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!colspan="2"| Hetu of janapadodhvansa in purview of adharma
!colspan="2"| Hetu of janapadodhvansa in purview of adharma
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| Prajnaparadha
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| Prajnaparadha is intellectual mistake or knowingly performing sinful or inappropriate actions. (Cha. Sa. Shareera Sthana 1/102)This can be compared with the imbalance in public health and lack of healthcare management systems, lack of personal hygiene and lack of awareness regarding preservation of health which affects the health of community.<ref name="ref22">Organisation mondiale de la santé. Managing epidemics: key facts about major deadly diseases. 2018.</ref>
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| Shashtraprabhava
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| Casualties occurring due to the conditions like war, riots etc. It is the leading cause of deterioration of physical and mental health of many countries.<ref name="ref23">Sidel VW, Levy BS. The health impact of war. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2008 Dec;15(4):189–95</ref>
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| Rakshogana
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| This represent the microbes that cause the disease.
Most common types of epidemics are of infectious type and have zoonotic spread. For example Spanish flu, Swine flu, Bird flu, Typhoid fever, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19 that have emerged in the recent times.<ref name="ref24">Piret J, Boivin G. Pandemics Throughout History. Front Microbiol. 2021 Jan 15;11:631736.</ref>
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| Abhishapa
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| These refer to the compromised social and community manners and etiquette guidelines thus decreasing public health i.e. absence of sadvritta palana (code of conduct).<ref name="ref25">Dempsey RC, McAlaney J, Bewick BM. A Critical Appraisal of the Social Norms Approach as an Interventional Strategy for Health-Related Behavior and Attitude Change. Frontiers in Psychology [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Jan 23];9. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02180</ref>
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