and experimental toxicology;2011;30(8):904–9.</ref> <br/>'''Red rice''' (''Shashtika shali- Oryza sativum'' L.), grown in Kerala and known locally by the Dravidian name Njavara. has been described as best among ''Shukadhanya'' i.e. cereals. It is a very good source of carbohydrate, vitamin B complex and minerals like Iron.<ref name="ref80">Jose M, Raj RD, Vinitha MR, Madhu R, Varghese G, Bocianowski J, Yadav R, Patra BC, Singh ON, Rana JC, Kurmari SL, Thomas G. The Prehistoric Indian Ayurvedic Rice Shashtika Is an Extant Early Domesticate With a Distinct Selection History. Front Plant Sci. 2018 Aug 14;9:1203.</ref><ref name="ref81">Basu S, Roychoudhury A, Sanyal S, Sengupta DN. Carbohydrate content and antioxidative potential of the seed of three edible indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars; Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics; 2012;49(2):115–23.</ref> <br/>'''Wheat''' (''Godhuma- Triticum aestivum'' L.) is a good source of carbohydrate, vitamins like'', thiamine, niacin, calcium, and vitamin B<sub>6</sub>'' and minerals like ''iron''. <br/>'''Cow’s milk''' (''Godugdha'') is compatible since birth, increases vital power of the body. It is a source of high-quality protein, calcium and vitamins like vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin and folic acid. <br/>'''Cow’s ghee''' (''Goghrita'') has been described in Ayurvedic texts to possess many beneficial properties like rejuvenating, nootropic, improves immunity, energy, luster, beauty, promotes longevity, aphrodisiac. It contains omega-3 fatty acids, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which improve cardiovascular health.<ref name="ref82">Gerry Schwalfenberg. Omega-3 fatty acids: Their beneficial role in cardiovascular health; Can Fam Physician. 2006;52(6):734–740.</ref> It can penetrate blood brain barrier and also to facilitate building or supporting the biochemical activities of tissues such as neurons.<ref name="ref83">Achliya GS, Wadodkar SG, Dorle AK. Evaluation of Sedative and Anticonvulsant activities of Unmadnashak Ghrita; J.Ethno-pharmacology. 2004;94(1):77–83.</ref> <br/>'''Rock salt''' (''Saindhava'') has been advised for daily use in the texts of Ayurveda. It is best among all salts because all other salts have hot potency and penetrating property. They vitiate ''Kapha'', ''Pitta'' which produce laxity in muscles and diseases like hair fall, grey hair. Yet, worldwide common salt is being used in daily diet. Chemical formula of both is same as NaCl but the contents of both differ as rock salt contains some extra minerals like potassium which are beneficial to the health. Sodium has a contractile mechanism while potassium has proven to have a relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of the arterioles which prevents hypertension.<ref name="ref84">Neelesh Khandelwal, Shraddha Dhundi, Pramod Yadav, Prajapati P.K. Lavana (salt) – An Ayurvedic outlook on Saindhava (Rock salt); Indian Journal of Ancient Medicine and Yoga; 2012;5(2):95-101.</ref><ref name="ref85">Sunita Inderjit Singh, Inderjit Singh. The action of sodium and potassium on blood vessels and its relation to hypertension; Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. 1955;42(4):172–182.</ref> <br/>'''Indian gooseberry''' (''Amalaki-Phyllanthus emblica'' L.) has rejuvenating property and promotes longevity, maintains the equilibrium of the three ''Dosha''. It is a rich source of ''vitamin C'', effective in free radical scavenging. <br/>'''Pomegranate''' (''Dadima- Punica granatum'' L.) and '''dry grape''' (''Mridvika- Vitis vinifera'' L.) are mentioned as ‘best among wholesome diet''.''’ Pomegranate is rich source of flavonoids, vitamin C and E. Dry grape contains vitamin B<sub>3</sub>, B<sub>6</sub>, B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub> and B<sub>9</sub>. <br/>'''''Haritaki''''' (''Terminalia chebula'' Retz.) possess strong rejuvenating property and alleviate all the three ''Dosha.'' <br/>'''''Jivanti''''' (Cork swallow-wort- ''Leptadenia reticulata'' Retz'''./''' Holostemma ada-kodien) has been described as the best among all the vegetables as it alleviates all the three ''dosha'' and is a  rich source of vitamin A. <br/>'''Rock sugar''' (''Khanda sharkara'') has low    glycemic index while refined sugar which is commonly used in daily diet worldwide, has high glycemic index. It leads to obesity and diabetes mellitus by disturbing ghrelin-leptin-insulin equilibrium. <br/>'''White goosefoot/pigweed''' (''Vastuka''- Chenopodium album) is a nutritious leafy vegetable that is available during winters in Northern India. It is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, calcium, iron and vitamins A, C.<ref name="ref88">Poonia A, Upadhayay A. Chenopodium album Linn: review of nutritive value and biological properties. J Food Sci Technol. (July 2015) 52(7):3977–3985.</ref> <br/>'''Clover fern''' (''Sunishannaka''- Marsilea quadrifolia Linn.) found in south-west India, Nepal, China, central and southern Europe. It is a rich source of polyphenols with strong antioxidants. <br/>'''Pointed gourd''' (''Patola''- Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) used as a vegetable in Bangladesh and Northern part of India, is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins like A and C, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper, Sulphur and Chlorine. <br/>'''Solely wholesome food items (''Ekanta hitakara dravya''):'''Water, ghee/clarified butter, milk and rice are solely wholesome food items mentioned in Sushruta samhita. They are always suitable and accustomed to human being by birth.</p>

