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<p style='text-align:justify;'>Acharya Sushruta states vyapanna ritu (unfavourable seasons) as the primary cause of janapadodhvansa or maraca. Seasonal variations whether gradual or transient lead to disturbance in equilibrium of doshas, thus affecting the health of population. (Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 6/21)</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Acharya Sushruta states vyapanna ritu (unfavourable seasons) as the primary cause of janapadodhvansa or maraca. Seasonal variations whether gradual or transient lead to disturbance in equilibrium of doshas, thus affecting the health of population. (Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 6/21)</p>
== Adharma (inappropriate bahaviour) as a cause ==
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Adharma (inappropriate behaviour) is another cause of janapadodhvansa can be described as not abiding to one’s prescribed duties and responsibilities. (Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 3/24) This can be associated with the human conduct and behaviour responsible for the occurrence of diseases. This reflects on the social determinants of health. The researches have proved that human behaviour is equally responsible in occurrence of epidemics as it results in excessive exploitation of natural resources, increase in pollution, increase in incidence of warfare, decreased social harmony, disturbance of ecosystems and deterioration of universal health.<ref name="ref21">Funk S, Salathé M, Jansen VAA. Modelling the influence of human behaviour on the spread of infectious diseases: a review. J R Soc Interface. 2010 Sep 6;7(50):1247–56.</ref> Pragyaparadha (intellectual errors), shashtraprabhava (warfare), rakshogana (infectious conditions) and abhishapa (inappropriate social behaviour) are social, behavioral determinants of health. These can be termed as host specific factors for disease occurrence. <br/>Adharma as a hetu of janapadodhvansa can be illustrated in the table as given below (Table No. 2-Hetu of janapadodhvansa in purview of adharma)</p>
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!colspan="2"| Hetu of janapadodhvansa in purview of adharma
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