Changes

The four common factors responsible for ''yonivyapat'' are mentioned as :

The four common factors responsible for ''yonivyapat'' are mentioned as :

#''Mithyaachara'' – Faulty diet habits and unhygienic conditions with faulty sexual practices are responsible for vitiation of ''dosha'' leading to female reproductive system disorders.  

#''Mithyaachara'' – Faulty diet habits and unhygienic conditions with faulty sexual practices are responsible for vitiation of [[dosha]] leading to female reproductive system disorders.  

#''Pradushta artava'' – Menstruation is mirror of reproductive health. Any abnormality in menstrual cycle indicates pathology in the female reproductive system. Hence ''pradushta artava'' indicates any hormonal / organic pathology leading to menstrual abnormality.

# Pradushta [[artava]] – Menstruation is mirror of reproductive health. Any abnormality in menstrual cycle indicates pathology in the female reproductive system. Hence ''pradushta [[artava]] indicates any hormonal / organic pathology leading to menstrual abnormality.

#''Beeja dosha'' – Congenital anomalies occurs because of sperm or ovum defect. Here the word ''beeja'' refers to both male and female gametes.  

#''Beeja dosha'' – Congenital anomalies occurs because of sperm or ovum defect. Here the word ''beeja'' refers to both male and female gametes.  

#''Daiva'' – The deeds of the past are also held responsible for certain conditions related with the reproductive system. The unexplained factors of certain diseases can be considered as result of ''poorva janma karma'' (deeds of past life). [8]

#''Daiva'' – The deeds of the past are also held responsible for certain conditions related with the reproductive system. The unexplained factors of certain diseases can be considered as result of ''poorva janma karma'' (deeds of past life). [8]

==== ''Doshaja yonivyapat'' ====

==== [[Dosha]]ja yonivyapat ====

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|-

|-

! scope="col"| ''Dosha''

! scope="col"| [[Dosha]]

! scope="col"| Clinical Correlation

! scope="col"| Clinical Correlation

|-

|-

| rowspan="2"|''Vataja''

| rowspan="2"|[[Vata]]ja

| Dysmenorrhea

| Dysmenorrhea

|-

|-

| Endometriosis

| Endometriosis

|-

|-

| rowspan="3"|''Pittaja''

| rowspan="3"|[[Pitta]]ja

| Trichomonas vaginalis  

| Trichomonas vaginalis  

|-

|-

| Pelvic inflammatory disease

| Pelvic inflammatory disease

|-

|-

| rowspan="2"| ''Kaphaja''

| rowspan="2"|[[Kapha]]ja

| Moniliasis

| Moniliasis

|-

|-

[16-37]

[16-37]

The complication of these diseases is infertility due to coital, vaginal, uterine and other factors. Along with the ''doshas'' which are aggravated and responsible for causing certain ailment of reproductive system also causes ailments of nearby systems like urinary, intestinal and rectum. [38-39]

The complication of these diseases is infertility due to coital, vaginal, uterine and other factors. Along with the [[dosha]] which are aggravated and responsible for causing certain ailment of reproductive system also causes ailments of nearby systems like urinary, intestinal and rectum. [38-39]

==== Principles of treatment of ''yonivyapat'' ====

==== Principles of treatment of ''yonivyapat'' ====

The general line of treatment should be targeted towards the ''dosha'', hence ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja yonivypat'' should be treated accordingly with ''snehana swedana, raktapittahara sheeta, ruksha ushna'' therapies respectively. In all types of gynecological disorders, [[Panchakarma]] should be administered in mild form in order to eliminate the vitiated ''doshas'' and restoring normal reproductive health. Principles of surgical corrections of congenital anomalies and displaced organs are also given stating that the uterus which has been displaced from its original place should be regarded as ''shalya'' and the treatment of ''shalya'' is its removal. Hence this is the indication of hysterectomy in complete genital prolapse. The method of such procedure is not given in any classics. [41-46]

