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Line 2: − + + + + − − <big>'''Abstract'''</big> − − <div style="text-align:justify;">In this chapter, two subjects are described viz. 1. Two types of patients, based on the psychological types and physical strength are seen; 2. Knowledge of micro and macro organisms that affect human body is given. These two topics seem different, however are connected in view of varied response of humans to exogenous causative factors of disease. The first type of responding individual exaggerates their symptoms (guruvyadhita) and other type understate their symptoms (laghuvyadhita). It is important to make correct assessment of their condition to know the prognosis for proper treatment. Knowledge of micro and macro organisms affecting the body, their etiological factors, site (location), classification, morphology, pathology, nomenclature and treatment is described. These organisms termed as ‘krimi’ have both internal and external manifestations. Three internal types explained on the basis of their origin are raktaja (originating in blood), shleshmika (originating due to kapha predominant factors), and purishaja (originating in feces). Three step treatment protocol has been mentioned i.e., nidana parivarjana (giving up etiological factors), apakarshana (extraction) and prakriti vighata (creating unsuitable environment for parasites). Thus the chapter narrates in detail about the methodology of analysis of krimi, their origin and ill effects and also the modes and medicaments to treat them. </div> − − '''Keywords''': ''Vyadhita Roopiya, Guru Vyadhita, Sattvabala, Laghu Vyadhita, Krimi, Shleshmika, Purishaja, Raktaja, Nidana Parivarjan, Apakarshan, Prakritivighta'', Parasites, worms, response of patient to disease, micro-organisms. − </div> − Line 26:
Line 21: + + + + + + + + + + + + + − |header3 = + − }}+ + + + − === Introduction ===+ Line 37:
Line 48: − + − + − === Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ===+ Line 64:
Line 75: − We shall now expound the chapter on “Determination of the specific characteristics of different types of patients”. Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]+ − ==== Two types of patients based on severity of disease and clinical presentation ====+ Line 83:
Line 94: − ==== Consequence of improper diagnosis ====+ Line 100:
Line 111: − + Line 154:
Line 165: − ==== Types of ''krimi'' ====+ Line 167:
Line 178: − ==== ''Malaja krimi'' (parasites originating from excreta) ====+ Line 180:
Line 191: − + Line 194:
Line 205: − ==== ''Shonitaja krimi'' (parasites in blood) ====+ Line 221:
Line 232: − ==== ''Shleshmaja krimi'' (parasites in mucus and other fluids) ====+ Line 249:
Line 260: − + Line 265:
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Line 285: − + − ==== Principles of management ====+ Line 307:
Line 318: − + − + − ==== Various therapeutic modalities ====+ Line 491:
Line 502: − ==== Summary ====+ Line 565:
Line 576: − + − ==== Part A: Importance of correct diagnosis ====+ − ==== Part B : ''Krimi'' (parasitology) ====+ − + − + − ==== Part A : Importance of correct diagnosis ====+ − ==== Part B: ''Krimi'' (parasitology) ====+ Line 594:
Line 605: − ==== Management of ''krimi roga'' ====+ Line 605:
Line 616: − ===== ''Nidana Parivarjana'' (removal of cause) ===== + − ===== ''Apakarshana'' (removal of ''krimi'') =====+ Line 633:
Line 644: − + − ===== Enhancing ''yuktikrita bala'' or artificially-induced immunity =====+ − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − ==== Microbiology in [[Ayurveda]] ====+ − + Line 664:
Line 675: − === Glossary === − {| class="wikitable" − ! rowspan="1"| − ! rowspan="1"| Term in Sanskrit − ! rowspan="1"| Transliteration − ! rowspan="1"| Meaning in English − |- − | 1. || व्याधित || VyAdhita || Diseased/ patient/suffering/ailing − |- − | 2. || रूपीय || RUpIya || Specific characteristic features, signs and symptoms, features, qualities − |- − | 3. || पुरुष || puruSha || Person, individual − |- − | 4. || गुरुव्याधित || guruvyAdhita || Person suffering from serious illness but having been possessed with good strength of mind and body, looks like suffering from a mild disease. − |- − | 5. || लघुव्याधित || laghuvyAdhita || Person suffering from mild diseases but appearing to be having serious illness due to very less mental and physical strength. − |- − | 6. || सत्वबल || Satvabala || Mental strength, psychological ability − |- − | 7. || शरीरसंपत् || SarIrasampat || Physical strength, body constitution − |- − | 8. || अधम || Adhama || Low, less in quality, bad, imperfect − |- − | 9. || अकुशल || akuSala || Non skillful, non expert − |- − | 10. || ज्ञानावयव || j~jAnAvayava || Partial/incomplete knowledge − |- − | 11. || कृत्स्न || KRtsna || Complete, entire, full, perfect − |- − | 12. || विज्ञान || Vij~jnAna || Special/complete/correct knowledge, − |- − | 13. || विप्रतिपन्न || Vipratipanna || Commit mistake, to err − |- − | 14. || अल्पदोष || alpadoSha || Less morbid Doshas, − |- − | 15. || संशोधन || saMSodhana || Purificatiry/ body cleansing procedures, − |- − | 16. || उदीरण || udIraNa || Aggrevation, becoming morbid − |- − | 17. || महादोष || mahAdoSha || Excessively morbid Doshas − |- − | 18. || निर्हरण || nirharaNa || Elimination, evacuation − |- − | 19. || विदितवेदित || Viditavedita || Who has got the knowledge in its entirety − |- − | 20. || क्रिमि || Krimi || Worms, parasites, micro/ macro organisms that are inhabitants of the body − |- − | 21. || समुत्थान || samutthAna || Causative factor, etiology − |- − | 22. || स्थान || SthAna || Place, location, habitat − |- − | 23. || संस्थान || saMsthAna || Feature, form − |- − | 24. || प्रभाव || prabhAva || Effect − |- − | 25. || सहजक्रिमि || Sahajakrimi || Parasites present from birth, Inborn, native, saprophytes − |- − | 26. || पुरीषज || purIShaja || Born out of feces − |- − | 27. || श्लेष्मज || SleShmaja || Born out of kaphadosha − |- − | 28. || मलज || Malaja || Born out of external excreta − |- − | 29. || अणवः || ANavah || Minute, micro − |- − | 30. || यूका || YUkA || Type of parasite found on scalp in people with low hygiene. They are minute, multipedes, having shape of sesame, either white or black in color. − |- − | 31. || पिपीलिका || pipIlikA || Type of parasite found on scalp in people with low hygiene. They are minute, multipedes, having shape of sesame, either white or black in color − |- − | 32. || कण्डू || KanDu || Itching, prurutis − |- − | 33. || कुष्ठ || kuShTha || Various kinds of skin manifestations − |- − | 34. || शोणितवाहि धमनि || SoNitavAhi dhamani || Blood vessel − |- − | 35. || केशाद लोमाद लोमद्वीपसौरस औडुम्बर जन्तुमातर || keSAda, lomAda, lomadvIpa, saurasa, auDumbara, jantumAtara || Names of the Krimis, present in blood vessels, minute, round, having no pedicle, caused due to the factors which manifest skin diseases, leading to destruction of hair from head, face, other parts of body, eyelashes and nails.Keshaada means that which eats away the hair on head.Lmaada means that which eats away the hair on body. − |- − | 36. || पृथु || PRthu || Big − |- − | 37. || ब्रध्न || Bradhna || Tape like /flat − |- − | 38. || अन्त्रादा उदरादा हृदयचरा चुरु दर्भपुष्पा सौगन्धिका महागुदा || antrAdA udarAdA hRdayacarA curu darbhapushpA saugandhikA mahAgudA|| These are the names of the parasites born out of SleSma inhabitant in AmASaya. When excessively aggrevated they move either upward or downward direction. They are caused due to excessive intake of milk, jiggery, meat of animals of marshy land, uncooked and putrified food, etc. they are big or flat, some are round like earth worm, minute and long, white in colour. Their infestations cause nausea, salivation, tastelessness, indigestion, fever, fainting, yawning, sneezing, constipation, malaise, vomiting, emaciation, dryness of the body. − antrAdA means that which eats away the intestines. − udarAda means that eats away the abdomen. − hRdayacara means that which moves in hRdaya. − darbhapuShpa means that which resembles the flowers of darbhA grass (Desmostachia bipinnata) − mahAguda means that which is having big anus. − |- − | 39. || ककेरुक मकेरुक लेलिह सशूलक सौसुराद || Kakeruka makeruka leliha saSUlaka sausurAda || The parasites born out of feces which are inhabitant of colon. These worms when grow excessively move downwards and upwards. When they are towards AmASaya, they produce eructation and fecal odour in the breath of the person. They are minute, cylindrical, long appearing like fibres of wool, white in colour. Some of them are thick, cylindrical, grey/ blue/ green/ yellow in colour. They produce features like diarrhea, emaciation, dryness, horripilation, itching in the oral cavity, crawling out of the anus etc. − |- − | 40. || अपकर्षण || apakarShaNa || Extraction, removal, nonattractive − |- − | 41. || पृकृतिविघात || prakRtivighAta || Counteraction to the normal habitat, opposite environment to growth of the parasites, damaging/ destructing the natural habitat. − |- − | 42. || निदान || NidAna || Causative/ etiological factor − |- − | 43. || शिरोविरेचनं || shirovirecanaM || Cleansing of head through nasal instillation of medicines- Nasya karma, one among Pancakarma procedures. − |- − | 44. || वमनं || vamanaM || One among Pancakarma procedures where in the morbid Doshas are eliminated out through inducing emesis. − |- − | 45. || विरेचनं || virecanaM || One among Pancakarma procedures where in the morbid Doshas are eliminated out through inducing purgation. − |- − | 46. || आस्थापानं || AsthApanaM || One among Pancakarma procedures where in the medicaments are administered in the form of decoction added with honey, saindhava salt, paste of medicines, oil/ ghee and administered through anal route in order to eliminate the morbid Doshas. − |- − | 47. || निदान परिवर्जन || NidAnaparivarjanaM || Giving up the causative factors of the disease. Giving up the factors which induce morbidity of Doshas/ production of parasites in the body. − |- − | 48. || क्रिमिकोष्ठ || krimikoShTha || The person (abdomen) afflicted with parasites. − |- − | 49. || संशमनं || saMSamanaM || Palliation/ subsiding the morbid Doshas. − |- − | 50. || बस्ति || Basti || Administration of medicaments through anal route/ therapeutic enema. − |- − | 51. || उभयतः || Ubhayatah || Through both upward route/ emesis and downward route/ purgation. − |- − | 52. || निर्हरण || nirharaNa || Elimination /evacuation − |- − | 53. || चूर्ण || CUrNa || Medicines in the form of powder − |- − | 54. || पाणितल || pANitala || Amount of medicine that can be accommodated on the palm (approximately 12 g) − |- − | 55. || कलश || KalaSa || Approximately 12.3 Kg − |- − | 56. || शारद || SArada || Grown in Sarad Rtu (ashwayuja and kArtIka mAsa) − |- − | 57. || द्रोणि || DroNI || Stone slab/ a specially designed for conducting therapies. − |- − | 58. || क्रिमिघ्न || Krimighna || That which kills/ eliminates/ reduces the parasites. − |- − | 59. || प्रतिसंसर्जन || pratisaMsarjana || Regimen to be observed after conducting evacuation therapies to restore Agni and strength of the body. − |- − | 60. || अनुवासन || anuvAsana || Form of therapeutic enema where in unctuous substance like oil, ghee, bone marrow or muscle fat are used. − |- − | 61. || हेतुवर्जन || Hetuvarjana || Giving up the factors which induce disease/ lead to morbidity of Doshas/ leading to infestation of parasites. − |- − |} − + − + − === References ===+ − + − + Line 833:
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Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana (view source)
Revision as of 13:03, 23 September 2021
, 13:03, 23 September 2021→Further reading
