Changes

'''Chemical constituent''': In seeds oil is found.

'''Chemical constituent''': In seeds oil is found.

=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==

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Now we expound the chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of kritavedhana.As propounded by Lord Atreya.[1-2]

Now we shall expound the chapter "Kritavedhana Kalpa" (Pharmaceutical preparations of kritavedhana). Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]

==== Synonyms ====

=== Synonyms ===

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It is intensely pungent, sharply acting and hot and is beneficial in deep seated diseases like ''kushtha, pandu'' (anemia), ''plihavriddhi'' (splenomegaly), ''shotha'' (swelling), ''gulma, visha'' (poisoning), etc.[4]

It is intensely pungent, sharply acting and hot and is beneficial in deep seated diseases like ''kushtha, pandu'' (anemia), ''plihavriddhi'' (splenomegaly), ''shotha'' (swelling), ''gulma, visha'' (poisoning), etc.[4]

==== Various preparations ====

=== Various preparations ===

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Similarly meat – soup prepared with ''koshataki'' and added with seeds of ''phaladi'' drugs may be taken. One suffering from cough should take koshataki mixed and cooked with sugarcane.[12]

Similarly meat – soup prepared with ''koshataki'' and added with seeds of ''phaladi'' drugs may be taken. One suffering from cough should take koshataki mixed and cooked with sugarcane.[12]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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Four preparations in milk, one in alcohol, twenty decoctions, ten slimy ones, one ''ghrita'', six caplets, eight in linctus, seven in meat and one in sugarcane juice – thus total sixty formulations have been said in this chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of  ''Kritavedhana''.[13-14]

Four preparations in milk, one in alcohol, twenty decoctions, ten slimy ones, one ''ghrita'', six caplets, eight in linctus, seven in meat and one in sugarcane juice – thus total sixty formulations have been said in this chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of  ''Kritavedhana''.[13-14]

=== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

''Kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb) is used as emetic in treatment of deep seated diseases like ''kushtha'' (dermatosis), ''pandu'' (anemia), ''gulma'' (lump in abdomen), ''gara visha'' ( slow poisoning).

''Kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb) is used as emetic in treatment of deep seated diseases like ''kushtha'' (dermatosis), ''pandu'' (anemia), ''gulma'' (lump in abdomen), ''gara visha'' ( slow poisoning).

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

==== Pharmacological actions ====

=== Pharmacological actions ===

===== Anti-diabetic action =====

==== Anti-diabetic action ====

Glycogenesis in muscle and liver is mainly regulated by serum insulin level. The decrease in hepatic glycogen may be due to low level of serum insulin in NIDDM rats, which could have inactivated the glycogen synthesis system. Treatment with Luffa acutangula (L.A.) extracts for 21 days to NIDDM rats has resulted in increase in liver glycogen levels. This highlights the one possible way of antidiabetogenic action of  LA extract. [10]

Glycogenesis in muscle and liver is mainly regulated by serum insulin level. The decrease in hepatic glycogen may be due to low level of serum insulin in NIDDM rats, which could have inactivated the glycogen synthesis system. Treatment with Luffa acutangula (L.A.) extracts for 21 days to NIDDM rats has resulted in increase in liver glycogen levels. This highlights the one possible way of antidiabetogenic action of  LA extract. [10]

====== Antioxidant activity/free radical scavenging activity ======

==== Antioxidant activity/free radical scavenging activity ====

A comparative study of extracts, prepared both by cold maceration and also by boiling the plant in the solvent under reflux, of vegetables traditionally consumed like angular ''loofah'' (Luffa acutangula), ''charungli'' (Caralluma edulis), ''okra'' (Abelmoschus esculentus) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia) was made for free radical scavenging activity (antioxidant property).The IC 50 value of ''L. acutangula'' was determined and was found to be 0.33μg/mg19. A significant difference in the antioxidant activity was observed between the extract obtained by both methods, in case of ''L.acutangula'', indicating the change in chemical composition of the plant during the heating process and increase in the amount of antioxidant components. [11]