== Miscellaneous daily consumable food items/drugs ==
<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">For strengthening of vision: <span style="font-weight:normal"><br/>Daily intake of Triphala (combination of 3 fruits- <i>Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula</i> and <i>Terminalia bellirica</i>) with honey and ghee has been stated to improve the eye-site in healthy person.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">To improve digestion: <span style="font-weight:normal"><br/>Salt (preferably rock salt) and ginger have been quoted for daily intake before meal by in Bhavaprakash to improve appetite and digestion.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">For promotion of aphrodisiac activity and mind rejuvenation: <span style="font-weight:normal"><br/>Daily intake of ghee and milk have been advised in Charakasamhita due to their nootropic, nourishing and aphrodisiac properties.</span></li></ol>

== Non-consumable food items for daily practice (food that need to be avoided for long term and regular use) ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">Daily non-consumable food items described in various texts of Ayurveda are enlisted in Table 3. These food items can be consumed in certain conditions concerning the prakriti, season, or diseases. However, if taken regularly without any pre-requisite condition, the food items can produce harmful effects on health. </p>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Table 3: List of daily non-consumable food items'''
|
* Curd ([[Dadhi]]) (In the evenings)
* Inspissated milk (''Kilata'')
* Fermented curd/cheese (''Kurchika'')
|[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/10]

[A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/43]  

[A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40]

[Kai.Ni.7/278]
|-
|
* Uncooked radish (''Aama'' ''mulaka'')
* Alkaline preparation (''Kshara'')
* Flour preparation (''Pishta'')
|A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/45

A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40  

Kai.Ni.7/278
|-
|
* Fish (''Matsya'')
|Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/10

A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/43

A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40
|-
|
* Lotus stalk (''Bisa'')
* Cow’s meat (''Gavya'' ''mamsa'')
* Buffalo meat (''Mahisha'' ''mamsa'')
* Black gram- Phaseolus radiates (''Masha'')
* Lotus rhizome (''Shaluka'')
|Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/10

A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40

Kai.Ni.7/278
|-
|
* Fermented food products (''Shukta'')
* Sprouts (''Virudhaka'')
* food items causing constipation (''Vishtambhi'')
* Food items causing burning sensation (''Vidahi'')
* Food items which block the body channels (''Abhishyandi'')
* Dry food (''Ruksha'' ''ahara'')
* Molasses (''Phanita'')
* Flat beans (''Nishpava'')
|A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40

Kai.Ni.7/278
|-
|
* Dried vegetables (''Shushka'' ''shaka'')
* Dried meat (''Vallura'')
* Avena  sativa L. (''Yavaka'')
* Sheep meat (''Aavi'' ''mamsa'')
* Cold food (''Sheeta'' ''aahara'')
|Kai.Ni.7/278
|-
|
* Meat of emaciated animal (''Krisha'' ''mamsa'')
|Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]  5/10

A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 8/40
|-
|
* Pork meat (''Shukara'' ''mamsa'')
|Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/10
|}

=== Properties of daily non-consumable food items ===

The properties of non consumable food items as mentioned in different classics are summarized in Table 4.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" 
|+'''Table 4: Properties of daily non-consumable food items'''
!'''S.No.'''
!'''Substance ([[dravya]])'''
!'''Taste ([[rasa]])'''
!'''Post digestive effect([[vipaka]])'''
!'''Potency ([[veerya]])'''
!'''Effect on [[dosha]]'''
|-
|1.       
|Uncooked radish  
|Bitter
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|Hot
|vitiates all the three [[dosha]]
|-
|2.       
|Lotus stalk
|sweet, astringent
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|Cold
|vitiates [[Kapha]], alleviates [[Pitta]], causing constipation, heavy  to digest
|-
|3.       
|Curd
|sweet, sour
|sour
|Hot
|vitiates [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]]
|-
|4.       
|Cow’s meat
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|Hot
|heavy to digest
|-
|5.       
|Inspissated milk 
|Sweet
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|heavy to digest, vitiates [[Kapha]], causing constipation, causing  indigestion and [[Ama]]
|-
|6.       
|Alkaline preparation
|Pungent
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|Hot
|Vitiates [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]], alleviates [[Kapha]] 
|-
|7.       
|Fermented curd
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|heavy to digest, vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Rakta]]
|-
|8.       
|Buffalo’s meat
|Sweet
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|Hot
|heavy to digest, vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Rakta]]
|-
|9.       
|Black gram
|Sweet
|sour
|Hot
|vitiates [[Kapha]] & [[Rakta]], alleviates [[Vata]]
|-
|10.    
|Fish
|Sweet
|sweet
|Hot
|vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Kapha]], alleviates [[Vata]]
|-
|11.    
|Flat beans
|sweet, astringent
|sour
|Hot
|vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Vata]], alleviates [[Kapha]] 
|-
|12.    
|Molasses 
|Sweet
|sweet
|Hot
|vitiates all the three [[dosha]]
|-
|13.    
|Flour preparation 
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|heavy to digest
|-
|14.    
|lotus rhizome 
|Sweet
|sweet
|Hot
|heavy to digest, causes manifestation of worms
|-
|15.    
|Pork meat
|Sweet
|sour
|Cold
|vitiates [[Rakta]], alleviates [[Vata]], heavy to digest 
|-
|16.    
|Fermented food products 
|Sour
|pungent
|Hot
|vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Rakta]] alleviates  [[Kapha]]
|-
|17.    
|Dried vegetables 
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|vitiates all the three [[dosha]]
|-
|18.    
|Dried meat 
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|vitiates all the three [[dosha]]
|-
|19.    
|Sprouts 
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|vitiates all the three [[dosha]], heavy to digest
|-
|20.    
|Avena sativa L.
|sweet, astringent
|pungent
|Cold
|vitiates [[kapha]] & [[rakta]]
|}

== Reasons behind avoiding curd for daily consumption ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">Curd should not be consumed at night. Otherwise, if curd is to be taken, it should be mixed with ghee, sugar, green gram soup, honey, or [[amalaki]] (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.). It should not be heated also. Excess consumption of curd can lead to [[jwara]] (fever), [[raktapitta]] (bleeding disorders), [[visarpa]] (erysipelas), [[kushtha]] (obstinate skin diseases), [[pandu]] (anemia like disorders), bhrama (giddiness, vertigo) and severe [[kamala]] (jaundice and other hepato-biliary disorders). [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/61-62] <br/>Curd is an appetizer and an aphrodisiac. It increases unctuousness and strength. It is sour on digestion and hot in potency. It is effective in treating vata disorders. It is recommended to treat chronic illnesses like rhinitis, diarrhea, colds, irregular fevers, anorexia, dysuria, and emaciation. Generally, curd is prohibited in the autumn, summer, and spring seasons. It is also unwholesome in [[raktapitta]] (bleeding disorders) and [[kapha]] disorders. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/225-7] <br/>Curd increases body's moisture content and blocks the bodily channels. Hence, it is known as ‘maha abhishyandi’. Curd can vitiate [[kapha]] and [[pitta dosha]]. It can lead to various disorders of over-nutrition and blood vitiation. Hence, it shall not be consumed daily or in excess quantity.</p>