|title=Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana
|title=Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Vyadhita Roopiya, Guru Vyadhita, Sattvabala, Laghu Vyadhita, Krimi, Shleshmika, Purishaja, Raktaja, Nidana Parivarjan, Apakarshan, Prakritivighta, Parasites, worms, response of patient to disease, micro-organisms
|keywords=Vyadhita Roopiya, Guru Vyadhita, Sattvabala, Laghu Vyadhita, Krimi, Shleshmika, Purishaja, Raktaja, Nidana Parivarjan, Apakarshan, Prakritivighta, Parasites, worms, response of patient to disease, micro-organisms, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Vimana Sthana Chapter 7. Types of patients and organisms affecting Human Body
|description=Vimana Sthana Chapter 7. Types of patients and organisms affecting Human Body
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
}}
<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 7. Types of patients and organisms affecting Human Body '''</big>
<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 7. Types of patients and organisms affecting Human Body '''</big>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana
|title = Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Baghel M.S., Mandal S.K.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Paliwal M., Tengase V.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Khandel S.K., Bhagwat M., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.008 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.008]
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<div style="text-align:justify;">In this chapter, two subjects are described viz. 1. Two types of patients, based on the psychological types and physical strength are seen; 2. Knowledge of micro and macro organisms that affect human body is given. These two topics seem different, however are connected in view of varied response of humans to exogenous causative factors of disease. The first type of responding individual exaggerates their symptoms (guruvyadhita) and other type understate their symptoms (laghuvyadhita). It is important to make correct assessment of their condition to know the prognosis for proper treatment. Knowledge of micro and macro organisms affecting the body, their etiological factors, site (location), classification, morphology, pathology, nomenclature and treatment is described. These organisms termed as ‘krimi’ have both internal and external manifestations. Three internal types explained on the basis of their origin are [[rakta]]ja (originating in blood), shleshmika (originating due to [[kapha]] predominant factors), and [[purisha]]ja (originating in feces). Three step treatment protocol has been mentioned i.e., nidana parivarjana (giving up etiological factors), apakarshana (extraction) and Prakritivighata (creating unsuitable environment for parasites). Thus the chapter narrates in detail about the methodology of analysis of krimi, their origin and ill effects and also the modes and medicaments to treat them. </div>
'''Keywords''': ''Vyadhita Roopiya, Guru Vyadhita, Sattvabala, Laghu Vyadhita, Krimi, Shleshmika, [[Purisha]]ja, [[Rakta]]ja, Nidana Parivarjan, Apakarshan, Prakritivighta'', Parasites, worms, response of patient to disease, micro-organisms.
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== Introduction ==
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The chapter deals with importance of ''dehabala'' (physical strength) and ''sattvabala'' (psychological strength) in assessing the severity and prognosis of diseases. If a physician masters the art of assessing properly the physical and psychological strength, he never fails in proper prognosis and management of patients.
The chapter deals with importance of ''dehabala'' (physical strength) and ''sattvabala'' (psychological strength) in assessing the severity and prognosis of diseases. If a physician masters the art of assessing properly the physical and psychological strength, he never fails in proper prognosis and management of patients.
*Parasitology and Bacteriolgy in [[Ayurveda]] –Oldest recording of classification and treatment of ''krimi'' (parasites and microbes) is found in [[Charak Samhita]]. It is obvious that they had knowledge of parasites and invisible microorganisms and their role in pathogenesis and symbiosis. Details of ''krimis'' is described under seven subheadings i.e., aetiology, nomenclature, site, morphology, colour, pathogenesis and treatment, in the text total number of ''krimi'' is mentioned as twenty.
*Parasitology and Bacteriolgy in [[Ayurveda]] –Oldest recording of classification and treatment of ''krimi'' (parasites and microbes) is found in [[Charak Samhita]]. It is obvious that they had knowledge of parasites and invisible microorganisms and their role in pathogenesis and symbiosis. Details of ''krimis'' is described under seven subheadings i.e., aetiology, nomenclature, site, morphology, colour, pathogenesis and treatment, in the text total number of ''krimi'' is mentioned as twenty.
*Classification – The ''krimis'' are classified as external and internal. Internal type has been further classified under three subtypes i.e. ''raktaja'' (originating in blood), ''shleshmika'' (originating due to ''kapha'' predominant factors), and ''purishaja'' (originating in feces).
*Classification – The ''krimis'' are classified as external and internal. Internal type has been further classified under three subtypes i.e. [[rakta]]ja (originating in blood), ''shleshmika'' (originating due to [[kapha]] predominant factors), and [[purisha]]ja (originating in feces).
*Morphology – Charak has described three morphological types of ''shlaishmika krimi'' which is consistent with present day parasitology, three types include platy helminths, large nematodes and small nematodes.
