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<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Guduchi<span style="font-weight:normal">(''Tinospora cordifolia''): The synonym ''Tikta'' indicates a bitter taste (tikta rasa), ''Amrita'' which corresponds to its cooling potency (shita virya) and ''Madhurasa'' indicates post-digestive sweet effect (madhura vipaka).</span><li></ul></span><li>
<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Guduchi<span style="font-weight:normal">(''Tinospora cordifolia''): The synonym ''Tikta'' indicates a bitter taste (tikta rasa), ''Amrita'' which corresponds to its cooling potency (shita virya) and ''Madhurasa'' indicates post-digestive sweet effect (madhura vipaka).</span><li></ul></span><li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Doshika considerations:<br/><span style="font-weight:normal">Ayurveda categorizes herbs based on their influence on the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). This classification helps in selecting herbs that balance specific doshika imbalances. For instance, Eranda (''Ricinus communis'') is termed as Vaatari (enemy of vata dosha) due to its potent ''vata'' pacifying actions.</span><li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Doshika considerations:<br/><span style="font-weight:normal">Ayurveda categorizes herbs based on their influence on the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). This classification helps in selecting herbs that balance specific doshika imbalances. For instance, Eranda (''Ricinus communis'') is termed as Vaatari (enemy of vata dosha) due to its potent ''vata'' pacifying actions.</span><li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">'Historical and cultural references:<br/><span style="font-weight:normal">Some plant names in ayurveda carry historical and cultural significance, often referencing historical figures, ancient sages, or traditional practices. These names connect ayurvedic knowledge to its cultural and historical roots. For instance, Pippali is termed as Vaidehi due to its abundant occurrence in Videha region.</span><li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Historical and cultural references:<br/><span style="font-weight:normal">Some plant names in ayurveda carry historical and cultural significance, often referencing historical figures, ancient sages, or traditional practices. These names connect ayurvedic knowledge to its cultural and historical roots. For instance, Pippali is termed as Vaidehi due to its abundant occurrence in Videha region.</span><li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Common and regional names:<br/><span style="font-weight:normal">While Sanskrit names are widely used, Ayurvedic professionals also need be familiar with common and regional names for herbs, as these names can vary across different languages and regions. Many local names are given based on some salient features like appearance, shape, size, habit, habitat, smell, taste, colour, utility, and other peculiar character, etc of the plants. These local or regional names are testament to traditional and ethnomedicinal use of such herbs for centuries.<ref name="ref10">Patil DA, Vernacular plant names: Their origin and utility in Dhule district (Maharastra), Ethnobotany, 10 (1-2), 130-132</ref> For instance, Neem (in English) is termed as Nimba in Ayurveda texts while mentioned as Kadunimba in Marathi regional language</span><li></ol>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Common and regional names:<br/><span style="font-weight:normal">While Sanskrit names are widely used, Ayurvedic professionals also need be familiar with common and regional names for herbs, as these names can vary across different languages and regions. Many local names are given based on some salient features like appearance, shape, size, habit, habitat, smell, taste, colour, utility, and other peculiar character, etc of the plants. These local or regional names are testament to traditional and ethnomedicinal use of such herbs for centuries.<ref name="ref10">Patil DA, Vernacular plant names: Their origin and utility in Dhule district (Maharastra), Ethnobotany, 10 (1-2), 130-132</ref> For instance, Neem (in English) is termed as Nimba in Ayurveda texts while mentioned as Kadunimba in Marathi regional language</span><li></ol>
== Sources for deciphering the nama rupa as per the principles of ayurveda ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nighantu were developed in the sangraha kaala to decipher the pharmacological, pharmacognostical and taxonomical basis of ayurveda dravya. The nighantu like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shiva Kosha provides main sources for understanding the pharmacological basis of Ayurveda herbs. The texts like Amarkosha help to decode the exact meaning and synonyms of any herb in ayurveda. <br/>In conclusion, the nomenclature of plants in ayurveda is a carefully crafted system that combines linguistic precision, descriptive elements, qualities, doshika considerations, and cultural references. This system aids in the accurate identification, classification, and utilization of herbs and plants for therapeutic purposes, contributing to the effectiveness and richness of ayurvedic herbal medicine. In recent, many databases like ENVIS<ref name="ref11"/> by FRLHT are developed to understand the various aspects of plant morphology and utility. Similarly, “IMPPAT: Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics” is a curated database that is resultant of digitalization of information from more than 100 books on traditional Indian medicine and more than 7000 published research articles and other existing resources.<ref name="ref12">Available from: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/home</ref></p>
== Pharmacognosy and nama-rupa vijnana ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">Pharmacognosy is the study of the structural, physical, biochemical and therapeutic properties of various herbs obtained from natural sources.<ref name="ref13">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Pharmacognosy. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 22, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharmacognosy</ref> It is a broad science dealing with plethora of medicinal herbs and taxonomy along with naam rupa vijnana are parts of science of Pharmacognosy. Thus, the extensive study of naam rupa vijnana can contribute to understanding pharmacognosy of any plant mentioned in the classical texts. </p>
== Related articles ==
<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>In the article entitled, “Glory of Synonyms of Plants in Ayurveda with Special Reference to Namarupa Vijnanam- A Review” authors have mentioned the importance of application of knowledge of Basonyms and Synonyms in understanding the nomenclature and salient features of different herbs.<ref name="ref14"></ref></li>
<li>An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability<ref name="ref15"></ref> is an article that describes the utility of nama rupa vijnana in understanding the various aspects of herbs mentioned in samhita. </li>
<li>Ayusoft has published informative article on the pharmacognosy and ayurveda where various historical and etymological aspects of herbs are discussed along with ample examples focusing on different aspects of classification and nomenclature of herbs.<ref name="ref16"></ref></li>
<li>The article “Importance of Namarupa Vijnana & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” It describes the various aspects of understanding basonyms and synonyms for the proper description of any herb.<ref name="ref17"></ref></li>
<li>In the article ‘Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda’, the authors have highlighted the role of pharmacognosy in identification and characterization of Ayurveda herbs.<ref name="ref18"></ref></li></ul>
== Related adhyaya ==
* Deerghanjeevitiya Adhyaya (Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1),
* Bhumiprabhighagiyam Adhyayam (Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 36)
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