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|title=Kalpa Sthana

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|keywords=Kalpa Sthana, Madanakalpa Adhyaya, Jimutaka Kalpa Adhyaya, Ikshvaku Kalpa Adhyaya, Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya, Vatsaka Kalpa Adhyaya, Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya, Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya, Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya, Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya, Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya, Saptalashankhini Kalpa Adhyaya, Dantidravanti Kalpa Adhyaya

|description=Kalpa Sthana deals with the study of formulations used in therapeutic purification procedures

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|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com~~/mediawiki-1.32.1~~/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

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|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=charak samhita

|type=article

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|data2 = [[Chikitsa Sthana]]

|label3 = Succeeding section

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|data3 = [[~~Sidhi~~ Sthana]]

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|data3 = [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|label4 = Other Sections

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|data4 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[~~Nidhana~~ Sthana]],[[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]]

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|data4 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],[[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]]

|label5 = Author

|data5 = Nishteswar K.

|label6 = Reviewer

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|data6 = Basisht G.

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|data6 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]

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|label7 = ~~Editor~~

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|label7 = Editors

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|data7 = Deole Y. S.

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|data7 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]

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|label8 = ~~Date~~ of publication

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|label8 = Year of publication

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|data8 = ~~December 17, 2018~~

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|data8 = 2020

|label9 = DOI

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|data9 =

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|data9 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.001 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.001]

|header10 = Chapters

|label11 =

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|data11 = [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]], [[Jimutaka Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Ikshvaku Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Vatsaka Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Saptalashankhini Kalpa Adhyaya]], [[Dantidravanti Kalpa Adhyaya]] }}

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|data11 = 1. [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]], 2. [[Jimutaka Kalpa Adhyaya]], 3. [[Ikshvaku Kalpa Adhyaya]], 4. [[Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya]], 5. [[Vatsaka Kalpa Adhyaya]], 6. [[Kritavedhana Kalpa Adhyaya]], 7. [[Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya]], 8. [[Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya]], 9. [[Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya]], 10. [[Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya]], 11. [[Saptalashankhini Kalpa Adhyaya]], 12. [[Dantidravanti Kalpa Adhyaya]] }}

'''<big>Preamble of Kalpa Sthana</big>'''

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=== Fundamental principles===

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A healthy individual is an asset to any society, while a sick individual will be a liability to his family in particular and the society at large. To keep oneself healthy, [[Ayurveda]] lays down the principles of various lifestyles in terms of daily regimen (''dinacharya''), seasonal regimen (''ritucharya'') and modified lifestyles to cure the diseases. Physical exercise for the preservation of health begins with adapting techniques for purification of the body and the mind along with an intake of ''rasayana'' drugs (rejuvenatives). Accumulated ~~''malas''~~ (metabolic waste) at the level of cell, tissue or organ should be expunged out to facilitate the restoration of normal functioning of the body by five ~~purificatory~~ procedures (''shodhana karma'') often referred as [[Panchakarma]], namely ''vamana'' (emesis), ''virechana'' (purgation), ''asthapana basti'' (evacuative enema), ''anuvasana basti'' (restorative enema), and ''shirovirechana'' (errhines) are indicated for healthy as well as diseased persons. If ''malas'' are not taken out of the body, they cause diseases and decay (ageing) of the body. After purification procedures, ''jatharagni'' (gastro-intestinal digestive juices) becomes weak and may not digest the food normally. For restoration of this function, the food that is easily digestible is introduced and increased gradually over a period of time and this procedure is called ''samsarjana karma''. Details of pharmaceutical process of drugs employed in ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' procedures are given in this section and detailed therapeutic implications of all the ''shodhana'' karma in [[Siddhi Sthana]].