== Other food items ==
<p style="text-align:justify;"><i>Kilat</i> is milk derivative which is in the solid form. It is prepared by fermentation of milk made in condensed form by removing excess water. This process can be correlated with preparation of Paneer. <i>Kurchika</i>, prepared by fermentation of curd and is solid like <i>Kilat</i>. This process can be correlated with the preparation of cheese which have further fermentation of curd. <br/>Kilat (Paneer) stays longer in the stomach without digestion which decreases the digestive power, vitiation of Kapha. Kurchika vitiates Pitta, Rakta and is heavy to digest. Floor preparations consist of high carbohydrate diet. Continuous Intake of it leads to obesity and insulin resistance. <br/>WHO dietary guidelines have long recommended limiting the intake of full-fat dairy  products like cheese, stemming from their contribution to the dietary intake of saturated fat (SF) and the well-established relationship between SF intake and increased plasma LDL-C. Paneer, cheese and curd are dairy products which  have high protein and high fat value. Saturated fat in dairy products increases LDL level which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Certain types of cheese are linked with increased risk of breast Cancer. Soft cheese has the potential for promoting the growth of Listeria bacteria and E.Coli. Listeria monocytogenes can also result in serious infection in  infant and pregnant woman and can be transmitted to the infant in-utero or after birth.<ref name="ref91">Final Report. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. NIH publications No. 02#x20135215; September, 2002.</ref><ref name="ref92">Artaud-Wild SM, Connor SL, Sexton G, Connor WE. Differences in coronary mortality can be explained by differences in cholesterol and saturated fat intakes in 40 countries but not in France and Finland. A paradox. Circulation. 1993 Dec;88(6):2771-9.</ref><ref name="ref93">A L Ronco, E De Ste´fani, R Da´ttoli. Dairy foods and risk of breast cancer: a case–control study in Montevideo, Uruguay. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2002, 11, 457–463.</ref><ref name="ref94">Kristine L. MacDonald, Millicent Eidson, Christine Strohmeyer, Martin E. Levy, Joy G. Wells, Nancy D. Puhr, Kaye Wachsmuth, Nancy T. Hargrett, Mitchell L. Cohen; A Multistate Outbreak of Gastrointestinal Illness Caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Imported Semisoft Cheese. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985;151(4):716-720.</ref><ref name="ref95">Listeria (Listeriosis). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-23 (Prevent Listeria | Listeria | CDC)</ref> <br/>Yavaka is a type of grain which needs to be avoided for daily intake. There is controversy regarding comparison of Yavaka with contemporary food items but according to some published literature, it can be correlated with Oats (Avena sativa L.).<ref name="ref96">Rajeshwari Singh, Mita Kotecha, N Srikanth. History of Yavaka from Ethno-pharmacological Perspective. Indian Journal of History of Science, 53.2 (2018):224-231.</ref> <br/>Oats is a rich source of starch, protein, β-glucan and potassium. β-glucan improves indices of brain function  and cognition with major beneficial effects all along the gut-brain axis. A systematic review shows that acute short-term chronic supplementation of Avena sativa appeared to positively influence the accuracy and speed of performance and cognitive function. but long-term chronic supplementation did not. Despite being good sources of iron and zinc, cereals have high phytic acid content hinders their bioavailability.<ref name="ref97">Shi, H., Yu, Y., Lin, D. et al. β-glucan attenuates cognitive impairment via the gut-brain axis in diet-induced obese mice. Microbiome 8, 143 (2020).</ref><ref name="ref98">Chen O, Mah E, Dioum E, Marwaha A, Shanmugam S, Malleshi N, Sudha V, Gayathri R, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, Krishnaswamy K, Mohan V, Chu Y. The Role of Oat Nutrients in the Immune System: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 24;13(4):1048. </ref></p>