A comparative study of extracts, prepared both by cold maceration and also by boiling the plant in the solvent under reflux, of vegetables traditionally consumed like angular ''loofah'' (Luffa acutangula), ''charungli'' (Caralluma edulis), ''okra'' (Abelmoschus esculentus) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia) was made for free radical scavenging activity (antioxidant property).The IC 50 value of ''L. acutangula'' was determined and was found to be 0.33μg/mg19. A significant difference in the antioxidant activity was observed between the extract obtained by both methods, in case of ''L.acutangula'', indicating the change in chemical composition of the plant during the heating process and increase in the amount of antioxidant components. [11]

====== Anti-ulcer activity ======

==== Anti-ulcer activity ====

Protective effect of ''Luffa acutangula'' extracts (methanolic and aqueous, LAM, LAW) on gastric ulceration in NIDDM rats was studied by inducing diabetes with Streptozotocin (65mg/kg, i.p.) along with nicotinamide (120 mg/kg, i.p.) and gastric ulceration to diabetic rats was induced by aspirin. LAM significantly (P<0.01) increased mucosal glycoprotein and antioxidant enzyme level in gastric mucosa of diabetic rats than LAW (P <0.05). LAM was efficient in reversing the delayed healing of gastric ulcer in diabetic rats close to the normal level. LAM exhibited better ulcer healing effect than glibenclamide and LAW, because of its both anti-hyperglycemic and mucosal defensive actions. Thus, LAM is proved to be a better alternative for treating gastric ulcers co-occurring  with diabetes. [12]

Protective effect of ''Luffa acutangula'' extracts (methanolic and aqueous, LAM, LAW) on gastric ulceration in NIDDM rats was studied by inducing diabetes with Streptozotocin (65mg/kg, i.p.) along with nicotinamide (120 mg/kg, i.p.) and gastric ulceration to diabetic rats was induced by aspirin. LAM significantly (P<0.01) increased mucosal glycoprotein and antioxidant enzyme level in gastric mucosa of diabetic rats than LAW (P <0.05). LAM was efficient in reversing the delayed healing of gastric ulcer in diabetic rats close to the normal level. LAM exhibited better ulcer healing effect than glibenclamide and LAW, because of its both anti-hyperglycemic and mucosal defensive actions. Thus, LAM is proved to be a better alternative for treating gastric ulcers co-occurring  with diabetes. [12]

====== Antimicrobial activity ======

==== Antimicrobial activity ====

Fruit extract of Luffa acutangula (L) Roxb. was found more potent antibacterial and anti-fungal activity than leaf extract. Among the bacteria, E. coli showed high sensitivity than Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa species to leaf and fruit extract of Luffa. The anti-fungal property was evaluated on various species and Curvularia lunata was found highly sensitive to leaf and fruit extract of Luffa while to same extract Phomasorghina showed poor sensitivity. Thus, it was concluded that plant possess significant antibacterial and antifungal properties. [13]

Fruit extract of Luffa acutangula (L) Roxb. was found more potent antibacterial and anti-fungal activity than leaf extract. Among the bacteria, E. coli showed high sensitivity than Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa species to leaf and fruit extract of Luffa. The anti-fungal property was evaluated on various species and Curvularia lunata was found highly sensitive to leaf and fruit extract of Luffa while to same extract Phomasorghina showed poor sensitivity. Thus, it was concluded that plant possess significant antibacterial and antifungal properties. [13]

''Phaladi'' drugs taken as ''pippali phala, jimutaka, ikshvaku, dhamargava, kutaja'' and ''kritavedhana''. [14][Verse 7]

''Phaladi'' drugs taken as ''pippali phala, jimutaka, ikshvaku, dhamargava, kutaja'' and ''kritavedhana''. [14][Verse 7]

=== References ===

=== Further reading ===

#Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka samhita, Sutra sthana, Dirghanajivatiya Adhyaya 1/82, Hindi Commentary by Pandit Kashi Nath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhanath Chaturvedi, , Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2005, 43.

#Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka samhita, Sutra sthana, Dirghanajivatiya Adhyaya 1/82, Hindi Commentary by Pandit Kashi Nath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhanath Chaturvedi, , Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2005, 43.

#Charaka Samhita, Kalpa sthana, Madana Kalpa Adhayaya, 1/18, commentary by Yadav ji trikamaji Acarya, Chaukhambha Sura Bharati Prakashan, 2011, 655.

#Charaka Samhita, Kalpa sthana, Madana Kalpa Adhayaya, 1/18, commentary by Yadav ji trikamaji Acarya, Chaukhambha Sura Bharati Prakashan, 2011, 655.

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