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{{#seo:

{{#seo:

|title=Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya

|title=Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya

|titlemode=append

|titlemode=append

|keywords= Vega(Natural urge), cleansing, Prakriti(Body constitution), Vyayama (exercise), Pragyaparadha(intellectual defects), Agantu roga (exogenous diseases), psychological diseases, seasonal body purification, prevention of exogenous diseases, curd

|keywords= Vega(Natural urge), cleansing, Prakriti(Body constitution), Vyayama (exercise), Pragyaparadha(intellectual defects), Agantu roga (exogenous diseases), psychological diseases, seasonal body purification, prevention of exogenous diseases, curd, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 7. Non-suppressible and suppressible natural urges and other factors for health

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 7. Non-suppressible and suppressible natural urges and other factors for health

}}

}}

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 7. Non-suppressible and suppressible natural urges and other factors for health'''</big>

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 7. Non-suppressible and suppressible natural urges and other factors for health'''</big>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title = Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya (66)

|title = Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya  

|label1 = Section/Chapter

|label1 = Section/Chapter

|data1 = [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 7

|data1 = [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 7

|label2 = Tetrad/Sub-section

|label2 = Tetrad/Sub-section

|data2 = ''Swastha Chatushka''

|data2 = Swastha Chatushka

|label3 = Preceding Chapter

|label3 = Preceding Chapter

|data3 = [[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]]

|data3 = [[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]]

|label4 = Succeeding Chapter

|label4 = Succeeding Chapter

|data4 = [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]

|data4 = [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

}}

}}

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

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This third chapter within the [[Swastha Chatushka]] (group of four chapters on health) describes guidelines of promotion of health and prevention of diseases. After describing daily and seasonal regimen in the preceding chapters, the natural urges to excrete toxins and maintain internal homeostasis have been described here. Body excretes metabolic waste through external orifices by various regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms are termed as [[Vega]] (natural urges or processes to excrete toxins i.e. urges). There are thirteen types of physical urges that can be voluntarily controlled up to certain extent. When these urges are voluntarily suppressed for prolonged period, metabolic toxins are accumulated in the body systems leading to various diseases and local obstructed pathologies.  A description of such urges (to suppress excretion), the consequences of suppression, and its management have been detailed here.  

This third chapter within the group of four chapters on [[health]] (swastha chatushka) describes guidelines of promotion of health and prevention of diseases. After describing daily and seasonal regimen in the preceding chapters, the natural urges to excrete toxins and maintain internal homeostasis have been described here. Body excretes metabolic waste through external orifices by various regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms are termed as '[[Vega]]' (natural urges or processes to excrete toxins i.e. urges). There are thirteen types of physical urges that can be voluntarily controlled up to certain extent. When these urges are voluntarily suppressed for prolonged period, metabolic toxins are accumulated in the body systems leading to various diseases and local obstructed pathologies.  A description of such urges (to suppress excretion), the consequences of suppression, and its management have been detailed here.  

Further explanations have been provided to enumerate the basic principles of prevention of disorders and promotion of physical and psychological wellbeing, by emphasizing upon optimum physical exercises ( [[vyayama]]) and control of emotions respectively. The correct diet, according to body constitution, lifestyle, behavior therapy in the form of code of conduct, mental factors, characters of good companions and bad companions have been listed. Comprehensive information about the prevention and management of [[nija]] (endogenous) and [[agantu]] (exogenous) diseases is provided.

Further explanations have been provided to enumerate the basic principles of prevention of disorders and promotion of physical and psychological wellbeing, by emphasizing upon optimum physical exercises ([[vyayama]]) and control of emotions respectively. The correct diet, according to body constitution, lifestyle, behavior therapy in the form of code of conduct, mental factors, characters of good companions and bad companions have been listed. Comprehensive information about the prevention and management of endogenous ([[nija]]) and exogenous ([[agantu]]) diseases is provided.

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Now we shall explain the chapter on the non-suppressible natural urges. Thus said Lord Atreya.

