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Line 21: + + + + + + + + + + + + − ==[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 23, Chapter on the management of ''Visha'' ( various types of poisoning)== − − === Abstract === + + − + − + + − === Introduction === + + Line 32:
Line 56: − === Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ===+ + Line 41:
Line 66: + Line 57:
Line 83: + − + − + − ==== History of origin of ''visha'' ====+ + Line 71:
Line 99: + Line 87:
Line 116: + − ==== Sources of poison ====+ + Line 97:
Line 128: + Line 109:
Line 141: + − ==== Aggravation and pacification of potency ====+ + Line 119:
Line 153: + Line 131:
Line 166: + − ==== Animal origin ====+ + Line 143:
Line 180: + Line 159:
Line 197: + − ==== Earthen and plant origin ====+ + Line 175:
Line 215: + Line 199:
Line 240: + − ==== ''Gara visha'' ( artificial poison) ====+ + + Line 215:
Line 259: + − ==== Clinical features of poisoning ====+ + Line 231:
Line 277: + Line 255:
Line 302: + Line 262:
Line 310: − ==== Stage wise clinical features in humans ====+ + Line 277:
Line 326: + Line 305:
Line 355: + − + − + − + − + