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{{#seo:
|title=Samanya Vishesha Theory
|title=Samanya Vishesha Theory
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Samanya Vishesha Theory in ayurveda,Samanya Vishesha Theory meaning,Samanya Vishesha Theory,Charak Samhita,Principle of Samanya (similarity) and Vishesha(difference)
|keywords=Samanya Vishesha Theory in ayurveda,Samanya Vishesha Theory meaning,Samanya Vishesha Theory,Charak Samhita,Principle of Samanya (similarity) and Vishesha(difference), similarity, differences, uniformity, caraka samhita, ayurveda,Indian system of medicine.
|description=The theory of Samanya and Vishesha is important in every aspect of life
|description=The theory of Samanya and Vishesha is important in every aspect of life
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|type=article
|type=article
}}
}}
<p style="text-align:justify;">[[Samanya]] and [[vishesha]] are among the six fundamental principles (padartha). These are [[samanya]] (similarity), [[vishesha]] (dissimilarity), [[guna]] (properties), [[dravya]] (substances), [[karma]] (action) and [[samavaya]] (inherence). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/28-29] [[Samanya]] is mentioned on priority because knowledge of causes of diseases denote similarities (samanyamulak). The various objects under consideration possess a certain common principle known as ‘[[samanya]]’. [[Samanya]] is the cause of increase of all components. [[Samanya]] combines two or more components and is for the element of the similarity.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/44] It is noted that [[samanya]] leads to increase, only in the absence of an opponent. For example, barley and [[vata dosha]] have the same quality of dryness (rukshata). Therefore, excess consumption of barley generally causes vitiation of [[vata dosha]]. However, if a person consumes oily food with barley, then the increase in [[vata dosha]] is diminished. The unctuous quality of oily food is opposite to dry quality of barley. [[Samanya]] can be related to ‘community’ or ‘genera’ to which the substance is associated with. It resembles the concept of ‘jati’ (origin). It denotes similarities or oneness between concepts or substances. For example, there are many human personalities, but ‘humanity’ is common to all. This humanity is unique for the human species. It distinguishes it from other species like govatva (cow species) and ajatva (goats). [[Samanya]] is eternal (everlasting and endless), one in number, and remains in many matters like substance ([[dravya]]), quality ([[guna]]) and action ([[karma]]). </p>
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On the contrary, [[vishesha]] is the cause of decrease and it differentiates. It is opposite to [[samanya]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/44] For example, [[vishesha]] produces a distinction between muscle tissue ([[mamsa dhatu]]) and [[vata dosha]]. Thus [[mamsa]] is vishesha for [[vata dosha]]. Therefore, rise in [[vata dosha]] decreases [[mamsa dhatu]] and vice versa. [[Vishesha]] causes a decrease or lowering (hraas) only in the absence of an opponent. For example, when a person sleeps in the daytime, it generally increases [[kapha dosha]]. Still, when the same person keeps awake during the night (an action that decreases [[kapha dosha]]) along with day sleep, there is little or no increase in [[kapha dosha]]. Here night wakefulness acts as an opponent to daytime sleep. It refers to the dissimilarity of identity or sameness between substances.
On the contrary, [[vishesha]] is the cause of decrease and it differentiates. It is opposite to [[samanya]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/44] For example, [[vishesha]] produces a distinction between muscle tissue ([[mamsa dhatu]]) and [[vata dosha]]. Thus [[mamsa]] is vishesha for [[vata dosha]]. Therefore, rise in [[vata dosha]] decreases [[mamsa dhatu]] and vice versa. [[Vishesha]] causes a decrease or lowering (hraas) only in the absence of an opponent. For example, when a person sleeps in the daytime, it generally increases [[kapha dosha]]. Still, when the same person keeps awake during the night (an action that decreases [[kapha dosha]]) along with day sleep, there is little or no increase in [[kapha dosha]]. Here night wakefulness acts as an opponent to daytime sleep. It refers to the dissimilarity of identity or sameness between substances.
The [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]] cause augmentation and diminution of body components in biology, respectively. The similar factors to the body components will get augmented, and the dissimilar will diminish. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/44]
The [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]] cause augmentation and diminution of body components in biology, respectively. The similar factors to the body components will get augmented, and the dissimilar will diminish. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/44]
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|label2 = Authors
|label2 = Authors
|data2 =Bhojani M.K.<sup>1</sup>, Yadav Vandana<sup>1</sup>
|data2 = Bhojani M.K.<sup>1</sup>, Yadav Vandana<sup>1</sup>
|label3 = Reviewer
|label3 = Reviewer
|data3 = Basisht G.<sup>2</sup>
|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]<sup>2</sup>
|label4 = Editor
|label4 = Editor
|data4 = Deole Y.S.<sup>3</sup>
|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]<sup>3</sup>
|label5 = Affiliations
|label5 = Affiliations
|data5 = <sup>1</sup> Department of Kriya Sharira, A.I.I.A. , New Delhi, India
|data5 = <sup>1</sup> Department of Kriya Sharira, A.I.I.A. , New Delhi, India
<sup>2</sup> [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
<sup>2</sup> Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.
<sup>3</sup>G.J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
<sup>3</sup>G.J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
|label6 = Correspondence email
|label6 = Correspondence email
|data6 = meera.samhita@aiia.gov.in, carakasamhita@gmail.com
|data6 = meera.samhita@aiia.gov.in, carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label7 = Date of first publication:
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = February 22, 2022
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
|label8 = DOI
|label8 = Date of first publication:
|data8 = under process
|data8 = February 22, 2022
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.089
}}
}}
#Dravya vishesha (dis-similarity in substances): Elements which are different or opposite, are responsible of their diminution. For example, horse gram or barley like dry substances (ruksha) cause depletion of [[kapha dosha]] and cholesterol in obesity.
#Dravya vishesha (dis-similarity in substances): Elements which are different or opposite, are responsible of their diminution. For example, horse gram or barley like dry substances (ruksha) cause depletion of [[kapha dosha]] and cholesterol in obesity.
#Guna vishesha (dis-similarity in qualities): Elements with different or opposite attributes ([[guna]]) are responsible for their diminution. For example, warm (ushna), unctuous (snigdha) and dense (guru) oil (tail) pacify [[vata dosha]] of opposite features.
#Guna vishesha (dis-similarity in qualities): Elements with different or opposite attributes ([[guna]]) are responsible for their diminution. For example, warm (ushna), unctuous (snigdha) and dense (guru) oil (tail) pacify [[vata dosha]] of opposite features.
#Karma vishesha (dis-similarity in actions): Functions opposite to qualities of elements is known as karma vishesha. For example, bloodletting (like siravedha) decreases blood impurities ([[rakta dosha]]).
#Karma vishesha (dis-similarity in actions): Functions opposite to qualities of elements is known as karma vishesha. For example, bloodletting (like siravedha) decreases blood impurities ([[rakta]] [[dosha]]).
==Difference between [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]]==
==Difference between [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]]==
====Vishesha====
====Vishesha====
[[Vishesha]] emphasis on specificity or particularity. [[Vishesha]] is used in maintaining the equilibrium of [[dosha]], body tissues ([[dhatu]]) and body wastes ([[mala]]). The treatment shall be done in six stages of pathogenesis ([[shatkriyakala]]) to stop the progression of diseases. If [[dosha]] are not stopped through alleviation, the disease may progress to an incurable stage. [[Vishesha]] is used for the alleviation of [[dosha]] at this point. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/60-62] Also [[Vishesha]] principle is applied in emaciating therapies ([[apatarpana]]) in the cases of diseases caused by overnutrition ([[santarpana]]) and vice versa. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/25-26]
[[Vishesha]] emphasis on specificity or particularity. [[Vishesha]] is used in maintaining the equilibrium of [[dosha]], body tissues ([[dhatu]]) and body wastes ([[mala]]). The treatment shall be done in six stages of pathogenesis ([[shatkriyakala]]) to stop the progression of diseases. If [[dosha]] are not stopped through alleviation, the disease may progress to an incurable stage. [[Vishesha]] is used for the alleviation of [[dosha]] at this point. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/60-62] Also [[Vishesha]] principle is applied in emaciating therapies ([[apatarpana]]) in the cases of diseases caused by overnutrition (santarpana) and vice versa. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/25-26]
Application of principles of samanya-vishesha in the therapeutic intervention leads to augmentation or diminution of body elements. These principles play an important role in treating diseases and preventing them from recurrence.
Application of principles of samanya-vishesha in the therapeutic intervention leads to augmentation or diminution of body elements. These principles play an important role in treating diseases and preventing them from recurrence.