The general line of treatment should be targeted towards the [[dosha]], hence [[vata]]ja, [[pitta]]ja, [[kapha]]ja yonivypat should be treated accordingly with [[snehana]] [[swedana]], raktapittahara sheeta, ruksha ushna therapies respectively. In all types of gynecological disorders, [[Panchakarma]] should be administered in mild form in order to eliminate the vitiated [[dosha]] and restoring normal reproductive health. Principles of surgical corrections of congenital anomalies and displaced organs are also given stating that the uterus which has been displaced from its original place should be regarded as ''shalya'' and the treatment of ''shalya'' is its removal. Hence this is the indication of hysterectomy in complete genital prolapse. The method of such procedure is not given in any classics. [41-46]

Local treatments like douching, fomentation, keeping oil tampon, vaginal suppositories, fumigation. Indications and method of preparation of such medicines in form of oil, ghee, suppository and others are described later. Other preparations are in the form of ''churna, vati, kwath'', oil, ghee are to be used orally or in the form of ''basti'' (medicated enema) or ''uttarabasti'' (administration of medicine in uterus through vaginal route) are given in detail. [47-114]

Local treatments like douching, fomentation, keeping oil tampon, vaginal suppositories, fumigation. Indications and method of preparation of such medicines in form of oil, ghee, suppository and others are described later. Other preparations are in the form of ''churna, vati, kwath'', oil, ghee are to be used orally or in the form of [[basti]](medicated enema) or ''uttarabasti'' (administration of medicine in uterus through vaginal route) are given in detail. [47-114]

The importance of ''vata dosha'' in causing female reproductive tract disorders is highlighted as the location of genital organs is also the seat of ''apana vayu'' and all the functions like menstruation, pregnancy, labor are governed by ''apana vayu''. Hence considering the crucial role of ''vata'', the treatment should be aimed at ''vata'' alleviation along with other therapies.[114-116]

The importance of [[vata dosha]] in causing female reproductive tract disorders is highlighted as the location of genital organs is also the seat of apana [[vayu]] and all the functions like menstruation, pregnancy, labor are governed by apana [[vayu]]. Hence considering the crucial role of [[vata]], the treatment should be aimed at [[vata]] alleviation along with other therapies.[114-116]

The soul resides when the genital organs are cleansed with all therapies and the male and female gamete are favorable for conception and best. [126]

The soul resides when the genital organs are cleansed with all therapies and the male and female gamete are favorable for conception and best. [126]

==== Male genital tract and its disorders ====

==== Male genital tract and its disorders ====

   

   

By ''retovaha srotas'' the pathway through which the semen flows out shall be considered; which can be correlated to the seminal vesicles and ejaculatory duct. ''Retovaha srotas'' has been discussed separately to make it understand that is is different than ''shukravaha srotas''. As mentioned earlier ''shukravaha srotas'' comprises of ''medhra'' (the penis) and ''vrishana'' (the scrotum), which is referred for stationary semen; while ''retas'' is the word for virile semen, that is flowing semen. Therefore the words ''shukra'' and ''retas'' have been used separately in different context as per the suitability and the intention of description. [133-139]

By ''retovaha srotas'' the pathway through which the semen flows out shall be considered; which can be correlated to the seminal vesicles and ejaculatory duct. ''Retovaha srotas'' has been discussed separately to make it understand that is is different than ''shukravaha srotas''. As mentioned earlier ''shukravaha srotas'' comprises of ''medhra'' (the penis) and ''vrishana'' (the scrotum), which is referred for stationary semen; while ''retas'' is the word for virile semen, that is flowing semen. Therefore the words [[shukra]] and ''retas'' have been used separately in different context as per the suitability and the intention of description. [133-139]

===== Abnormal semen =====

===== Abnormal semen =====

====== The characteristics of abnormal semen ======

====== The characteristics of abnormal semen ======

The ''shukra dushti'' has been mentioned as of eight types by Sushruta, although the nomenclature is different.  

The [[shukra]] dushti has been mentioned as of eight types by Sushruta, although the nomenclature is different.  