*Morphology – Charak has described three morphological types of ''shlaishmika krimi'' which is consistent with present day parasitology, three types include platy helminths, large nematodes and small nematodes.
*Pathogenesis – ''Raktaja krimi'' are invisible and produce the symptomatology like ''kushtha'' hence they are to be treated like the disease ''kushtha''. However, The ''shleshmika'' and ''purishaja'' variety has more academic importance than therapeutic as their etiological factor and treatment are the same but the presenting symptomatology is different.
*Pathogenesis – [[Rakta]]ja krimi are invisible and produce the symptomatology like ''kushtha'' hence they are to be treated like the disease ''kushtha''. However, The ''shleshmika'' and [[purisha]]ja variety has more academic importance than therapeutic as their etiological factor and treatment is the same but the presenting symptomatology is different.
*Treatment - In this section the management principle has been described which is unique and applicable to the management of most diseases. Treatment is described predominantly for intestinal parasites. Long list of plants is mentioned for the treatment of parasites and their expulsion from the body. Per the advancement in technology and pharmaceuticals, the parasites and micro-organisms are studied in detail in modern medicine. Specific ante-helminthics and anti-microbial drugs with good clinical efficacy are available. The description of methods of removal of parasites in [[Ayurveda]] seems to be inconvenient in today’s era, where convenient therapeutic modalities are developed by modern science. The ayurvedic drugs also need to be used in larger doses. Modern medicine drugs, for removal of common parasites are effective with convenient dosage schedule. However, these drugs are potentially toxic and are to be used with careful watch of physician.
*Treatment - In this section the management principle has been described which is unique and applicable to the management of most diseases. Treatment is described predominantly for intestinal parasites. Long list of plants is mentioned for the treatment of parasites and their expulsion from the body. Per the advancement in technology and pharmaceuticals, the parasites and micro-organisms are studied in detail in modern medicine. Specific ante-helminthics and anti-microbial drugs with good clinical efficacy are available. The description of methods of removal of parasites in [[Ayurveda]] seems to be inconvenient in today’s era, where convenient therapeutic modalities are developed by modern science. The ayurvedic drugs also need to be used in larger doses. Modern medicine drugs, for removal of common parasites are effective with convenient dosage schedule. However, these drugs are potentially toxic and are to be used with careful watch of physician.
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== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ==
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Now we shall expound the chapter "Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana" (Types of patients and organisms affecting human Body). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
=== Two types of patients based on severity of disease and clinical presentation ===
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=== Consequence of improper diagnosis ===
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A partial knowledge of any subject does not provide thorough understanding of the entire scientific concept. Those who fail to diagnose a case properly, also fail to prescribe a rational remedy for the same. For instance, when they consider the severely ill person having mild disease and, administer mild evacuative drug which fails to expel (''udeerana'') out ''doshas''. Similarly, when they consider mildly ill patient to have severe disease and administer strong evacuative drug which eliminates the ''doshas'' excessively causing weakness in the body. Thus those who regard the partial knowledge as sufficient to provide complete understanding of the entire object, fail in their pursuit. On the other hand, the physicians who have thorough knowledge from all aspects and take action after examining the entire situation by all means as far as possible they achieve the desired objective.[4]
A partial knowledge of any subject does not provide thorough understanding of the entire scientific concept. Those who fail to diagnose a case properly, also fail to prescribe a rational remedy for the same. For instance, when they consider the severely ill person having mild disease and, administer mild evacuative drug which fails to expel (''udeerana'') out [[dosha]]. Similarly, when they consider mildly ill patient to have severe disease and administer strong evacuative drug which eliminates the [[doshas]] excessively causing weakness in the body. Thus those who regard the partial knowledge as sufficient to provide complete understanding of the entire object, fail in their pursuit. On the other hand, the physicians who have thorough knowledge from all aspects and take action after examining the entire situation by all means as far as possible they achieve the desired objective.[4]
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=== Types of ''krimi'' ===
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Lord Atreya replied to him—O Agnivesha! Twenty types of pathogenic parasites have been mentioned here from various points of view, the non-pathogenic are other ones described elsewhere. They, being divided as per their source of genesis, are of four types-developing in feces, in mucus, in blood and developing from external excreta.[9]
Lord Atreya replied to him—O Agnivesha! Twenty types of pathogenic parasites have been mentioned here from various points of view, the non-pathogenic are other ones described elsewhere. They, being divided as per their source of genesis, are of four types-developing in feces, in mucus, in blood and developing from external excreta.[9]
=== ''Malaja krimi'' (parasites originating from excreta) ===
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Excreta are of two types-external and internal. Here the word ''malaja'' means parasites growing due to external excreta. Their etiological factor is lack of cleanliness of the body.
Excreta are of two types-external and internal. Here the word [[mala]]ja means parasites growing due to external excreta. Their etiological factor is lack of cleanliness of the body.
Habitat -hair, beard, moustaches, body hair, eyelashes and clothing.
Habitat -hair, beard, moustaches, body hair, eyelashes and clothing.
Their treatment is - extraction, removal of external excreta from the body and to avoid the factors which are responsible for production of excreta. [10]
Their treatment is - extraction, removal of external excreta from the body and to avoid the factors which are responsible for production of excreta. [10]
=== ''Shonitaja krimi'' (parasites in blood) ===
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=== ''Shleshmaja krimi'' (parasites in mucus and other fluids) ===
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==== ''Purishaja krimi'' (parasites in feces) ====
=== [[Purisha]]ja krimi (parasites in feces) ===
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Their habitat is ''pakwashaya'' (large intestine and rectum); when developed they move downwards or both ways; however if they tend to move (upwards) towards stomach, eructation and breath of the patient may have fecal odor.