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A healthy individual is an asset to any society, while a sick individual will be a liability to his family in particular and the society at large. To keep oneself healthy, [[Ayurveda]] lays down the principles of various lifestyles in terms of daily regimen ([[dinacharya]]), seasonal regimen ([[ritucharya]]) and modified lifestyles to cure the diseases. Physical exercise for the preservation of health begins with adapting techniques for purification of the body and the mind along with an intake of [[rasayana]] drugs (rejuvenatives). Accumulated [[mala]] (metabolic waste) at the level of cell, tissue or organ should be expunged out to facilitate the restoration of normal functioning of the body by five purification procedures ([[shodhana karma]]) often referred as [[Panchakarma]], namely [[vamana]] (emesis), [[virechana]] (purgation), [[asthapana basti]] (evacuative enema), [[anuvasana basti]] (restorative enema), and [[shirovirechana]] (errhines) are indicated for healthy as well as diseased persons. If ''malas'' are not taken out of the body, they cause diseases and decay (ageing) of the body. After purification procedures, ''jatharagni'' (gastro-intestinal digestive juices) becomes weak and may not digest the food normally. For restoration of this function, the food that is easily digestible is introduced and increased gradually over a period of time and this procedure is called ''samsarjana karma''. Details of pharmaceutical process of drugs employed in [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] procedures are given in this section and detailed therapeutic implications of all the [[shodhana]] karma in [[Siddhi Sthana]].

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''Vamana'' and ''virechana'' therapies should be administered before administering ''basti'' (medicated enema therapy). Therefore, ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' drugs are first described in [[Kalpa Sthana]] before the description of ''basti'' therapy, which is described in detail under [[Siddhi Sthana]]. Generally, purgation therapy is administered only after the administration of emetic therapy and keeping this view the first six chapters are allocated for description of emetic drugs.

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[[Vamana]] and [[virechana]] therapies should be administered before administering [[basti]] (medicated enema therapy). Therefore, [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] drugs are first described in [[Kalpa Sthana]] before the description of [[basti]] therapy, which is described in detail under [[Siddhi Sthana]]. Generally, purgation therapy is administered only after the administration of emetic therapy and keeping this view the first six chapters are allocated for description of emetic drugs.

Six drugs have been described for emesis and nine others are described for purgation. Six hundred recipes prepared from these drugs (Total 15 drugs) are for the use of physician of low caliber and intelligent physician can formulate many other recipes to suit the exact requirement of his patient. The formulations are prescribed according to disease in different dosage forms like ''kashaya'' (decoction), ''svarasa'' (juice), ''kalka'' (paste), ''churna'' (powder), ''peya'' (drinks), ''lehya'' (lickable), and ''bhojya'' (foods).

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[[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] (pharmaceutical preparations)is the very first chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] of [[Charak Samhita]]. In all, there are twelve chapters in this section, of which the first six including ''Madanakalpa'' describe the various pharmaceutical formulations for emesis while the remaining six describe various purgative pharmaceutical preparations. Each chapter is named after a plant drug and in every chapter many compound formulations with suitable plant drugs are also given. Grossly, all twelve chapters can be divided into ''Vamana'' and ''Virechana'' ''Kalpa''. The literal meaning of ''Vamana'' is to eliminate the ~~''doshas''~~(impurities) from gastro-oral route whereas from lower tract- through anus it is known as purgative. Since impurities are eliminated in both the cases, it is known as [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya#Vamana (therapeutic emesis) and Virechana (therapeutic purgation)|''Virechana sanjna'' (evacuative)(Cha.Ka.1/4)]]

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[[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] (pharmaceutical preparations)is the very first chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] of [[Charak Samhita]]. In all, there are twelve chapters in this section, of which the first six including ''Madanakalpa'' describe the various pharmaceutical formulations for emesis while the remaining six describe various purgative pharmaceutical preparations. Each chapter is named after a plant drug and in every chapter many compound formulations with suitable plant drugs are also given. Grossly, all twelve chapters can be divided into [[Vamana]] and [[Virechana]] ''Kalpa''. The literal meaning of [[Vamana]] is to eliminate the [[dosha]](impurities) from gastro-oral route whereas from lower tract- through anus it is known as purgative. Since impurities are eliminated in both the cases, it is known as [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya#Vamana(therapeutic emesis) and Virechana(therapeutic purgation)|''Virechana sanjna'' (evacuative) [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/4] ]]

=== Salient features of [[Kalpa Sthana]] ===

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Charak detailed the Pharmacokinetics of drugs, dosage forms and weights and measures in this section. Drugs useful for ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' are discussed with their synonyms, varieties, pharmacological actions, and various modes of application in different dosage forms.