'''Table : 1 Classification of ''shukra dushti'' according to Sushruta<ref>Sushruta. Sharira Sthana, Cha.2 Shukrashonitashuddhi Sharira Adhyaya verse 2-3. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>  and ''Ashtanga Sangraha'''''  

'''Table : 1 Classification of [[shukra]] dushti according to Sushruta<ref>Sushruta. Sharira Sthana, Cha.2 Shukrashonitashuddhi Sharira Adhyaya verse 2-3. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>  and ''Ashtanga Sangraha'''''  

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

! scope="col"| Clinical Conditions

! scope="col"| Clinical Conditions

|-

|-

| ''Vata dushta''

| [[Vata]] dushta

| ''Aruna, krishna varna, phenila, tanu, rooksha, alpa, vilambita vedana yukta''

| Aruna, krishna varna, phenila, tanu, rooksha, alpa, vilambita vedana yukta

| Oligospermia and azospermia, injury, chronic inflammation, low fructose, obstruction in seminal vesicle  

| Oligospermia and azospermia, injury, chronic inflammation, low fructose, obstruction in seminal vesicle  

|-

|-

| ''Pitta dushta''

| [[Pitta]] dushta

| ''Neela varna, ushna, putigandha, daha chosha'' type of pain during ejaculation  

| Neela varna, ushna, putigandha, daha chosha type of pain during ejaculation  

| Acute prostitis

| Acute prostitis

|-  

|-  

| ''Sleshma dushta''

| [[Kapha]] dushta

| ''Shukla varna, atipicchila, prabuta, kandu yukta, visra gandha''

| Shukla varna, atipicchila, prabuta, kandu yukta, visra gandha

| Chronic inflammatory condition, hypofunction of male sex accessory glands  

| Chronic inflammatory condition, hypofunction of male sex accessory glands  

|-

|-

| ''Kunapa – Shonita dushta''

| Kunapa – Shonita dushta

| Cadaver smelling, ''analpa'', associated with ''osha'' and ''chosha''

| Cadaver smelling, ''analpa'', associated with ''osha'' and ''chosha''

| Hemospermia (benign prostate hypertrophy) or acute injury to external genitals.

| Hemospermia (benign prostate hypertrophy) or acute injury to external genitals.

|-

|-

| ''Granthi–Kapha vata dushta''

| Granthi–[[Kapha]] [[vata]] dushta

| Clot formation

| Clot formation

| Prostatic dysfunction and inflammation  

| Prostatic dysfunction and inflammation  

|-

|-

| ''Putipuya - pitta kapha dushta''

| Putipuya - [[pitta]] [[kapha]] dushta

| Foul smelling, semen containing ''puya''

| Foul smelling, semen containing ''puya''

| Pyospermia, Chalmydia infection, STD

| Pyospermia, Chalmydia infection, STD

|-

|-

| ''Kshina – pitta vata dushta''

| Kshina – [[pitta]] [[vata]] dushta

| Hypospermia and oligospermia

| Hypospermia and oligospermia

| Decreased semen volume because of obstruction in seminal vesicle.  

| Decreased semen volume because of obstruction in seminal vesicle.  

|-

|-

| ''Mutrapurishagandhi - Tridosha''

| Mutrapurishagandhi - Tri[[dosha]]

| Semen with smell of urine and feces  

| Semen with smell of urine and feces  

| Carcinoma, recto – genital urinary tract fistula  

| Carcinoma, recto – genital urinary tract fistula  

===== Characteristics of  normal semen =====

===== Characteristics of  normal semen =====

   

   

The ''shuddha shukra'' should be white like ''sphatika'', liquid, viscous, sweet in taste, smell of honey also should look like mixture of oil and honey.

The shuddha [[shukra]] should be white like ''sphatika'', liquid, viscous, sweet in taste, smell of honey also should look like mixture of oil and honey.

Following are the criteria for normal semen according to modern science:

Following are the criteria for normal semen according to modern science:

These temporal characteristics of cardiovascular disease indicate the importance of careful timing in their assessment, monitoring, and treatment (120). [299]

These temporal characteristics of cardiovascular disease indicate the importance of careful timing in their assessment, monitoring, and treatment (120). [299]

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== References ==

== References ==