Their habitat is ''pakwashaya'' (large intestine and rectum); when developed they move downwards or both ways; however if they tend to move (upwards) towards stomach, eructation and breath of the patient may have fecal odor.
Their morphology and color- these ''purishaja krimi'' are morphologically of two types :
Their morphology and color- these [[purisha]]ja krimi are morphologically of two types :
#some are minute round in circumference white in color and like hair of goat (wool);
#some are minute round in circumference white in color and like hair of goat (wool);
They may produce symptoms like- diarrhea, emaciation, roughness, and horripilation; on reaching the anus, they produce piercing pain and itching there; when they are exhilarated, they come out of anus frequently.
They may produce symptoms like- diarrhea, emaciation, roughness, and horripilation; on reaching the anus, they produce piercing pain and itching there; when they are exhilarated, they come out of anus frequently.
Thus these are the characteristics of the worms grown due to the vitiation of ''shleshma'' and ''purisha''. [13]
Thus these are the characteristics of the worms grown due to the vitiation of ''shleshma'' and [[purisha]]. [13]
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=== Principles of management ===
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'''''Apakarshana''''': Extraction (removal) can be done by hands with or without the help of instruments as may be the requirement.
'''''Apakarshana''''': Extraction (removal) can be done by hands with or without the help of instruments as may be the requirement.
*Parasites located inside the organs are extricated, as a rule, by the (eliminative) therapy. These are of four types such as nasal errhines - ''nasya'', emesis, purgation and non-unctuous enema.
*Parasites located inside the organs are extricated, as a rule, by the (eliminative) therapy. These are of four types such as nasal errhines - [[nasya]], emesis, purgation and non-unctuous enema.
'''''Prakritivighata''''': Destruction of the source of their origin and development consists of the use of pungent, bitter, astringent, alkaline and hot drugs, and other measures which are contrary to ''kapha'' and feces.
'''''Prakritivighata''''': Destruction of the source of their origin and development consists of the use of pungent, bitter, astringent, alkaline and hot drugs, and other measures which are contrary to [[kapha]] and feces.
'''''Nidanaparivarjana''''': Thereafter abstinence from the etiological factors-whatever is mentioned as causative factor and similar other substances should be avoided. Thus the principle of treatment is said, which will be further described in detail. [15]
'''''Nidanaparivarjana''''': Thereafter abstinence from the etiological factors-whatever is mentioned as causative factor and similar other substances should be avoided. Thus the principle of treatment is said, which will be further described in detail. [15]
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=== Various therapeutic modalities ===
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=== Summary ===
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Thus ends the seventh chapter on the [[Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana]] in [[Vimana Sthana]] in the treatise composed by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak.
Thus ends the seventh chapter on the [[Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana]] in [[Vimana Sthana]] in the treatise composed by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak.
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
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This chapter has two parts in which first eight stanzas are concerned with the efficiency of physician in diagnostic accuracy whereas second part deals with parasitology. Thus, tatva and vidhi vimarsha is being described separately for both portion.
This chapter has two parts in which first eight stanzas are concerned with the efficiency of physician in diagnostic accuracy whereas second part deals with parasitology. Thus, tatva and vidhi vimarsha is being described separately for both portion.
=== Part A: Importance of correct diagnosis ===
#The partial knowledge is not sufficient to have proper understanding of that subject. Thus, the knowledge of all aspects of the concept with all the possible tools is essential for complete understanding of that concept.
#The partial knowledge is not sufficient to have proper understanding of that subject. Thus, the knowledge of all aspects of the concept with all the possible tools is essential for complete understanding of that concept.
#Understanding of physical and mental strength is essential for assessing the proper diagnosis and the severity of disease.
#Understanding of physical and mental strength is essential for assessing the proper diagnosis and the severity of disease.
=== Part B : ''Krimi'' (parasitology) ===
#''Krimis'' are classified as external and internal variety mainly. They are further sub classified based upon etiology, habitat, morphology, color, nomenclature, pathogenesis and treatment.
#''Krimis'' are classified as external and internal variety mainly. They are further sub classified based upon etiology, habitat, morphology, color, nomenclature, pathogenesis and treatment.
#The four categories based on their habitat are: ''purishaja'' (origin in fecal matter), ''shleshmaja'' (origin in ''shleshma'' including body fluids, mucosal layers), ''raktaja'' (origin in blood), ''malaja'' (origin in body impurities).
#The four categories based on their habitat are: [[purisha]]ja (origin in fecal matter), ''shleshmaja'' (origin in ''shleshma'' including body fluids, mucosal layers), [[rakta]]ja (origin in blood), [[mala]]ja'' (origin in body impurities).
#Management principles given for ''krimi'' are ''nidana parivarjana'' (removal of causative factor), ''apakarshana'' (removal of ''krimi'') and ''prakritivighata'' (eradicating favorable environment for growth of ''krimi''). This is collectively a complete management principle (''Chikitsa Sutra'') in [[Charak Samhita]] in all aspects, as all other principles are ''ekangika'' (pertaining only to one or two components of disease process).
#Management principles given for ''krimi'' are ''nidana parivarjana'' (removal of causative factor), ''apakarshana'' (removal of ''krimi'') and ''prakritivighata'' (eradicating favorable environment for growth of ''krimi''). This is collectively a complete management principle (''Chikitsa Sutra'') in [[Charak Samhita]] in all aspects, as all other principles are ''ekangika'' (pertaining only to one or two components of disease process).
