9,091
edits
Changes
→Table 3: Dubowski’s stages of Alcoholic influence
|Confusion
|Confusion
|Disorientation, Confusion, Vertigo, Dysphoria;Exaggerated emotional states (fear, rage, grief etc.);Disturbances of vision (Diplopia) & 0f color, form, motion & dimensions;Increased pain threshold;Increased muscular incoordination, staggering gait and ataxia;Apathy, Lethargy
|Disorientation, Confusion, Vertigo, Dysphoria;Exaggerated emotional states (fear, rage, grief etc.);Disturbances of vision (Diplopia) & 0f color, form, motion & dimensions;Increased pain threshold;Increased muscular incoordination, staggering gait and ataxia;Apathy, Lethargy
|-
|0.25 to 0.40
|Stupor
|General inertia, approaching loss of motor functions;Markedly decreased response to stimuli;Marked muscular incoordination, inability to stand or walk;Vomiting, incontinence of urine and feces;Impaired consciousness, sleep or stupor
|-
|0.35 to 0.50
|Coma
|Complete unconciousness, Coma, Anesthesia;Depressed or abolished reflexes;Subnormal temperature;Impairment of circulation and respiration;Possible death
|-
|0.45 +
|Death
|Death from respiratory arrest
|-
|-
|}
|}
==== Role of olfaction in intoxication ====
Alcoholic beverages provoke massive orthonasal and retronasal stimulations (Bragulat et al., 2008) which constitute strong appetitive cues (Bienkowski et al., 2004) and might be involved in causing alcohol-dependence as they rapidly lead to conditioned alcohol-seeking behaviors (Pautassi et al., 2009). Olfactory stimulations elicit strong drinking desires (Schneider et al., 2001), this olfactory craving being even stronger than those provoked by visual–auditory cues, particularly during withdrawal (Kareken et al., 2004; Little et al., 2005) and thus being potentially involved in relapse.
Alcoholic beverages provoke massive orthonasal and retronasal stimulations (Bragulat et al., 2008) which constitute strong appetitive cues (Bienkowski et al., 2004) and might be involved in causing alcohol-dependence as they rapidly lead to conditioned alcohol-seeking behaviors (Pautassi et al., 2009). Olfactory stimulations elicit strong drinking desires (Schneider et al., 2001), this olfactory craving being even stronger than those provoked by visual–auditory cues, particularly during withdrawal (Kareken et al., 2004; Little et al., 2005) and thus being potentially involved in relapse.