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|'''[[Satmya|Satmya]] (adaptability)'''
|'''[[Satmya|Satmya]] (adaptability)'''
|Intake of sweet and cold substance by person who is accustomed to [[Katu|katu (pungent)]] rasa and ushna (hot potency)
|Intake of sweet and cold substance by person who is accustomed to [[Katu|katu (pungent)]] [[Rasa|rasa]] and ushna (hot potency)
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| style="text-align:center;"|2
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|Amla Rasa food items such as amra (Mangifera indica), amrataka (Spondias pinnata), matulunga (Citrus decumana), nikucha (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.), karamarda (Carissa carandas), mocha/shalmali (Salmalia malabarica), dantasatha (Citrus medica), badara (Ziziphus jujuba), koshamra (Schleichera oleosa), bhavya (Dillenia indica), jambu (Syzygium cumini), kapittha (Limonia acidissima), tintidi (Ras parviflora) with milk
|Amla [[Rasa|Rasa]] food items such as amra (Mangifera indica), amrataka (Spondias pinnata), matulunga (Citrus decumana), nikucha (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.), karamarda (Carissa carandas), mocha/shalmali (Salmalia malabarica), dantasatha (Citrus medica), badara (Ziziphus jujuba), koshamra (Schleichera oleosa), bhavya (Dillenia indica), jambu (Syzygium cumini), kapittha (Limonia acidissima), tintidi (Ras parviflora) with milk
|Mutually contradictory
|Mutually contradictory
|-
|-
== Concept of rasa, virya, vipaka viruddha ==
== Concept of rasa, virya, vipaka viruddha ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">Unique concept of viruddha combinations based on rasa (taste), virya (potency), vipaka (post digestion effect) explained in Sushruta Samhita which are as follows: [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 20/16] </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Unique concept of viruddha combinations based on [[Rasa|rasa (taste)]], virya (potency), [[Vipaka|vipaka]] (post digestion effect) explained in Sushruta Samhita which are as follows: [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 20/16] </p>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"
|+Table no. 4: Examples of viruddha combinations based on rasa, virya and vipaka:
|+Table no. 4: Examples of viruddha combinations based on rasa, virya and vipaka:
!Sr. no.
!Sr. no.
!Examples of viruddha combinations based on rasa, virya and vipaka
!Examples of viruddha combinations based on rasa, virya and [[Vipaka|vipaka]]
!Combinations of rasa
!Combinations of rasa
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| style="text-align:center;"|2
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|Rasa and virya viruddha
|[[Rasa|Rasa]] and virya viruddha
|Madhura and amla.
|Madhura and amla.
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|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|Rasa and vipaka viruddha
|[[Rasa|Rasa]] and [[Vipaka|vipaka]] viruddha
|Madhura and tikta, madhura and kashaya, amla and katu, lavana and katu.
|Madhura and tikta, madhura and kashaya, amla and katu, lavana and katu.
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|-
== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">The concept of viruddha ahara mentioned in classical texts is very much relevant in today’s era because of altered life style of fast food or junk food in their daily life. Many studies have found that some dietary constitutes affect transcription of genes. Association between dietary pattern and [[Vyadhi|diseases]] has always been a field of interest. Frequent intake of combination of incompatible food leads in to the production of toxins i.e., ama further leads to formation of ama [[Visha Chikitsa|visha]] (product of improper metabolism), and vitiation of rasa [[Dhatu|dhatu]]. It spreads to another [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and leads to the manifestation of various [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. The effects of such incompatibles can be understood by following aspects. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The concept of viruddha ahara mentioned in classical texts is very much relevant in today’s era because of altered life style of fast food or junk food in their daily life. Many studies have found that some dietary constitutes affect transcription of genes. Association between dietary pattern and [[Vyadhi|diseases]] has always been a field of interest. Frequent intake of combination of incompatible food leads in to the production of toxins i.e., ama further leads to formation of ama [[Visha Chikitsa|visha]] (product of improper metabolism), and vitiation of [[Rasa dhatu|rasa dhatu]]. It spreads to another [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and leads to the manifestation of various [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. The effects of such incompatibles can be understood by following aspects. </p>
<ol type="A" style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Effects on immune system: <span style="font-weight:normal">Incompatible food combinations impart untoward effects on immune system, cellular metabolism, and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS).<ref name="ref1">Sabnis M. Viruddha Ahara: A critical view. AYU 2012; 33:332-6</ref> Viruddha ahara if taken regularly, can cause inflammation at a molecular level, by increasing proistaglandin-2 and thromboxane by disturbing the eicosanoid pathway. This inflammatory effect is important for the basic pathologies which create agnimandya (poor digestion) or ama (undigested food metabolites) which in turns leads to number of metabolic [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. </span></li>