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Charak detailed the Pharmacokinetics of drugs, dosage forms and weights and measures in this section. Drugs useful for [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] are discussed with their synonyms, varieties, pharmacological actions, and various modes of application in different dosage forms.

==== Factors responsible for therapeutic efficacy ====

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Four important factors for producing maximum therapeutic efficacy of these drugs are identified. ''Deshasampat'' (collecting the plant from appropriate habitat), ''kalasampat'' (collecting the drugs in the appropriate season), ''gunasampat'' (collecting the plants when they are enriched with excellent attributes like ''rasa'', ''guna'', ''virya'', etc.) and ''bhajanasampat'' (storage of drugs in appropriate container).

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Four important factors for producing maximum therapeutic efficacy of these drugs are identified. ''Deshasampat'' (collecting the plant from appropriate habitat), ''kalasampat'' (collecting the drugs in the appropriate season), ''gunasampat'' (collecting the plants when they are enriched with excellent attributes like ''rasa'', [[guna]], [[virya]], etc.) and ''bhajanasampat'' (storage of drugs in appropriate container).

==== Pharmacokinetics of Drugs ====

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Drugs (used for emesis and purgation) which are ''ushna'' (hot), ''tikshna'' (sharp), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''vyavayi'' (those pervading the entire body before getting digested) and ''vikasi'' (those causing looseness of joints), by virtue of their own potency, reach the heart and circulate through the vessels. Because of their ''agneya'' nature (predominance of ''agni mahabhuta'', or fire element), they liquefy the compact form of (adhered) ~~''doshas''~~ (morbid material), and because of their sharpness (''tikshna'' attribute) they separate the adhered ~~''doshas''~~ located in the gross and subtle channels of the entire body. Like honey kept in the pot smeared with fat, the morbid material, after separation, moves floating without adhesion in the body which has been oleated (by the administration of oleation therapy). Because of its nature to move through subtle channels and to flow (towards the gastrointestinal tract), this morbid material reaches the stomach, and gets propelled by ''udana vayu''. Because of the predominance of ''agni'' and ''vayu ~~mahabhutas''~~ in these (emetic) drugs, and because of their specific action to move upwards, the morbid material gets expelled through the upward tract (mouth). On the other hand, purgative drugs, because of the predominance of ''prithvi'' and ''jala ~~mahabhutas''~~, and because of their specific action, (''prabhavajanya'') move downwards to expel the morbid material through the downward tract (anus). Combination of both these attributes result in the expulsion of the morbid material through both the upward and downward tracts.

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Drugs (used for emesis and purgation) which are ''ushna'' (hot), ''tikshna'' (sharp), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''vyavayi'' (those pervading the entire body before getting digested) and ''vikasi'' (those causing looseness of joints), by virtue of their own potency, reach the heart and circulate through the vessels. Because of their ''agneya'' nature (predominance of [[agni mahabhuta]], or fire element), they liquefy the compact form of (adhered) [[dosha]] (morbid material), and because of their sharpness (''tikshna'' attribute) they separate the adhered [[dosha]] located in the gross and subtle channels of the entire body. Like honey kept in the pot smeared with fat, the morbid material, after separation, moves floating without adhesion in the body which has been oleated (by the administration of oleation therapy). Because of its nature to move through subtle channels and to flow (towards the gastrointestinal tract), this morbid material reaches the stomach, and gets propelled by ''udana vayu''. Because of the predominance of [[agni mahabhuta]] and [[vayu mahabhuta]] in these (emetic) drugs, and because of their specific action to move upwards, the morbid material gets expelled through the upward tract (mouth). On the other hand, purgative drugs, because of the predominance of [[prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]], and because of their specific action, (''prabhavajanya'') move downwards to expel the morbid material through the downward tract (anus). Combination of both these attributes result in the expulsion of the morbid material through both the upward and downward tracts.

