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| Containing bashpa (fog), sikta (air pollutant like industrial effluents, solid pollutant particulate matter), panshu (micro pollutants), dhuma (smoke or smog)

| Containing bashpa (fog), sikta (air pollutant like industrial effluents, solid pollutant particulate matter), panshu (micro pollutants), dhuma (smoke or smog)

| The particulate matter is mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in air. These include pollutants like acids, organic chemicals, soil, dust particles and allergens.<ref name="ref10"> Particulate Matter Effects on Health - Air (U.S. National Park Service) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/humanhealth-pm.html</ref>

| The particulate matter is mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in air. These include pollutants like acids, organic chemicals, soil, dust particles and allergens.<ref name="ref10">Particulate Matter Effects on Health - Air (U.S. National Park Service) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/humanhealth-pm.html</ref>

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|rowspan="4"| Udaka <br/>(water)

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| Vikruta gandha- altered odour <br/>Vikruta varna- altered colour <br/>Vikruta rasa- altered taste <br/>Vikruta sparsha, kleda bahula – altered consistency.

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| These are the indicators of water pollution. All these conditions depict lack of acceptability of drinking water due to the presence of taste and odour which is  otherwise absent in water suitable for consumption.<ref name="ref11">Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes, Edited by Jamie Bartram and Richard Balance, Published on behalf of United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization, 1996, Page No.-1,2</ref>

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| Upakranta jalachara – Devoid of biota and animals due to the death of animals

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| This condition is similar to famine where the lands are devoid of biota as a cause of extreme scarcity of food and water resources.<ref name="ref12">Famine Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 23]. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/famine</ref>

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| Upaksheena jalashaya – drying up of water resources- indication of drought

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| Drought is a prolonged dry period in the natural climate cycle. This slow-onset disaster is characterizedby lack of precipitation, resulting in a water shortage.<ref name="ref13">Drought [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 21]. Available from: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/drought</ref>

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| Apreetikara aapada guna –Water sources having questionable palatability and quality.

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| The water quality is affected by pollutants and particulate matter rendering it undesirable taste, odour, colour and consistency. If the drinking water is not of optimum quality, it threatens the overall health of community.<ref name="ref14">Common Perceptible Water Quality Issues [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.wqa.org/learn-about-water/perceptible-issues</ref>

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|rowspan="5"| Desha <br/>(Soil or region)

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| Dhoomrapavana – region having polluted atmosphere. <br/>Kshubhita salilashaya – pollution of available water resources.

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| This can be compared with environmental pollution, overcrowding, altered quality of soil and water, lack of sanitation and resources.<ref name="ref15">Briggs D. Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease. Br Med Bull. 2003 Dec 1;68(1):1–24.</ref>

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| Vikruta varna – alteration in normal colour <br/>Vikruta gandha – altered smell, presence of odour otherwise absent in the drinking water <br/>vikruta sparsha – altered texture or consistency of water <br/>Kledabahula – excessive water content in the atmosphere or presence of stickiness

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| This indicates the soil pollution. It is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals in the form of pollutants or contaminants in soil, in concentrations high enough to cause a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem.<ref name="ref16">What Is Soil Pollution | Environmental Pollution Centers [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 23]. Available from: https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/soil/</ref>

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| Upasrushta sari srupa vyala mashaka makshika mushaka – having more organisms like flies, snakes, rats etc. <br/>Pratanadi bahula – excess growth of climbers and hyacinth especially in the water resources <br/>Atishushka nashta shasya – withering of crops <br/>Vyathita vividha mruga pakshi -  Disturbed ecosystems

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| This refers to the disruption of biota and ecosystems and environmental pollution leading to death of plants and animals in the region.<ref name="ref17">Corvalán C, Hales S, McMichael AJ, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Program), World Health Organization, editors. Ecosystems and human well-being: health synthesis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005. 53 p. (Millennium ecosystem assessment).</ref>

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| Nashta dharma aachara sheela – loss of sense of humanity and responsibility amongst the civilians

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| Disruption of social conduct and behaviour. These factors determine the effect on the social, behavioural determinants of health.<ref name="ref18">Social determinants of health [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jul 21]. Available from: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health</ref>

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| Pratata ulka pata -  area more prone to occurrence of natural calamities like meteors etc. <br/>Bhumikampa – occurrence of earthquakes.

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| This refers to susceptibility of region for the occurrence of natural calamities.<ref name="ref19">Definition of NATURAL DISASTER [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 23]. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/natural+disaster</ref> These are a sudden events in nature that usually results in serious morbidity and mortality. floods ,earthquakes, tornados etc.

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| Kaala

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| Yatha ritu -viparita lakshana – excessive seasonal variations. <br/>yatha ritu- hina linga, ati linga

| Kaala factor is the seasonal occurrence of diseases. These also indicate the disease conditions arising from the disrupted climate.<ref name="ref20">Grassly NC, Fraser C. Seasonal infectious disease epidemiology. Proc Biol Sci. 2006 Oct 7;273(1600):2541–50.</ref>

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