<ol type="A" style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Effects on immune system: <span style="font-weight:normal">Incompatible food combinations impart untoward effects on immune system, cellular metabolism, and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS).<ref name="ref1">Sabnis M. Viruddha Ahara: A critical view. AYU 2012; 33:332-6</ref> Viruddha ahara if taken regularly, can cause inflammation at a molecular level, by increasing proistaglandin-2 and thromboxane by disturbing the eicosanoid pathway. This inflammatory effect is important for the basic pathologies which create agnimandya (poor digestion) or ama (undigested food metabolites) which in turns leads to number of metabolic [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Release of toxins: <span style="font-weight:normal">A recent study found that toxin called 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) forms when oil such as soyabean and sunflower oils are reheated. Consumption of foods prepared with such reheated oils increases the risks of various ailments such as stroke, cardiovascular [[Vyadhi|diseases]], Alzheimer’s disease, various liver [[Vyadhi|diseases]] and even cancer.</span></li></ol>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Release of toxins: <span style="font-weight:normal">A recent study found that toxin called 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) forms when oil such as soyabean and sunflower oils are reheated. Consumption of foods prepared with such reheated oils increases the risks of various ailments such as stroke, cardiovascular [[Vyadhi|diseases]], Alzheimer’s disease, various liver [[Vyadhi|diseases]] and even cancer.</span></li></ol>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Study over kadaliphala (banana) with milk and their incompatibility: <span style="font-weight:normal">Kadaliphala (Musa Paradisiaca Linn.) along with milk is an example of samyoga viruddha (incompatibility of combination of two or more substances). Banana is already kaphakara (one which aggravates [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]]) and milk is also kaphakara so, when both of these taken together, they together provoke [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]] in [[Sharira|body]] and diminishes the [[Agni|agni]] (gastric fire) and produces ama (undigested food) which produces toxins within the [[Sharira|body]] and produces gastric disturbances and other [[Vyadhi|diseases]] like cough, allergic reactions, etc. This study was planned to evaluate the toxicological implication of their combination on wistar rats. Repeated administration of the combination of cow milk with banana showed statistically significant increase in the level of SGOT and urea whereas, statistically significant decrease in the level of creatinine. Also, alterations in the sections of liver, spleen, heart indicating mild toxic effect of combination of cow’s milk with banana. Hence, continuous intake of such incompatibility proves harmful to the [[Sharira|body]].<ref name="ref3">Shweta K, Sudhakar, Shobha Bhat K. Toxicological evaluation of banana and milk combination as incompatible diet- An experimental exploration of Samyoga Viruddha concept. JAIM, Elsevier. 2021 Jul-Sep; 12 (3): 427-434 </ref></span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Study over kadaliphala (banana) with milk and their incompatibility: <span style="font-weight:normal">Kadaliphala (Musa Paradisiaca Linn.) along with milk is an example of samyoga viruddha (incompatibility of combination of two or more substances). Banana is already kaphakara (one which aggravates [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]]) and milk is also kaphakara so, when both of these taken together, they together provoke [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]] in [[Sharira|body]] and diminishes the [[Agni|agni]] (gastric fire) and produces ama (undigested food) which produces toxins within the [[Sharira|body]] and produces gastric disturbances and other [[Vyadhi|diseases]] like cough, allergic reactions, etc. This study was planned to evaluate the toxicological implication of their combination on wistar rats. Repeated administration of the combination of cow milk with banana showed statistically significant increase in the level of SGOT and urea whereas, statistically significant decrease in the level of creatinine. Also, alterations in the sections of liver, spleen, heart indicating mild toxic effect of combination of cow’s milk with banana. Hence, continuous intake of such incompatibility proves harmful to the [[Sharira|body]].<ref name="ref3">Shweta K, Sudhakar, Shobha Bhat K. Toxicological evaluation of banana and milk combination as incompatible diet- An experimental exploration of Samyoga Viruddha concept. JAIM, Elsevier. 