==== Similarities/ Dissimilarities of ''virya'' ====

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==== ''Snehapaka'' (preparation of medicated oil or ghee) ====

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[[Charak Samhita]] does not specify the liquid medium to be used in formulation of the medications. However, the use of certain liquids has been known through practice and other sources. In the process of ''snehakalpana'', for example, water has to be used invariably. ''Snehapaka'' (preparation of medicated oil or ghee) is categorized into three types i.e. ''mridupaka'' (mild boiling), ''madhayamapaka'' (moderate boiling) and ''kharapaka'' (full boiling). ''Sneha'' processed by ''kharapaka'' is indicated for massage purpose, ''mridupaka sneha'' is recommended to be used for ''nasya'' (inhalation) and moderately processed oil or ghee for internal use including for ''basti karma''.

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[[Charak Samhita]] does not specify the liquid medium to be used in formulation of the medications. However, the use of certain liquids has been known through practice and other sources. In the process of ''snehakalpana'', for example, water has to be used invariably. ''Snehapaka'' (preparation of medicated oil or ghee) is categorized into three types i.e. ''mridupaka'' (mild boiling), ''madhayamapaka'' (moderate boiling) and ''kharapaka'' (full boiling). ''Sneha'' processed by ''kharapaka'' is indicated for massage purpose, ''mridupaka sneha'' is recommended to be used for [[nasya]] (inhalation) and moderately processed oil or ghee for internal use including for [[basti]] karma.

==== Purification of drugs ====

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==== Sushruta's perspective of Kalpa sthana ====

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The subject matter of Kalpasthana in Sushruta samhita is entirely different and deals with one of the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]] known as Damshtrachikitsa (Toxicology). Sushruta furnished the details of ''vamana'' and virechana drugs in Sutra sthana (43 and 44th chapter). Among vamana dravyas madanaphala, jimutaka pushpa, kutaja phala, ikshvaku pushpa, kritavedhana beeja and dhamargava phala are enumerated. Sushruta identified best virechaneeya drugs based on part used like, trivrit among root purgatives and amongst bark, fruits, oil, juice and latex, the drugs namely tilvaka, haritaki, erandataila (Castor oil), karavellaka and snuhi are considered as best respectively. Trivrit, danti, dravanti, tilvaka, haritaki, chaturangula, erandataila, snuhiksheera, saptala, and shankhini are enumerated under virechaneeya drugs. There is not much difference among the drugs enumerated in Charak and Sushruta, but Sushruta included triphala, erandataila under virechana drugs.

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The subject matter of Kalpasthana in Sushruta samhita is entirely different and deals with one of the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]] known as Damshtrachikitsa (Toxicology). Sushruta furnished the details of [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] drugs in Sutra sthana (43 and 44th chapter). Among [[vamana]] dravyas madanaphala, jimutaka pushpa, kutaja phala, ikshvaku pushpa, kritavedhana beeja and dhamargava phala are enumerated. Sushruta identified best virechaneeya drugs based on part used like, trivrit among root purgatives and amongst bark, fruits, oil, juice and latex, the drugs namely tilvaka, haritaki, erandataila (Castor oil), karavellaka and snuhi are considered as best respectively. Trivrit, danti, dravanti, tilvaka, haritaki, chaturangula, erandataila, snuhiksheera, saptala, and shankhini are enumerated under virechaneeya drugs. There is not much difference among the drugs enumerated in Charak and Sushruta, but Sushruta included triphala, erandataila under virechana drugs.

