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Oushadha means medicine and sevanakala means time of administration. The time of administration of medicines is called oushadha sevana kala. The efficacy and safety of a particular medicine depends on many factors and among them the time of intake of medicine also plays an important role.
==Synonyms==
==Synonyms==
==Types of bheshajakala==
==Types of bheshajakala==
Generally 10 oushada sevana kalas are explained in Ayurveda
Generally 10 oushadha sevana kalas are explained in Ayurveda
#Empty stomach
#Empty stomach
#Before food
#Before food
'''Synonyms:''' Prataha niranna, abaktam, ananna
'''Synonyms:''' Prataha niranna, abaktam, ananna
This oushada sevanakala represents administration of medicine in the morning without taking any food. The morning time can be considered as early morning during sunrise [Sha.Pu.2/2]<ref name= Shargadara> Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.</ref> or it may be the time after the increased [[kapha]] has moved out of the stomach [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/14]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref> that is the time of breakfast (7.30AM-8.30AM). The potency of the medicines will be more at this time. Thus it can cure the diseases immediately. The therapeutic vomiting and purgative drugs should be administered at this time. By this scarifying property can be attained [Sha.Pu.2/4].<ref name=Shargadara/>
This oushadha sevanakala represents administration of medicine in the morning without taking any food. The morning time can be considered as early morning during sunrise [Sha.Pu.2/2]<ref name= Shargadara> Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.</ref> or it may be the time after the increased [[kapha]] has moved out of the stomach [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/14]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref> that is the time of breakfast (7.30AM-8.30AM). The potency of the medicines will be more at this time. Thus it can cure the diseases immediately. The therapeutic vomiting and purgative drugs should be administered at this time. By this scarifying property can be attained [Sha.Pu.2/4].<ref name=Shargadara/>
'''Indications and contraindications:''' It is contraindicated to children, old aged persons; ladies etc debilitated persons because it may cause tiredness and weakness [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/67].<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> It is also contraindicated to persons having thirst, who took cold water, who is hungry [A.S.Sutra sthana.23/23].<ref name=Sangraha/> Because of these reasons the medicine should be given at this time only to the person with good strength [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/45]<ref name=Kashyapa> Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref>
'''Indications and contraindications:''' It is contraindicated to children, old aged persons; ladies etc debilitated persons because it may cause tiredness and weakness [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/67].<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> It is also contraindicated to persons having thirst, who took cold water, who is hungry [A.S.Sutra sthana.23/23].<ref name=Sangraha/> Because of these reasons the medicine should be given at this time only to the person with good strength [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/45]<ref name=Kashyapa> Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref>
'''Synonyms:''' Bukta paschat, adobaktam, adahabaktam, ante
'''Synonyms:''' Bukta paschat, adobaktam, adahabaktam, ante
In this oushada kala the medicine is administered just after the food intake. Administration of medicine after food cures diseases of upper part of body and it provides more strength to upper part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/72]<ref name=Susruta/>[A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> It pacifies the diseases of chest, throat and head immediately. [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It causes stoutness of body. [A.S.Sutrasthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/>
In this oushadha kala the medicine is administered just after the food intake. Administration of medicine after food cures diseases of upper part of body and it provides more strength to upper part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/72]<ref name=Susruta/>[A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> It pacifies the diseases of chest, throat and head immediately. [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It causes stoutness of body. [A.S.Sutrasthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/>
===In between food===
===In between food===
'''Synonym:''' Muhurmuhu, muhuhu
'''Synonym:''' Muhurmuhu, muhuhu
In this oushadhakala the medicine is administered often and often. To treat thirst (thrit), vomiting (chardi), hiccups (hikka), dyspnea (swasa) and poision (gara) the medicine should be given frequently. The medicines can be given along with food or without food. [Sha.Pu.2/11]<ref name=Shargadara/> For cough also this oushadakala should be selected [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/300] [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/79]<ref name=Susruta/> [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/> [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/40]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>
In this oushadhakala the medicine is administered often and often. To treat thirst (thrit), vomiting (chardi), hiccups (hikka), dyspnea (swasa) and poision (gara) the medicine should be given frequently. The medicines can be given along with food or without food. [Sha.Pu.2/11]<ref name=Shargadara/> For cough also this oushadhakala should be selected [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/300] [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/79]<ref name=Susruta/> [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/> [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/40]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>
===Bed time (Nishi)===
===Bed time (Nishi)===
Here the medicine is administered in night after food at bedtime. It is used to treat the diseases of head and neck. [Sha.Pu.02/12]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/41]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Scarifying (lekhana), nourishing ([[brimhana]]), digestive ([[pachana]]) and pacifying (shaman) medications can be given at night.
Here the medicine is administered in night after food at bedtime. It is used to treat the diseases of head and neck. [Sha.Pu.02/12]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/41]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Scarifying (lekhana), nourishing ([[brimhana]]), digestive ([[pachana]]) and pacifying (shaman) medications can be given at night.
Apart from these ten oushada sevankala some scholars consider certain other time period for the administration of medicine. They are as follows
Apart from these ten oushadha sevankala some scholars consider certain other time period for the administration of medicine. They are as follows
'''In between two meals'''
'''In between two meals'''
'''Medicine mixed with food'''(bhaktasamyuktam) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/297]
'''Medicine mixed with food'''(bhaktasamyuktam) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/297]
==Importance of oushada sevanakala==
==Importance of oushadha sevanakala==
The oushada sevanakala is mentioned especially for pacification (shamana) therapies. [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13]
The oushadha sevanakala is mentioned especially for pacification (shamana) therapies. [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13]
===Based on dosha===
===Based on dosha===
In between two meals: In diseases caused due to vyana [[vata]] [A.S.Sutrasthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/>, medicine can be given at this time period.
In between two meals: In diseases caused due to vyana [[vata]] [A.S.Sutrasthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/>, medicine can be given at this time period.
==Based on the form of medicine==
===Based on the form of medicine===
*Empty stomach – Decoction[Sha.Pu.2/3]<ref name=Shargadara/>
*Empty stomach – Decoction[Sha.Pu.2/3]<ref name=Shargadara/>