The seasonal dietary and lifestyles regimens ([[ritucharya]]) are prescribed on the basis of samanya and vishesha principles. These are generally opposite to environmental conditions characteristics to maintain the equilibrium of [[dosha]] in the body.
The seasonal dietary and lifestyles regimens ([[ritucharya]]) are prescribed on the basis of samanya and vishesha principles. These are generally opposite to environmental conditions characteristics to maintain the equilibrium of [[dosha]] in the body.
Daily regimens ([[dinacharya]]) is helpful in prevention of diseases. The various procedures in [[dinacharya]] are also based on principles of samanya and vishesha. Example, therapeutic smoking (dhumrapana) helps in pacifying [[kapha dosha]], massage (abhyanga) helps in pacifying [[vata dosha]], etc.
Daily regimens ([[dinacharya]]) is helpful in prevention of diseases. The various procedures in [[dinacharya]] are also based on principles of samanya and vishesha. Example, therapeutic smoking ([[dhumapana]]) helps in pacifying [[kapha dosha]], massage ([[abhyanga]]) helps in pacifying [[vata dosha]], etc.
The ‘agryadravyas’ (foremost factors) are used for treatment of diseases and maintenance of health. These act by the principle of samanya and vishesha. For example, the best way to pacify [[kapha dosha]] is therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]). The best drug to kill worms inside body is Embelia ribes ([[vidanga]]).
The ‘agryadravyas’ (foremost factors) are used for treatment of diseases and maintenance of health. These act by the principle of samanya and vishesha. For example, the best way to pacify [[kapha dosha]] is therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]). The best drug to kill worms inside body is Embelia ribes ([[vidanga]]).
Various researches on applied aspects of Samanya Vishesha siddhanta have been carried out in past decade and presented in the form of articles and thesis. The summary of these researches is as follows.
Various researches on applied aspects of Samanya Vishesha siddhanta have been carried out in past decade and presented in the form of articles and thesis. The summary of these researches is as follows.
1. Samanya Vishesha Principle- Key component in Ayurvedic treatment by Archana Mishra: This article narrates that samanya vishesha can be used in choosing the right medication. Due to [[samanya]] property, medications that can raise the decreased [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] (due to similarities) can be used. Whereas due to [[vishesha]], medications that can lower the increased [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] (due to dissimilarities) can be used.<ref>Samanya Vishesha Principle- Key component in ayurvedic treatment- by Archana Mishra, IAMJ, April, 2018, ISSN: 2320 5091.</ref>
2. Universal significance of the principle of [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]] beyond [[Ayurveda]] by Deep Narayan Pandey and Neha Pandey Prakash: This article indicates that Samanya Vishesha siddhanta has universal applicability beyond [[Ayurveda]].<ref>Universal Significance of the Principle of Samanya and Vishesha beyond Ayurveda- by Deep Narayan Pandey and Neha Pandey Prakash, JAIM, 3 November 2018.</ref> After illustrating the concept and features of [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]] few examples of universal applicability of [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]] beyond [[Ayurveda]] were portrayed as follows:
a) Children try to copy the acts of their parents. The good behaviour increases the good behaviour of the children and vice versa (by the property of [[samanya]]). Thus, the anger issues children, if tried to solve by angry behaviour of parents, is found to increase the angry nature of the child ([[samanya]]). Whereas solving the angry nature of child by calm behaviour of parents is found to pacify angry nature of the children ([[vishesha]]).
b) If people with similar wealth status ([[samanya]]) join a team and work with same strategy, then it leads to poverty reduction.