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Charak suggested root bark of tilvaka while Sushruta instructed to use bark of tilvaka. A purgative recipe is suggested for children, old people, delicate and patients suffering from dhatukshaya (weight loss/wasting condition) by Sushruta which includes erandataila (Castor oil) mixed with triphala kwatha and milk or meat soup. He also suggested chaturangula for children up to age 12. It appears that Sushruta suggested easily available purgatives.<ref>Sushruta ~~samhita, Ed. By G. D~~. ~~Shingal et al.,~~ Sutra Sthana 44/72-77.</ref>

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Charak suggested root bark of tilvaka while Sushruta instructed to use bark of tilvaka. A purgative recipe is suggested for children, old people, delicate and patients suffering from dhatukshaya (weight loss/wasting condition) by Sushruta which includes erandataila (Castor oil) mixed with triphala kwatha and milk or meat soup. He also suggested chaturangula for children up to age 12. It appears that Sushruta suggested easily available purgatives.<ref>Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.44 Virechanadravyavikalpaneeya Adhyaya verse 72-77. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>

=== Relevance of the concepts of [[Kalpa Sthana]] in the current clinical practices ===

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Modern phytochemistry suggests that Saponin containing drugs act like irritants due to their foam producing action. Through this mechanism, drugs like madana, ikshvaku, jimutaka, kritvedhana may produce emesis. Till date there is no research work carried out on biological activity of kurchine regarding emesis. Drugs containing anthroquinone derivatives tend to be good laxatives. Therefore anthraqinone containing drugs like argvadha act as good virechaka drugs.

Ayurvedic classical texts atributed anti-diarrhoel activity to kutaja (Stem bark & seeds). Charak included kutaja under emetics. It may be interpreted that kutaja in emetic doses induces vomiting, while in sub-emetic or therapeutic doses controls diarrhea. According to modern pharmacology “the emetic drugs in sub-emetic doses acts as bronchodilators” indicates that alteration of the dose of the drug can produce different pharmacological actions.<ref>Satoskar RS, Bhandarkar SD, Ainapure SS. Pharmacology and Pharmaco- therapeutics. Revised 16th edn. Popular Prakashan Private Limited. Mumbai; 1999.</ref> It can be presumed that kutaja in emetic doses produces vomiting at the level of upper gastrointestinal tract, while the therapeutic dose of the drug controls diarrhea at the level of lower gastrointestinal tract.

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''Vamanopaga'' drugs (synergistic drugs to ''vamana karma'') like kovidara, karbudara, shanapushpi, pratyakpushpi possess ''agni'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' dominance can support main ''vamana dravya'' for emetic action, while drugs like draksha, kashmariphala, parushaka, badara, kuvala, peelu, karkandhu are ''prithvi'' and ~~''ap~~ mahabhuta'' dominant drugs, which can support the main ''virechaka'' drugs for inducing purgative action.

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''Vamanopaga'' drugs (synergistic drugs to [[vamana]] karma) like kovidara, karbudara, shanapushpi, pratyakpushpi possess [[agni]] and [[ vayu mahabhuta ]] dominance can support main [[vamana]] dravya for emetic action, while drugs like draksha, kashmariphala, parushaka, badara, kuvala, peelu, karkandhu are [[prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]] dominant drugs, which can support the main ''virechaka'' drugs for inducing purgative action.

To summarize the content of ''Kalpa sthana'' of Charak samhita it appears that the information about most popular emetic and purgative drugs with various dosage forms is furnished. And more research is required to explain modus operandii of emetic and purgative drugs and their therapeutic applicability through evidence based clinical trials which were in vogue during those times.

=== Important concepts in Kalpa Sthana ===

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* Mode of action of [[Vamana]] and [[Virechana]] ~~(Chapter~~ 1 ~~Verse~~ 5)

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* Mode of action of [[Vamana]] and [[Virechana]] [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1 / 5]

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* Factors responsible for potency of drug ~~(Chapter~~ 1 ~~verse~~ 7)

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* Factors responsible for potency of drug [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1 / 7]

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* Selection of soil and desha classification for collecting good quality medicinal plants ~~(Chapter~~ 1 ~~verse~~ 7-8)

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* Selection of soil and desha classification for collecting good quality medicinal plants [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1 / 7-8]

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* Ideal and forbidden areas for collecting medicinal plants ~~(Chapter~~ 1 ~~verse~~ 9)

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* Ideal and forbidden areas for collecting medicinal plants [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1 / 9]

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* Time period of collection and harvesting herbs ~~(Chapter~~ 1 ~~verse~~ 10)

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* Time period of collection and harvesting herbs[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1 / 10]