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=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
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=== Part A : Importance of correct diagnosis ===
In the era of clinical diagnosis it was very important that the physician should not do only proper diagnosis but should also assess the severity of disease so he is able to provide proper treatment without causing any harm to the patient. Hence patients should have thorough physical examination and appropriate diagnostic tests.[[Vimana Sthana]] predominantly contains the diagnostic tools. The ten point examination method of drugs is also mentioned.
In the era of clinical diagnosis it was very important that the physician should not do only proper diagnosis but should also assess the severity of disease so he is able to provide proper treatment without causing any harm to the patient. Hence patients should have thorough physical examination and appropriate diagnostic tests.[[Vimana Sthana]] predominantly contains the diagnostic tools. The ten point examination method of drugs is also mentioned.
=== Part B: ''Krimi'' (parasitology) ===
[[Ayurveda]] describes two kinds of organisms, namely ''prakrita'' (non-pathogenic), and ''vaikrita'' (pathogenic). Also described are two categories of pathogens/parasites, namely, external and internal. The internal organisms are mainly of three categories in terms of their natural environments: those that thrive on mucus (''shleshma''), those thriving in fecal matter, and those thriving in blood. Some of these, particularly the ones thriving in fecal matter seem to be intestinal parasites while others simulate microbes. The texts repeatedly advocate protecting surgical wounds from these organisms. There is also a clear description of vector borne diseases and that diseases such as leprosy, tuberculosis, conjunctivitis and fever as contagious diseases spread by contact with other patients or vectors.
[[Ayurveda]] describes two kinds of organisms, namely ''prakrita'' (non-pathogenic), and ''vaikrita'' (pathogenic). Also described are two categories of pathogens/parasites, namely, external and internal. The internal organisms are mainly of three categories in terms of their natural environments: those that thrive on mucus (''shleshma''), those thriving in fecal matter, and those thriving in blood. Some of these, particularly the ones thriving in fecal matter seem to be intestinal parasites while others simulate microbes. The texts repeatedly advocate protecting surgical wounds from these organisms. There is also a clear description of vector borne diseases and that diseases such as leprosy, tuberculosis, conjunctivitis and fever as contagious diseases spread by contact with other patients or vectors.
This recognition of the existence of these friendly ''prakrita'' (non-pathogenic organisms) by [[Ayurveda]] thousands of years ago is of great historical significance.
This recognition of the existence of these friendly ''prakrita'' (non-pathogenic organisms) by [[Ayurveda]] thousands of years ago is of great historical significance.
=== Management of ''krimi roga'' ===
Since [[Charak Samhita]] was written, there has been enormous advancement in the field of infectious diseases, especially in the last one hundred years. This advancement is mainly in the field of ''Apakarshana'' (removal of micro-organisms and parasites) but old principles of prevention are still current. This edition of [[Charak Samhita]] has brief mention of those and reader is referred to infectious disease books for detailed knowledge.
Since [[Charak Samhita]] was written, there has been enormous advancement in the field of infectious diseases, especially in the last one hundred years. This advancement is mainly in the field of ''Apakarshana'' (removal of micro-organisms and parasites) but old principles of prevention are still current. This edition of [[Charak Samhita]] has brief mention of those and reader is referred to infectious disease books for detailed knowledge.
#Enhancing ''yuktikrita bala'' or artificially-induced immunity.
#Enhancing ''yuktikrita bala'' or artificially-induced immunity.
==== ''Nidana Parivarjana'' (removal of cause) ====
The most important aspect of the management of any disease specifically ''krimi roga'' is the avoidance of aetiological factors by following good hygiene like clean water and food and avoid transmission from direct contact like clothing and physical contact etc. Infestation by parasites is common in people who eat food before the digestion of previous meals, excessive sweet and sour food prepared of flour, jaggery like cake/pastries etc. and sedentary lifestyle. Hence consumption of these items can be avoided for the proper treatment and prevention of re-infestation.
The most important aspect of the management of any disease specifically ''krimi roga'' is the avoidance of aetiological factors by following good hygiene like clean water and food and avoid transmission from direct contact like clothing and physical contact etc. Infestation by parasites is common in people who eat food before the digestion of previous meals, excessive sweet and sour food prepared of flour, jaggery like cake/pastries etc. and sedentary lifestyle. Hence consumption of these items can be avoided for the proper treatment and prevention of re-infestation.
==== ''Apakarshana'' (removal of ''krimi'') ====
Ayurvedic management of parasites is recommended for expulsion of worms/parasites from gut, skin and wounds. Most of the drugs mentioned for the management are for the intestinal worms. Some drugs have also been specified for parasites of skin like lice. A long list of drugs is available in various classical texts, however following few drugs has been used widely by Ayurvedic researchers. Most commonly used drugs are:
Ayurvedic management of parasites is recommended for expulsion of worms/parasites from gut, skin and wounds. Most of the drugs mentioned for the management are for the intestinal worms. Some drugs have also been specified for parasites of skin like lice. A long list of drugs is available in various classical texts, however following few drugs has been used widely by Ayurvedic researchers. Most commonly used drugs are:
In comparison to modern medicine, the removal of parasites in [[Ayurveda]] seems to be inconvenient to the patient. The drugs are to be used in larger doses with limited efficacy. Modern medicine drugs, for removal of common parasites are effective with convenient dosage schedule. However, these drugs are potentially toxic and are to be used with careful watch of physician.