3. Application of samanya vishesha siddhant in management of [[ama]] by Temkal Shital and Sawai Rajesh: [[Ama]] (incompletely transformed or metabolised food) is formed as a result of insufficient digestive capacity (agnimandya). The prevention of causes of agnimandya ([[samanya]]), implementation of procedures that cause exaggeration of digestive capacity (jatharagni) and procedures that have opposite features to that of [[ama]] ([[vishesha]]) helps in pacification of [[ama]]. Application of vishesha bhava (dravya vishesha like Aconitum heterophyllum ([[ativisha]]), Cyperus rotundus (nagarmotha)) are important for digestion of [[ama]] (amapachana).<ref>Application of Samanya Vishesha Siddhant in Management of Ama- by Temkal Shital and Sawai Rajesh Volume 10, Issue 6, 595-600, ISSN 2277– 7105, 10 May 2021.</ref>
4. Doctrines of samanya-vishesha siddhant in relation to the management of diseases by Ramteerth Sharma, Sunil K. Sharma, Mamta Tiwari, Anurag Pandey: Samanya Vishesha siddhanta helps maintain the equilibrium of vitiated [[dosha]]. Application of [[samanya]] leads to advancement of stages of diseases (shatkriyakala) and prevention of advancement of stages of diseases can be done by application of [[vishesha]]. More strength in [[visarga kala]] (rainy (varsha), autumn (sharada) and early winter (hemant season)) and decreased strength in [[adana kala]] (late winter (shishira), spring (vasanta) and summer (grishma) season) is due to samanyavishesha. Daily routine ([[dinacharya]]), if applied in context of samanya vishesha gives better results. The foremost drugs (agryadravyas) and mahakashayas mentioned in [[Charaka Samhita]] works with the principle of samanya vishesha. The increasing and decreasing of [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]]s to prevent their imbalance is by the theory of samanya vishesha. This theory helps in the treatment of [[ama]] too.<ref>Doctrines of Samanya-Vishesha Siddhant in Relation to Management of Diseases- by Ramteerth Sharma, Sunil K. Sharma, Mamta Tiwari, Anurag Pandey in Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition, Volume 16 Issue 7 ISSN : 1673-064X</ref>
5. Concept of samanya vishesha siddhanta and its role in prevention of diseases - Ayurveda review by Sapna Jain and Seema Bahatkar: The samanya vishesha theory helps the [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] and [[mala]] to attain the state of equilibrium. It helps in making choice of appropriate activities, diet and medicine.<ref>Concept of SamanyaVishesha Siddhant and its Role in Prevention of Diseases - Ayurveda review- by Sapna Jain and Seema Bahatkar, Himalayan Journal of Health Sciences, 2021 ISSN: 2582 – 0737.</ref>
6. Conceptual study of samanya vishesh siddhanta in treatment of amlapitta (hyperacidity) by Uzma A. Qureshi and Arun U. Bhatkar: The causes of hyperacidity (amlapitta) like dravya samanya viz. Macrotyloma uniforum (kulattha), roasted grains, drinking excessive water newly made alcohol, fermented products like curd, idli, dosa, dhokla etc. increases [[pitta dosha]]. Guna samanya like consumption of hot potency (ushna) substances and liquid (dravagunatmak) foodstuff, sour (amla) and stuffs increase [[pitta dosha]]. Similar actions like excessive fasting, suppression of natural urges, eating at improper time when previous is not properly digested leads to vitiation of [[pitta dosha]]. Avoidance of these factors helps in pacifying amlapitta. Also, the use of [[dravya]]s having opposite properties of [[pitta]], will decrease the vitiated potency of [[pitta]], and consequently amlapitta.<ref>Conceptual Study of Samanya Vishesh Siddhanta in Treatment of Amlapitta (Hyperacidity) - by Uzma A. Qureshi and Arun U. Bhatkar, International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Medical Sciences, Vol 3, Issue 1. (Jan-Mar 2020) ISSN: 2582-2748</ref>
7. A study of samanya vishesha siddhanta w.s.r. to visheshasiddhanta in dietary & therapeutic management of madhumeha by Sumangala H.M.: A Study was carried out on 30 patients of madhumeha for a period of 45 days. It was found that applying treatment based on [[vishesha]] principle helps in the management of madhumeha.<ref>A Study of Samanya Vishesha Siddhanta w.s.r. to Vishesha Siddhanta in Dietary & Therapeutic Management of Madhumeha – by Sumangala H.M, Dissertation submitted to Rajiv Gandhi University of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, November 2010</ref>
8. Conceptual and applied aspects of hrasaheturvisheshashscha in the context of sthaulya by Ritesh Gujarathi: In this study, the principle of samanya and vishesha was applied to study effect of gomutraharitaki in the patients of obesity (sthaulya).<ref>Conceptual and Applied Aspects of Hrasa Hetur-Visheshascha in the context of Sthaulya – by Ritesh Gujrati, Dissertation submitted to IPGT&R, Jamnagar, Gujarat, 2004</ref>
==Related Chapters==
[[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], [[Uttar Basti Siddhi]], [[Ayurveda]], [[Kaarya Kaarana Siddhanta]], [[Padartha]], [[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Disha]],[[Samavaya]],[[Abhava]]
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