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|title=Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya

|title=Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya

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|keywords=Kritavedhana, Ubhaytobhagahara, decoctions. Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb

|keywords=Kritavedhana, Ubhaytobhagahara, decoctions. Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Kalpa Sthana Chapter 6.Pharmaceutical preparations of Kritavedhana

|description=Kalpa Sthana Chapter 6.Pharmaceutical preparations of Kritavedhana

}}

}}

<big>'''[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 6.Pharmaceutical preparations of Kritavedhana'''</big>

<big>'''[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 6.Pharmaceutical preparations of Kritavedhana'''</big>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title = Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya

|title = Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|header3 =  

<p style="text-align:justify;">''Kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb) is used in treatment of deep seated diseases like ''kushtha'' (dermatosis), ''pandu'' (anemia), ''gulma'' (lump in abdomen), ''gara visha'' ( slow poisoning), etc. It belongs to family Cucurbitaceae. Total sixty preparations are made using different mediums like milk, alcohol, decoctions, meat, sugarcane juice, etc. It is very pungent, sharply acting and hot. Parts used are flowers and dried fruits for inducing emesis. It has emetic activity due to ''tikta rasa, tikshna guna, ushna veerya'' and most important its ''ubhaytobhagahara prabhava''. <br/>

Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb. is used as a strong emetic drug. It is very pungent, sharp and hot so used in deep seated diseases for e.g. ''gulma, kushtha'' (leprosy), ''gara visha'' (poisoning), ''shotha'' (edema) and several other diseases. Its synonyms are ''kshveda, koshataki'' and ''mridangaphala''.

Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb. is used as a strong emetic drug. It is very pungent, sharp and hot so used in deep seated diseases for e.g. ''gulma, kushtha'' (leprosy), ''gara visha'' (poisoning), ''shotha'' (edema) and several other diseases. Its synonyms are ''kshveda, koshataki'' and ''mridangaphala''.

In [[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] it is described in ''phalini dravya''. [1] In [[Vimana Sthana]] it is described in ''tikta skandha''. [2]

In [[Charaka Samhita]] it is described in ''phalini dravya''. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82] and in ''tikta skandha''. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143]

 

Sushruta in [[Sutra Sthana]] states that it is used to treat ''krimi'' (worms), ''kushtha, prameha'' (diabetes mellitus) and ''shiroroga'' (brain diseases). <ref>Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.45, Dravadravya vidhi Adhyaya, Verse 115. In: Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. ?? ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy;2013.pp 230</ref>

'''Latin name''': Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb.

'''Latin name''': Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb.

'''Family''': Cucurbitaceae

'''Family''': Cucurbitaceae

'''Sanskrit synonym''': jalini, rajimatphala, ridangaphala. [4]

'''Sanskrit synonym''': jalini, rajimatphala, ridangaphala.<ref>Dravyaguna- Vigyana, Vol.II, written by Prof. P.V. Sharma, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 1998, 383.</ref>

'''English name''': Ribbed luffa, Ridged gourd.

'''English name''': Ribbed luffa, Ridged gourd.

'''Botanical Description''':

'''Botanical Description''':

Leaves smaller, at first whitish and softly villous, at length scabrid. Flowers smaller. Fruit obovoid, obtusely conical at both ends, 5-10 cm. long, by about 2.5-3.8 cm thick, 10- ribbed, bitter. Seeds smaller.  The plant is slightly pungent, acrid, bitter; laxative; carminative digestible, a tonic to the intestines. [5] 

Leaves smaller, at first whitish and softly villous, at length scabrid. Flowers smaller. Fruit obovoid, obtusely conical at both ends, 5-10 cm. long, by about 2.5-3.8 cm thick, 10- ribbed, bitter. Seeds smaller.  The plant is slightly pungent, acrid, bitter; laxative; carminative digestible, a tonic to the intestines.<ref>Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol.II by Kirtikar and Basu, second edition 1998, pp1123-1124.</ref>

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Fig.  Luffa acutangula plant with fruit and flower.

Fig.  Luffa acutangula plant with fruit and flower.

'''Distribution''': It is found all over India. [6]

'''Distribution''': It is found all over India. <ref>Ibidem Dravyaguna Vigyana Vol.II,(4) 383.</ref>

*Rasa: Tikta

*Rasa: Tikta

*Guna: Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna

*Guna: Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna

*Veerya: Ushna

*Veerya: Ushna

*Vipaka: Katu (Ati Katu) [7]

*Vipaka: Katu (Ati Katu)  

*Prabhav: Ubhaytobhagahara. [8]

*Prabhav: Ubhaytobhagahara.<ref>Ibidem Dravyaguna Vigyana Vol.II,(4) 383</ref>

'''Uses''' :

'''Uses''' :