Now we shall expound the chapter "Naveganadharaniya" (Non-suppressible and suppressible natural urges and other factors for health). Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]

[1-2]

=== [[Adharaniya]] [[vega]] (Non-suppressible urges), consequences of suppression and their management ===

=== [[Adharaniya]] [[vega]] (Non-suppressible urges), consequences of suppression and their management ===

Exercise, laughing, speaking, walking, sexual activities and staying awake at night should not be practiced in excess by an intelligent person even if they are accustomed (or habituated) to doing such activities. [34]

Exercise, laughing, speaking, walking, sexual activities and staying awake at night should not be practiced in excess by an intelligent person even if they are accustomed (or habituated) to doing such activities. [34]

==== Contra-indications to stop [[vyayama]] (exercise) ====

==== Consequences of improper [[vyayama]] (exercise) and contra-indications ====

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(The person emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, weight bearing, walking, those afflicted by anger, grief, fear, exertion; those who are children, elderly, prone to [[vata]], who need to talk loudly and excessively, and those who are hungry and thirsty shall avoid physical exercise). (Note: This verse seems to be added later and was not a part of original text.)

(The person emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, weight bearing, walking, those afflicted by anger, grief, fear, exertion; those who are children, elderly, prone to [[vata]], who need to talk loudly and excessively, and those who are hungry and thirsty shall avoid physical exercise). (Note: This verse seems to be added later and was not a part of original text.)

=== [[Padamshika krama]] (Sequence to adopt good habits and discard bad habits) ====

=== [[Padamshika krama]] (Sequence to adopt good habits and discard bad habits) ===

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Lifestyle contrary to that mentioned in [[Swasthavritta]] leads to above-mentioned and similar diseases. Therefore, the course of life conducive to the maintenance of good health should be followed. [45]

Lifestyle contrary to that mentioned in [[Swasthavritta]] leads to above-mentioned and similar diseases. Therefore, the course of life conducive to the maintenance of good health should be followed. [45]

=== [[Anutpattikar chikitsa]] [Preventive measures] ===

=== [[Anutpattikar chikitsa]] (Preventive measures) ===

====  Suitable month for [[panchakarma]]  treatments and benefits ====

====  Suitable month for [[panchakarma]]  treatments and benefits ====

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=== Causes and management of [[Agantu roga]] (exogenous diseases)===

=== Causes and management of [[Agantu roga]] (exogenous diseases)===

====[[Pragnyaparadha]] (intellectual defect) and its sequelae ====

====[[Prajnaparadha]] (intellectual defect) and its sequelae ====

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Exogenous diseases are produced by evil spirits, toxins, air, fire, assault on human beings. Intellect is affected in such diseases. [51]

Exogenous diseases are produced by evil spirits, toxins, air, fire, assault on human beings. Intellect is affected in such diseases. [51]

====[[Mano vikara]] (Psychological disorders) ====

====[[Mano vikara]] (Psychological disorders) ====

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Avoidance of such emotions, control over sense and motor organs, memorizing (regimens), specific knowledge (orientation) of place, time and one’s own self, and following regimen of good conduct are some of the ways to prevent exogenous diseases. Therefore, an intelligent person desirous of his own well-being shall follow these suitable measures well in advance. [53-54]

Avoidance of such emotions, control over sense and motor organs, memorizing (regimens), specific knowledge (orientation) of place, time and one’s own self, and following regimen of good conduct are some of the ways to prevent exogenous diseases. Therefore, an intelligent person desirous of his own well-being shall follow these suitable measures well in advance. [53-54]

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====Importance of [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative statements) and [[pratipatti]] (timely decision) ====  

====Importance of [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative statements) and pratipatti (proper understanding of scientific texts) ====  

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Knowledge of the prescription of authoritative sages and taking proper decisions at the right time and need are (recommended) for prevention of impending diseases and treatment of existing diseases. [55]

Knowledge of the prescription of authoritative sages and its proper application with correct understanding (taking proper decisions at the right time and need) are necessary (recommended) for prevention of impending diseases and treatment of existing diseases. [55]

==== [[Varjya purusha]] (Characters of bad companions to be avoided) ====

==== Characters of bad companions (varjya purusha) to be avoided ====

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# Negative physical, verbal and psychic activities should be restrained.

# Negative physical, verbal and psychic activities should be restrained.

# The persons with equal proportion of [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in their [[prakriti]] (basic body constitution) i.e. equilibrium of [[dosha]] are always healthy. The persons with dis-equilibrium of [[dosha]] always suffer from diseases.   

# The persons with equal proportion of [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in their [[prakriti]] (basic body constitution) i.e. equilibrium of [[dosha]] are always healthy. The persons with dis-equilibrium of [[dosha]] always suffer from diseases.   