=== Prohibited items for long term/excessive intake (Nati-upayunjit dravya): ===
<p style="text-align:justify;">There is the description of some food items/drugs prohibited for long term use and also in more quantity- long pepper- Piper longum Linn. ([[Pippali]]), alkali (Kshara) and salt (Lavana). <b>Long pepper</b> if continuously used in large dose, aggravates Kapha and Pitta. It was commonly used as spice in ancient times but even presently used in some pickles in south India. <br/><b>Alkali</b> (<i>Kshara</i>) if used excess, produces harmful effects on hair, eyes, heart and virility. Carbonated drinks and baking soda are examples of alkaline preparations used routinely. <br/><b>Salt</b> (<i>Lavana</i>), if used excess leads to oozing, laxative effect, fatigue and harmful effects on hair, eyes. Chips, butter, junk food which are routinely being consumed contain excess amounts of salt.</p>

=== Solely unwholesome food items (Ekanta ahitakara ahara dravya) ===

Alkali and toxins (Visha) are solely unwholesome food items.

== Contemporary views ==

=== Nutravigilance in [[ayurveda]] ===

<p style="text-align:justify;">Nutravigilance is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects related to the use of food, dietary supplement, or medical food.<ref name="ref99">Stephen M. Schmitz, Hector L. Lopez, Douglas MacKay. Nutravigilance: principles and practices to enhance adverse event reporting in the dietary supplement and natural products industry. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;65(2):129–134.</ref> It is mainly concerned with the food safety. The Nutra vigilance approach is derived from well-defined principles of pharmacovigilance related to drug safety. The primary purpose of Nutra vigilance is to protect customer/patient safety. <br/>Ayurvedic literature gives detailed descriptions of adverse events of selective food items like daily non-consumable food like curd, solely unwholesome food like alkali, food-food incompatibilities like intake of milk with certain food items and drug-food incompatibilities like prohibition of certain food items while administration of Shilajatu. </p>

=== Epigenetic Diet ===

<p style="text-align:justify;">Among all the external environmental factors, nutrition is thought to be one of the most important because it assists in modifying the expression of genes at the transcriptional level. Epigenetics is generally defined as heritable changes in gene expression that occur without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and RNA interference, may occur through external factors and are widely known for their reversibility.<ref name="ref100">Choi SW, Friso S. Epigenetics: A New Bridge between Nutrition and Health. Adv. Nutr. 2010;1(1):8–16.</ref><ref name="ref101">Duthie SJ. Epigenetic modifications and human pathologies: cancer and CVD. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2011;70(1):47–56.</ref><ref name="ref102">Li Y, Daniel M, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic regulation of caloric restriction in aging. BMC Med. 2011;9:98.</ref><ref name="ref103">Meeran SM, Ahmed A, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic targets of bioactive dietary components for cancer prevention and therapy. Clin. Epigenetics. 2010;1(3–4):101–116. </ref> <br/>It has been proved that some compounds show potential in delaying aging-processes and degenerative diseases with regular consumption. The theory is more commonly referred to as the “Epigenetic Diet” as it introduces bioactive compounds that aid in delaying the onset of aging and age-associated disease processes.<ref name="ref104">Lee IM, Blair SN, Allison DB, Folsom AR, Harris TB, Manson JE, Wing RR. Epidemiologic data on the relationships of caloric intake, energy balance, and weight gain over the life span with longevity and morbidity. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001;56(Sp1):7–19. </ref><ref name="ref105">Stromsnes K, Correas AG, Lehmann J, Gambini J, Olaso-Gonzalez G. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diet: Role in Healthy Aging. Biomedicines. 2021;9(8):922.</ref> <br/>Nitya sevaniya food can be correlated with the concept of “Epigenetic diet” in modern science. Most of them possess anti-inflammatory potential which can facilitate to alleviate the inflammatory processes derived from diseases and unhealthy diets, and thereby promote healthy aging.</p>