''Kritavedhana'' is ''vamaka'' (emetic) and  ''virechaka'' (purgative), ''mutravirechaka'' (diuretic), ''vrana shodhaka'' (wound purifier) and ''vishaghna'' (anti-poisonous). In small amount it increases ''kshudha'' (appetite), removes ''vibandha'' (constipation). In high dose it is ''vamaka'' and ''virechaka''. ''Jalodara'' (ascites) occurring due to hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, tincture (1:20) of its all five parts are used. The fruit destroys bad taste in mouth; ''Jwara'' (fever), ''shirashoola'' (headache). Fruit is violently ''vamaka'' (emetic). The entire plant is said to possess laxative and purgative properties and is also said to be useful in ''twaka vikara'' (skin diseases) and ''shwasa'' (asthma). It is said to be an antidote for snake poisoning. Cures ''vata, kapha, pandu'' (anemia), ''yakrata vikara'' (liver complaints), ''shwitra'' (leucoderma), ''arsha'' (piles), ''jalodara'' (ascites), ''kamala'' (jaundice). [9]

''Kritavedhana'' is ''vamaka'' (emetic) and  ''virechaka'' (purgative), ''mutravirechaka'' (diuretic), ''vrana shodhaka'' (wound purifier) and ''vishaghna'' (anti-poisonous). In small amount it increases ''kshudha'' (appetite), removes ''vibandha'' (constipation). In high dose it is ''vamaka'' and ''virechaka''. ''Jalodara'' (ascites) occurring due to hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, tincture (1:20) of its all five parts are used. The fruit destroys bad taste in mouth; ''Jwara'' (fever), ''shirashoola'' (headache). Fruit is violently ''vamaka'' (emetic). The entire plant is said to possess laxative and purgative properties and is also said to be useful in ''twaka vikara'' (skin diseases) and ''shwasa'' (asthma). It is said to be an antidote for snake poisoning. Cures [[vata]], [[kapha]], pandu'' (anemia), ''yakrata vikara'' (liver complaints), ''shwitra'' (leucoderma), ''arsha'' (piles), ''jalodara'' (ascites), ''kamala'' (jaundice). <ref>Bhavamishra,Bhava Prakash Nighantu In: Prof. K.C. Chunekar, editor, ? ed. Varanasi:Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2013, 672.</ref>

'''Chemical constituent''': In seeds oil is found.

'''Chemical constituent''': In seeds oil is found.

=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==

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Now we expound the chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of kritavedhana.As propounded by Lord Atreya.[1-2]

Now we shall expound the chapter "Kritavedhana Kalpa" (Pharmaceutical preparations of kritavedhana). Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]

==== Synonyms ====

=== Synonyms ===

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It is intensely pungent, sharply acting and hot and is beneficial in deep seated diseases like ''kushtha, pandu'' (anemia), ''plihavriddhi'' (splenomegaly), ''shotha'' (swelling), ''gulma, visha'' (poisoning), etc.[4]

It is intensely pungent, sharply acting and hot and is beneficial in deep seated diseases like ''kushtha, pandu'' (anemia), ''plihavriddhi'' (splenomegaly), ''shotha'' (swelling), ''gulma, visha'' (poisoning), etc.[4]

==== Various preparations ====

=== Various preparations ===

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Similarly meat – soup prepared with ''koshataki'' and added with seeds of ''phaladi'' drugs may be taken. One suffering from cough should take koshataki mixed and cooked with sugarcane.[12]

Similarly meat – soup prepared with ''koshataki'' and added with seeds of ''phaladi'' drugs may be taken. One suffering from cough should take koshataki mixed and cooked with sugarcane.[12]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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Four preparations in milk, one in alcohol, twenty decoctions, ten slimy ones, one ''ghrita'', six caplets, eight in linctus, seven in meat and one in sugarcane juice – thus total sixty formulations have been said in this chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of  ''Kritavedhana''.[13-14]

Four preparations in milk, one in alcohol, twenty decoctions, ten slimy ones, one ''ghrita'', six caplets, eight in linctus, seven in meat and one in sugarcane juice – thus total sixty formulations have been said in this chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of  ''Kritavedhana''.[13-14]

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

''Kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb) is used as emetic in treatment of deep seated diseases like ''kushtha'' (dermatosis), ''pandu'' (anemia), ''gulma'' (lump in abdomen), ''gara visha'' ( slow poisoning).

''Kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula Linn. Roxb) is used as emetic in treatment of deep seated diseases like ''kushtha'' (dermatosis), ''pandu'' (anemia), ''gulma'' (lump in abdomen), ''gara visha'' ( slow poisoning).