In comparison to modern medicine, the removal of parasites in [[Ayurveda]] seems to be inconvenient to the patient. The drugs are to be used in larger doses with limited efficacy. Modern medicine drugs, for removal of common parasites are effective with convenient dosage schedule. However, these drugs are potentially toxic and are to be used with careful watch of physician.
''Prakritivighata'' (creation of unfavorable condition preventing recurrence)- ''Prakritvighata'' means to create the environment so that ''dosha'' cannot lodge themselves in the ''dhatus''/''krimi''. This includes measures promoting ''agni'' and nourishing ''dhatus'' with ''rasayana'' therapy. The role of the ''rasayana'' is to create the healthy tissues so that vitiated ''dosha'' cannot lodge (''sthana samshraya''). As per the Ayurvedic concept, increased ''dosha'' circulates in the body and on finding a weak and suitable tissue they lodge there causing the initiation of disease process. Use of certain herbs like ''Shigru, Paribhadra'', etc. may create an environment to prevent growth of parasitic ova/cyst.
''Prakritivighata'' (creation of unfavorable condition preventing recurrence)- ''Prakritvighata'' means to create the environment so that [[dosha]] cannot lodge themselves in the [[dhatu]]/''krimi''. This includes measures promoting [[agni]] and nourishing [[dhatu]] with [[rasayana]] therapy. The role of the [[rasayana]] is to create the healthy tissues so that vitiated [[dosha]] cannot lodge (''sthana samshraya''). As per the Ayurvedic concept, increased [[dosha]] circulates in the body and on finding a weak and suitable tissue they lodge there causing the initiation of disease process. Use of certain herbs like ''Shigru, Paribhadra'', etc. may create an environment to prevent growth of parasitic ova/cyst.
Mass deworming is done by World Health Organization (WHO) in certain areas of the world where helminthiasis is common. Although deworming improves the health of an individual, outcomes from mass deworming campaigns, such as reduced deaths or increases in cognitive ability, nutritional benefits, physical growth, and performance, are uncertain or not apparent.
Mass deworming is done by World Health Organization (WHO) in certain areas of the world where helminthiasis is common. Although deworming improves the health of an individual, outcomes from mass deworming campaigns, such as reduced deaths or increases in cognitive ability, nutritional benefits, physical growth, and performance, are uncertain or not apparent.
==== Enhancing ''yuktikrita bala'' or artificially-induced immunity ====
In case of recurrent worm infestations, emerging drug resistance to known anti-parasitic agents, together with the inability of these agents to prevent re-infection and relapse, further complicates the disease scenario<ref> Ahmad R, Khan T, Ahmad B, Misra A, Balapure AK. Neurocysticercosis: a review on status in India, management, and current therapeutic interventions. Parasitology Research, Jan;116(1):21-33. Epub 2016 Oct 24. </ref>. In such cases, ''nidana parivarjana'' and ''prakrityvighata'' becomes important to follow for prevention. Drug Resistance is a big problem in the field of infectious diseases.
In case of recurrent worm infestations, emerging drug resistance to known anti-parasitic agents, together with the inability of these agents to prevent re-infection and relapse, further complicates the disease scenario<ref> Ahmad R, Khan T, Ahmad B, Misra A, Balapure AK. Neurocysticercosis: a review on status in India, management, and current therapeutic interventions. Parasitology Research, Jan;116(1):21-33. Epub 2016 Oct 24. </ref>. In such cases, ''nidana parivarjana'' and ''prakrityvighata'' becomes important to follow for prevention. Drug Resistance is a big problem in the field of infectious diseases.
The spread of such diseases can be prevented by observing personal hygiene and promoting ''vyadhiksamatva'' or immunity with the help of leading a healthy lifestyle, following good nutrition and through administration of ''rasayana'' therapy.
The spread of such diseases can be prevented by observing personal hygiene and promoting ''vyadhiksamatva'' or immunity with the help of leading a healthy lifestyle, following good nutrition and through administration of [[rasayana]] therapy.
[[Ayurveda]] recognizes and describes a less-known concept of ''ojas'' (vital essence of the body) which gives biological strength (including immunity). ''Ojas'' is the final product of tissue nourishment and is the final product of all the seven ''dhatus'' namely ''rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja,'' and ''shukra''. ''Ojas'' is of two types called ''para ojas'' and ''apara ojas''. ''Para ojas'' is subtle and present in very minute quantity in the heart while ''apara ojas'' is gross and amounts to handful in quantity, spread all over the body. ''Para ojas'' is vital to life and any damage or vitiation to it can result in sudden death. ''Apara ojas'' gives gross immune strength to the body and can be compared to immunity described by modern medical science. This immune strength is also called ''ojabala'' and is categorized to be of three kinds: ''sahaja bala'' or primary immunity, ''kalaja bala'' or acquired immunity through environmental factors and ''yuktikrita bala'' or artificially-induced immunity by ''rasayana'', lifestyle and suitable diet. The classics prompt to utilize these three resources to enhance the bala/immunity in order to prevent all ailments especially chronic diseases and contagious diseases.
[[Ayurveda]] recognizes and describes a less-known concept of [[ojas]] (vital essence of the body) which gives biological strength (including immunity).[[Ojas]] is the final product of tissue nourishment and is the final product of all the seven [[dhatu]] namely [[rasa dhatu]], [[rakta dhatu]], [[mamsa dhatu]], [[meda dhatu]], [[asthi dhatu]], [[majja dhatu]], and [[shukra dhatu]]. [[Ojas]] is of two types called para [[ojas]] and apara [[ojas]]. Para [[ojas]] is subtle and present in very minute quantity in the heart while apara [[ojas]] is gross and amounts to handful in quantity, spread all over the body. Para [[ojas]] is vital to life and any damage or vitiation to it can result in sudden death. Apara [[ojas]] gives gross immune strength to the body and can be compared to immunity described by modern medical science. This immune strength is also called [[oja]]bala and is categorized to be of three kinds: ''sahaja bala'' or primary immunity, ''kalaja bala'' or acquired immunity through environmental factors and ''yuktikrita bala'' or artificially-induced immunity by [[rasayana]], lifestyle and suitable diet. The classics prompt to utilize these three resources to enhance the bala/immunity in order to prevent all ailments especially chronic diseases and contagious diseases.