# Body purification therapies, rejuvenation and aphrodisiac therapies should be followed at proper time to prevent diseases and ageing.  

# Body purification therapies, rejuvenation and aphrodisiac therapies should be followed at proper time to prevent diseases and aging.  

# Optimum amount of physical exercise is important for maintenance of physical strength.  

# Optimum amount of physical exercise is important for maintenance of physical strength.  

# One shall follow daily routine and lifestyle as per his own psychic and somatic constitution.

# One shall follow daily routine and lifestyle as per his own psychic and somatic constitution.

It is important to know the good things to be followed and avoid bad things by one for longevity. It is advised to gradually give up addictions and adopt wholesome habits increasingly. The protocol advised is, on the first day one should give up a quarter of the unwholesome practice (still maintaining three-fourths of it,) and correspondingly adopt a quarter of wholesome. On the second day, half of the unwholesome practice should be given up and half of the wholesome one should be adopted; this is to be continued for the third day also. On the fourth day, three-fourths of the unwholesome practice should be given up and three-fourths of the wholesome one should be adopted. This process should be continued on the fifth and sixth day also. The process of giving up of the unwholesome practice and adoption of the wholesome practice is completed fully on the seventh day.  

It is important to know the good things to be followed and avoid bad things by one for longevity. It is advised to gradually give up addictions and adopt wholesome habits increasingly. The protocol advised is, on the first day one should give up a quarter of the unwholesome practice (still maintaining three-fourths of it,) and correspondingly adopt a quarter of wholesome. On the second day, half of the unwholesome practice should be given up and half of the wholesome one should be adopted; this is to be continued for the third day also. On the fourth day, three-fourths of the unwholesome practice should be given up and three-fourths of the wholesome one should be adopted. This process should be continued on the fifth and sixth day also. The process of giving up of the unwholesome practice and adoption of the wholesome practice is completed fully on the seventh day.  

=== [[Dosha]] dominant [[prakriti]], susceptibility to disease and specific diet for prevention of diseases ===

=== [[Dosha]] dominant [[prakriti]], susceptibility to disease and specific diet for prevention of [[diseases]] ===

 

====Importance====

====Importance====

The crux of prevention of diseases is maintaining a balance of [[dosha]] from time of conception. If the [[dosha]] are in equilibrium within the body of an individual, the person does not suffer from diseases. The imbalance including predominance of a single [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]] makes him/her susceptible to diseases. The balance of [[dosha]] can be maintained through habitual intake of diet of all rasas and following those regimens with opposite properties of dominant [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]]. Therefore, to know the predominant [[dosha]] in one’s constitution is very important for prescribing suitable diet and lifestyle regimen in prevention and management of diseases. The suitable dietary regimen for each [[dosha]] [[prakriti]] is described in detail in the eighth chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].  

The crux of prevention of diseases is maintaining a balance of [[dosha]] from time of conception. If the [[dosha]] are in equilibrium within the body of an individual, the person does not suffer from diseases. The imbalance including predominance of a single [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]] makes him/her susceptible to diseases. The balance of [[dosha]] can be maintained through habitual intake of diet of all rasas and following those regimens with opposite properties of dominant [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]]. Therefore, to know the predominant [[dosha]] in one’s constitution is very important for prescribing suitable diet and lifestyle regimen in prevention and management of diseases. The suitable dietary regimen for each [[dosha]] [[prakriti]] is described in detail in the eighth chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].  