2021 Jul-Sep; 12 (3): 427-434 </ref></span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Milk and egg/ baked milk and egg bakery products: <span style="font-weight:normal">Milk and egg combination or combination of milk and egg baked bakery products such as bread, cake, muffins are examples of samyoga viruddha. It is widely used in today’s day to day life mostly at a breakfast time. Milk and egg both are rich in proteins, whereas egg is also called as a reference protein. Both this together should never be consumed as it is heavy to digest and produces ama or indigestion resulting in various allergies or incompatibility. <ref name="ref4">Leonard SA, Nowak-Węgrzyn AH. Baked milk and Eggs Diets for Milk and Egg Allergy Management. Europe PMC. 2015 Jan-Feb;3(1):13-23 </ref></span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Milk and egg/ baked milk and egg bakery products: <span style="font-weight:normal">Milk and egg combination or combination of milk and egg baked bakery products such as bread, cake, muffins are examples of samyoga viruddha. It is widely used in today’s day to day life mostly at a breakfast time. Milk and egg both are rich in proteins, whereas egg is also called as a reference protein. Both this together should never be consumed as it is heavy to digest and produces ama or indigestion resulting in various allergies or incompatibility. <ref name="ref4">Leonard SA, Nowak-Węgrzyn AH. Baked milk and Eggs Diets for Milk and Egg Allergy Management. Europe PMC. 2015 Jan-Feb;3(1):13-23 </ref></span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Honey with warm water: <span style="font-weight:normal">Honey with warm water is example of samyoga viruddha is also widely used nowadays assuming that it will helps in detoxification of [[Sharira|body]] and helps in weight loss which is a big misconception. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], it is mentioned one should never consume honey with warm water because it may prove fatal. Therefore, it is to be avoided. Honey is not collected from any particular flower, but it is made from the sap and juices of different flowers and plants which are incompatible with each other in respect to their rasa (taste), guna (virtue), virya (potency), vipaka (post digestion effect). Furthermore, honey being prepared by poisonous bees, it becomes injurious after contact with heat or fire. Accordingly, the use of hot or boiled honey is forbidden. It is also reported that during nectar and pollen forage, honey bees transform phytochemicals from floral nectars of host plants into honey. The diversity of secondary metabolites in plants attributes to the variance in phytochemical profiles in honey composition.<ref name="ref5">Amin, Hetal, Kiran S., Deshbhratar, Vivekkumar Mangilal Chayal. Ayurvedic Challenges for recent use of honey with warm substances. Rasamruta. 2019; 11:15.</ref> </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Honey with warm water: <span style="font-weight:normal">Honey with warm water is example of samyoga viruddha is also widely used nowadays assuming that it will helps in detoxification of [[Sharira|body]] and helps in weight loss which is a big misconception. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], it is mentioned one should never consume honey with warm water because it may prove fatal. Therefore, it is to be avoided. Honey is not collected from any particular flower, but it is made from the sap and juices of different flowers and plants which are incompatible with each other in respect to their [[Rasa|rasa (taste)]], [[Guna|guna (virtue)]], virya (potency), [[Vipaka|vipaka]] (post digestion effect). Furthermore, honey being prepared by poisonous bees, it becomes injurious after contact with heat or fire. Accordingly, the use of hot or boiled honey is forbidden. It is also reported that during nectar and pollen forage, honey bees transform phytochemicals from floral nectars of host plants into honey. The diversity of secondary metabolites in plants attributes to the variance in phytochemical profiles in honey composition.<ref name="ref5">Amin, Hetal, Kiran S., Deshbhratar, Vivekkumar Mangilal Chayal. Ayurvedic Challenges for recent use of honey with warm substances. Rasamruta. 2019; 11:15.</ref> </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Study over gutkha and their incompatibility: <span style="font-weight:normal">Gutkha, a combination of kattha (Acacia catechu), slaked lime and arecanut, possesses more than 4000 chemicals combination with more than 40 carcinogenic chemicals. It causes non-healing ulcerative lesions in oral cavity, such as cheek, lips, tongue, hard palate. It induces inflammation at a molecular level, leading to prostaglandin-2 and thromboxane.<ref name="ref6">Sirdeshpande MK, Kashikar VA. Critical review on Samyoga Viruddha (combination incompatibility) with special emphasis on carcinogenic effect of combination of betel quid, areca nut and tobacco. Ayu. 2017 Jul-Dec;38(3-4):97-101. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_71_16. PMID: 30254386; PMCID: PMC6153908. </ref> </span></li></ol>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Study over gutkha and their incompatibility: <span style="font-weight:normal">Gutkha, a combination of kattha (Acacia catechu), slaked lime and arecanut, possesses more than 4000 chemicals combination with more than 40 carcinogenic chemicals. It causes non-healing ulcerative lesions in oral cavity, such as cheek, lips, tongue, hard palate. It induces inflammation at a molecular level, leading to prostaglandin-2 and thromboxane.<ref name="ref6">Sirdeshpande MK, Kashikar VA. Critical review on Samyoga Viruddha (combination incompatibility) with special emphasis on carcinogenic effect of combination of betel quid, areca nut and tobacco. Ayu. 2017 Jul-Dec;38(3-4):97-101. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_71_16. PMID: 30254386; PMCID: PMC6153908. </ref> </span></li></ol>