== Research updates ==
<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Experimental study of selected Nitya Sevaniya and Asevaniya food items:<ref name="ref106">Saylee Deshmukh, Mahesh Vyas, Mukesh Kumar B. Nariya. An experimental study to evaluate the effect of Nitya Sevaniya (daily consumable) and Nitya Asevaniya (daily non-consumable) food items on albino rats. Ayu. 2019;40(4):247-255.</ref></li>
<b>Methodoogy:</b> <br/>The study was conducted for in vivo safety evaluation of selected Nitya Sevaniya and Nitya Asevaniya food items. Thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups-each containing six Charle's Foster strain albino rats. Group 1 served as standard diet group, groups 2 and 3 served as test drug received groups namely NS50 and NS100, in which 50% and 100% mixture of Nitya Sevaniya food was administered, respectively. Group 4 and 5 as test drug received groups Nitya Asevaniya 50 (NAS50) and Nitya Asevaniya 100 (NAS100), in which 50% and 100% Nitya Asevaniya food mixtures was administered, respectively. The test diet was administered orally in the form of freshly prepared pellet twice a day ad libitum for 90 days. Parameters studied were gross behavior, body and organ weight, food and water intake, fecal and urine output, hematological and biochemical parameters, electrocardiogram and histology of various organs. <br/><br/><b>Results:</b> <br/>In the NAS100 group, a significant change was observed in 20 of 47 parameters in view of pathological aspect. Among them, three parameters, i.e., platelet count, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and indirect bilirubin were above normal limits, while other parameters were within the normal limits. No significant change was observed in any of the parameters in the NS50 and NS100 group after 90 days of administration as compared with the control group. Considering findings of this study, it is concluded that selected NS food items are safe while consumption of only selected Nitya Asevaniya food items (when administered in 100% dose) for 90 days have the potential of inflammatory changes in the liver, spleen; fat deposition in kidney and impairment of cardiac and renal functions.
<li style="font-weight:bold">Evaluation of effect of Rocksalt (Saindhava lavana)<ref name="ref107">Acharya Megha, Shubhangi Kamble, Mukesh Nariya, Hitesh A. Vyas, A.S. Baghel. Thesis. An experimental study of Nityasevaniya w.s.r. to Saindhava Lavana. Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, 2018.</ref>:</li>
<b>Methodology:</b> <br/>This study was carried out to assess the effects of Saindhava Lavana (Rock salt) on general behavior and physiological parameters in albino rats at different doses. For control group, standard diet was provided throughout the study period. For Test diet group:   Saindhava Lavana (Raw sample of Rock salt) mixed with powder of pellet at TED and TED*2 dose. The Therapeutic dose for experimental study was calculated based on body surface ratio by referring to the table of Paget’s and Barnes. <br/><br/><b>Results:</b> <br/>Systolic and Mean Blood pressure is significantly increased. This is due to mridu-shlathana actions of saindhava; in spite of increase in blood pressure there is no any pathological change was found in heart or other organ in TED level. Significant increase in kidney weight may be because of high dietary sodium and further may be inflammation or other associated effects as observed in histo-pathological study of kidney. Elevated dietary sodium expands the extracellular volume and increases cardiac output and ultimately Blood Pressure. High salt diets were associated with a breakdown of muscle protein. Which is supported by increased s. globulin in this study. mild increase in Spermatogenesis in Testis in saindhava (TED) supports Vrishya (aphrodisiac) property; while there were mixed effects of normal cytoarchitecture, fatty changes, cell infiltration with significant weight increase of Kidney at TED*2 level. Saindhava lavana maintains normalcy of health but not in excess dose.</ol>

== Limitations and future scope of research ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">In both of the studies, effect of the food items has been studied on gross level i.e. biochemical parameters, behavioural changes and histopathological changes and with combination of more than two food items. These can be studied individually and on molecular level using multi-omics studies. Moreover, other food items from the list of daily consumable and non-consumable food items can be studied.</p>

== Related chapters ==

[[Ama]], [[Ahara vidhi(dietary guidelines)]], [[Dinacharya (daily regimen for health)]], [[Ritucharya (seasonal regimen for health)]], [[Viruddha Ahara (incompatible food)]], [[Matrashiteeya Adhyaya]], [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]]

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