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

 

===== Anti-diabetic action =====

Glycogenesis in muscle and liver is mainly regulated by serum insulin level. The decrease in hepatic glycogen may be due to low level of serum insulin in NIDDM rats, which could have inactivated the glycogen synthesis system. Treatment with Luffa acutangula (L.A.) extracts for 21 days to NIDDM rats has resulted in increase in liver glycogen levels. This highlights the one possible way of antidiabetogenic action of  LA extract. [10]

==== Anti-diabetic action ====

====== Antioxidant activity/free radical scavenging activity ======

Glycogenesis in muscle and liver is mainly regulated by serum insulin level. The decrease in hepatic glycogen may be due to low level of serum insulin in NIDDM rats, which could have inactivated the glycogen synthesis system. Treatment with Luffa acutangula (L.A.) extracts for 21 days to NIDDM rats has resulted in increase in liver glycogen levels. This highlights the one possible way of antidiabetogenic action of  LA extract. <ref>Shekhawat N, Soam P S, Singh T and Vijayvergia R, Antioxidant activity of 5 vegetables traditionally consumed by South Asian migrants. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences,5(4): 298-301, (2010).</ref>

A comparative study of extracts, prepared both by cold maceration and also by boiling the plant in the solvent under reflux, of vegetables traditionally consumed like angular ''loofah'' (Luffa acutangula), ''charungli'' (Caralluma edulis), ''okra'' (Abelmoschus esculentus) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia) was made for free radical scavenging activity (antioxidant property).The IC 50 value of ''L. acutangula'' was determined and was found to be 0.33μg/mg19. A significant difference in the antioxidant activity was observed between the extract obtained by both methods, in case of ''L.acutangula'', indicating the change in chemical composition of the plant during the heating process and increase in the amount of antioxidant components. [11]

==== Antioxidant activity/free radical scavenging activity ====

====== Anti-ulcer activity ======

A comparative study of extracts, prepared both by cold maceration and also by boiling the plant in the solvent under reflux, of vegetables traditionally consumed like angular ''loofah'' (Luffa acutangula), ''charungli'' (Caralluma edulis), ''okra'' (Abelmoschus esculentus) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia) was made for free radical scavenging activity (antioxidant property).The IC 50 value of ''L. acutangula'' was determined and was found to be 0.33μg/mg19. A significant difference in the antioxidant activity was observed between the extract obtained by both methods, in case of ''L.acutangula'', indicating the change in chemical composition of the plant during the heating process and increase in the amount of antioxidant components.<ref>Ansari N M, Houlihan L, Pierni A, Antioxidant activity of 5 vegetables traditionally consumed by South Asian migrants in Bradford, Yorkshire UK.Phytotherapy. Research, 19: 907-911, (2005).</ref>

Protective effect of ''Luffa acutangula'' extracts (methanolic and aqueous, LAM, LAW) on gastric ulceration in NIDDM rats was studied by inducing diabetes with Streptozotocin (65mg/kg, i.p.) along with nicotinamide (120 mg/kg, i.p.) and gastric ulceration to diabetic rats was induced by aspirin. LAM significantly (P<0.01) increased mucosal glycoprotein and antioxidant enzyme level in gastric mucosa of diabetic rats than LAW (P <0.05). LAM was efficient in reversing the delayed healing of gastric ulcer in diabetic rats close to the normal level. LAM exhibited better ulcer healing effect than glibenclamide and LAW, because of its both anti-hyperglycemic and mucosal defensive actions. Thus, LAM is proved to be a better alternative for treating gastric ulcers co-occurring  with diabetes. [12]

==== Anti-ulcer activity ====

Fruit extract of Luffa acutangula (L) Roxb. was found more potent antibacterial and anti-fungal activity than leaf extract. Among the bacteria, E. coli showed high sensitivity than Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa species to leaf and fruit extract of Luffa. The anti-fungal property was evaluated on various species and Curvularia lunata was found highly sensitive to leaf and fruit extract of Luffa while to same extract Phomasorghina showed poor sensitivity. Thus, it was concluded that plant possess significant antibacterial and antifungal properties. [13]

==== Antimicrobial activity ====

''Phaladi'' drugs taken as ''pippali phala, jimutaka, ikshvaku, dhamargava, kutaja'' and ''kritavedhana''. [14][Verse 7]

Fruit extract of Luffa acutangula (L) Roxb. was found more potent antibacterial and anti-fungal activity than leaf extract. Among the bacteria, E. coli showed high sensitivity than Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa species to leaf and fruit extract of Luffa. The anti-fungal property was evaluated on various species and Curvularia lunata was found highly sensitive to leaf and fruit extract of Luffa while to same extract Phomasorghina showed poor sensitivity. Thus, it was concluded that plant possess significant antibacterial and antifungal properties. <ref>Dandge V S,Rothe SP and Pethe A S,Antimicrobial activity and Pharmacognostic study of Luffa acutangularoxb var amara on some deuteromycetes fungi. International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, 2 (1): 191-196, (2010).</ref>

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#Pimple B P,Kadam P V and Patil M J, Protective effect of Luffa acutangula extracts on    gastric ulceration in NIDDM rats: Role of gastric mucosal glycoproteins and antioxidants.Asian  Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 610- 615, (2012).

#Dandge V S,Rothe SP and Pethe A S,Antimicrobial activity and Pharmacognostic study of Luffa acutangularoxb var amara on some deuteromycetes fungi. International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, 2 (1): 191-196, (2010).

#Charaka Samhita, Kalpa sthana, Madana Kalpa Adhayaya, 1/18, commentary by Yadav ji trikamaji Acarya, Chaukhambha Sura Bharati Prakashan, 2011, 655.

=== Glossary ===

==References ==

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