Three categories of ''bala-dosha'' or immune disorders are described in the Ayurvedic texts which are comparable to three categories of immune disorders described in modern medical system:
Three categories of bala-[[dosha]] or immune disorders are described in the Ayurvedic texts which are comparable to three categories of immune disorders described in modern medical system:
#''Oja-vyapat'' (immune-aberrations and allergies),
#[[Oja]]-vyapat (immune-aberrations and allergies),
#''Oja-visransa'' (dislodged immunity and autoimmune disorders) and
#[[Oja]]-visransa(dislodged immunity and autoimmune disorders) and
#''Oja-kshaya'' (immunodeficiency).
#[[Oja]]-kshaya (immunodeficiency).
There are specific methods and approaches to tackle the categories of immune disorders. It is evident from the description of ''ojabala'' and ''bala-dosha'' that immunology was highly advanced in ''samhita'' period of [[Ayurveda]] and the knowledge in this field was comparable to the current knowledge of immunology.
There are specific methods and approaches to tackle the categories of immune disorders. It is evident from the description of [[oja]]bala and bala-[[dosha]] that immunology was highly advanced in ''samhita'' period of [[Ayurveda]] and the knowledge in this field was comparable to the current knowledge of immunology.
=== Microbiology in [[Ayurveda]] ===
Even though microscopy became available in 17th century, microbiology and parasitology was known and described in Ayurvedic classics in the context of immunity and body resistance. For an individual to possess immunity adequate ''ojas, bala'' and ''vyadhiksamatva'' is necessary. Role of microbes in causing disease became known to modern medicine in the last two centuries and since then discovery of antibiotics and vaccination there has been rapid advancements in the field of infectious diseases and saved millions of lives. However, indiscriminate use of antibiotics has caused change in body microbiome with resultant increase in various chronic and autoimmune diseases. Use of vaccination is also under cloud these days. Ayurvedic knowledge of ''yuktikrit bala'' or artificially-induced immunity by ''rasayana'', lifestyle and suitable diet can be very useful in prevention and treatment of microbial diseases.
Even though microscopy became available in 17th century, microbiology and parasitology was known and described in Ayurvedic classics in the context of immunity and body resistance. For an individual to possess immunity adequate [[ojas]], bala and ''vyadhiksamatva'' is necessary. Role of microbes in causing disease became known to modern medicine in the last two centuries and since then discovery of antibiotics and vaccination there has been rapid advancements in the field of infectious diseases and saved millions of lives. However, indiscriminate use of antibiotics has caused change in body microbiome with resultant increase in various chronic and autoimmune diseases. Use of vaccination is also under cloud these days. Ayurvedic knowledge of ''yuktikrit bala'' or artificially-induced immunity by [[rasayana]], lifestyle and suitable diet can be very useful in prevention and treatment of microbial diseases.
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===See Also ===
=== Video links ===
Video by Prof.M.S.Baghel on Parasitology in [[Ayurveda]] available on [http://ayushguru.org/video/135/ayurvedic-classics-unexplored-wisdom-of-ancient-india] retrieved on May 30, 2019
* Video by Prof.M.S.Baghel on Parasitology in [[Ayurveda]] available on [http://ayushguru.org/video/135/ayurvedic-classics-unexplored-wisdom-of-ancient-india ayushguru project link] retrieved on May 30, 2019
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>
=== Further reading ===
=== Further reading ===
#Charak Samhita, Shri Cakrapani viracita [[Ayurveda]] deepika vyakhya, Yadavaji Trikamji Acharya Sampadita, Choukhamba Surabharati Prakashana.
#Charak Samhita, Shri Chakrapani virachita [[Ayurveda]] deepika vyakhya, Yadavaji Trikamji Acharya Sampadita, Choukhamba Surabharati Prakashana.
#Charak Samhita, Shri Cakrapani viracita [[Ayurveda]] Deepika tatha Shri Gangadhara viracita Jalpakalpataru Teeka, Choukhamba publishers.
#Charak Samhita, Shri Chakrapani virachita [[Ayurveda]] Deepika tatha Shri Gangadhara viracita Jalpakalpataru Teeka, Choukhamba publishers.
#Charak Samhita, Edited with Vaidyamanorama Hindi commentary by Acharya Vidyadhara Shukla and Prof Ravidatta Tripathi, Choukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthana.
#Charak Samhita, Edited with Vaidyamanorama Hindi commentary by Acharya Vidyadhara Shukla and Prof Ravidatta Tripathi, Choukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthana.
#Charak Samhita, Edited with Caraka Chndrika Hindi commentary by Dr. Brahmanand Tripathi, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan.
#Charak Samhita, Edited with Caraka Chndrika Hindi commentary by Dr. Brahmanand Tripathi, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan.
#Sir Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cognate Indo European Languages, Motilal Banarasi Das.
#Sir Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cognate Indo European Languages, Motilal Banarasi Das.
#Stedman’s Medical Dictionary by The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
#Stedman’s Medical Dictionary by The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
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