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* Storage of herbs ~~(Chapter~~ 1 ~~verse~~ 11)

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* Storage of herbs [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1 / 11]

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* Concept of [[Anupana]] (vehicle) ~~(Chapter~~ 1 ~~verse~~ 12)

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* Concept of [[Anupana]] (vehicle) [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1 / 12]

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* Nasal drug delivery of herbs ~~(Chapter~~ 1 ~~verse~~ 19, ~~Chapter~~ 3 ~~verses~~ 11-12, ~~Chapter~~ 4 ~~verse~~ 10, ~~Chapter~~ 10 ~~verse~~ 17)

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* Nasal drug delivery of herbs [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1 / 19], [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 3 / 11-12],[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 4 / 10],[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 10 / 17]

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* Concept of ascending dosage schedule (vardhamana matra) ~~(Chapter~~ 3 ~~verse~~ 13)

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* Concept of ascending dosage schedule (vardhamana matra)[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 3 / 13]

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* Development of different dosage forms of purgatives according to constitution ~~(Chapter~~ 7 ~~verse~~ 28)

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* Development of different dosage forms of purgatives according to constitution [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7 / 28]

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* Formulation of purgative drugs according to seasons ~~(Chapter~~ 7 ~~verse~~ 56 ~~and~~ 59)

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* Formulation of purgative drugs according to seasons[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7 / 56-59]

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* Formulation designing according to koshtha~~(Chapter~~ 10 ~~verse~~ 17)

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* Formulation designing according to koshtha[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 10 / 17]

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* Principles of indicating nomenclature of formulation ~~(Chapter~~ 12 ~~verse~~ 44)

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* Principles of indicating nomenclature of formulation [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12 / 44]

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* Concept of potentiation of drugs including the theory of antogonism and synergism ~~(Chapter~~ 12 ~~verse~~ 45-48)

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* Concept of potentiation of drugs including the theory of antogonism and synergism [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12 / 45-48]

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* Categorization or classification of therapeutic response into mild, moderate and severe categories ~~(Chapter~~ 12 ~~verse~~ 50-56)

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* Categorization or classification of therapeutic response into mild, moderate and severe categories [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12 / 50-56]

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* Importance of assessment of roga bala and rogi bala ( severity of disease and strength of patient) for prescribing purification procedures~~(Chapter~~ 12 ~~verse~~ 60)

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* Importance of assessment of roga bala and rogi bala ( severity of disease and strength of patient) for prescribing purification procedures[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12 / 60]

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* Management of residual [[dosha]] with food and medicated decoctions after purification therapies ~~(Chapter~~ 12 ~~verse~~ 66)

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* Management of residual [[dosha]] with food and medicated decoctions after purification therapies.[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12 / 66]

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* Concept of examination of koshtha (status of gastrointestinal tract) while administering [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] drugs ~~(Chapter~~ 12 ~~verse~~ 67)

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* Concept of examination of koshtha (status of gastrointestinal tract) while administering [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] drugs.[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12 /67]

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* Concept of sneha and ruksha [[virechana]] ~~(Chapter~~ 12 ~~verse~~ 82-83)

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* Concept of sneha and ruksha [[virechana]] [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12 / 82-83]

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* Inhibiting factors fro prevention of purgative actions ~~(Chapter~~ 12 ~~verse~~ 80)

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* Inhibiting factors fro prevention of purgative actions.[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12 / 80]

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* Concept of posology based upon koshtha(status of gastro intestinal tract), vaya(age) and bala(strength) ~~(Chapter~~ 12 ~~verse~~ 86)

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* Concept of posology based upon koshtha(status of gastro intestinal tract), vaya(age) and bala(strength)[Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12 / 86]

=== Important areas of research and its clinical applications ===

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* Standardization of processes of different dosage forms

* Studies on procedures and processing of different [[anupana]] like Kwatha, Yavagu, Ksheerapaka, Swarasa, Shashkuli, Shadava, Raga, Shukta, Suramanda, Asava, Sura, Varit, Krishara, Panaka, Sauvira, Tushodaka, Avaleha, Shritapaka, Seedhu, Utkarika

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