====Phenotypic co-relation of [[prakriti]]====

====Phenotypic co-relation of [[prakriti]]====

Every individual is different from another and hence should be considered as a separate entity.<ref> Valiathan, M. S.,The Legacy of Caraka, Orient Longman, Chennai, 2003.</ref>  The three broad classes of ‘prakriti’  are based on certain physical, physiological and psychological characters.<ref> Swoboda, R. E., Prakruti: Ayurvedic Constitution, Motilal Banarasidas Publishers, Varanasi, 1996.</ref> The scientists suggest phenotypic classification of India’s traditional medicine has a genetic basis; and its Prakriti-based practice in vogue for many centuries resonates with personalized medicine. <ref name= "Govindraj P Genome"> Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Nat Publ Gr.:1-12. doi:10.1038/srep15786</ref>. Thus [[prakriti]] concept is independent of racial, ethnic or geographical considerations and may provide appropriate means of classifying phenotypes to be considered collectively for genotyping.  In a study, the researchers postulated that human phenome based on prakriti, namely [[kapha]], [[pitta]] and [[vata]] have the genetic connotation that could help classifying human population based on broad phenotype clusters. Accordingly, HLA DR alleles among various [[prakriti]] classes and demonstrated significant associations were analysed. <ref>Patwardhan, B., Joshi, K. and Chopra, A., Classification of human population based on HLA gene polymorphism and the concept of Prakriti in Ayurveda.J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2005, 11, 349– 353. </ref>  The concept of constitutional uniqueness of human individuals and personalized prescription of diet and drugs is special feature of [[Ayurveda]]. This has similarities with the pharmacogenomics and customized medicine.<ref>Patwardhan, B.,Ayurveda: The 'Designer' medicine: A review of ethnopharmacology and bioprospecting research. Indian Drugs, 2000, 37, 213–227.</ref>   

Every individual is different from another and hence should be considered as a separate entity.<ref> Valiathan, M. S.,The Legacy of Caraka, Orient Longman, Chennai, 2003.</ref>  The three broad classes of ‘prakriti’  are based on certain physical, physiological and psychological characters.<ref> Swoboda, R. E., Prakruti: Ayurvedic Constitution, Motilal Banarasidas Publishers, Varanasi, 1996.</ref> The scientists suggest phenotypic classification of India’s traditional medicine has a genetic basis; and its Prakriti-based practice in vogue for many centuries resonates with personalized medicine. <ref name= "Govindraj P Genome"> Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Nat Publ Gr.:1-12. doi:10.1038/srep15786</ref>. Thus [[prakriti]] concept is independent of racial, ethnic or geographical considerations and may provide appropriate means of classifying phenotypes to be considered collectively for genotyping.  In a study, the researchers postulated that human phenome based on prakriti, namely [[kapha]], [[pitta]] and [[vata]] have the genetic connotation that could help classifying human population based on broad phenotype clusters. Accordingly, HLA DR alleles among various [[prakriti]] classes and demonstrated significant associations were analysed. <ref>Patwardhan, B., Joshi, K. and Chopra, A., Classification of human population based on HLA gene polymorphism and the concept of Prakriti in Ayurveda.J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2005, 11, 349– 353. </ref>  The concept of constitutional uniqueness of human individuals and personalized prescription of diet and drugs is special feature of [[Ayurveda]]. This has similarities with the pharmacogenomics and customized medicine.<ref>Patwardhan, B.,Ayurveda: The 'Designer' medicine: A review of ethnopharmacology and bioprospecting research. Indian Drugs, 2000, 37, 213–227.</ref>   

In a study on  genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of 262 well-classified male individuals (after screening 3416 subjects) belonging to three [[Prakriti]] ([[Vata]], [[Pitta]], [[Kapha]]), it is observed that PGM1 correlates with phenotype of Pitta as described in the ancient text of Charaka Samhita.<ref name= "Govindraj P Genome" />

In a study on  genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of 262 well-classified male individuals (after screening 3416 subjects) belonging to three [[Prakriti]] ([[Vata]], [[Pitta]], [[Kapha]]), it is observed that PGM1 correlates with phenotype of Pitta as described in the ancient text of Charaka Samhita.<ref name= "Govindraj P Genome" />

#Patil K.B.: 1995: Ayurvedeeya Samhita Grantha madhye varnita adharaneeya vegancha shareera swasthyavara honara prabhava – ek adhyayana  

#Patil K.B.: 1995: Ayurvedeeya Samhita Grantha madhye varnita adharaneeya vegancha shareera swasthyavara honara prabhava – ek adhyayana  

#Malgudkar SM : 2002: Effect of dharaneeya vegas of samhita and their clinical evaluation in modern era –A study w.s.r. to krodha  

#Malgudkar SM : 2002: Effect of dharaneeya vegas of samhita and their clinical evaluation in modern era –A study w.s.r. to krodha  

#Andhare RV:2003: Vibhinna deha prakriti ke vyaktiyon mein Dehoshma [body temperature] par kala tatha vayanusar vyayama [exercise] ka prabhava : Ek adhyayana

#Andhare RV:2003: Vibhinna deha prakriti ke vyaktiyon mein Dehoshma [body temperature] par kala tatha vayanusar vyayama [exercise] ka prabhava : Ek adhyayana

==References==

==References==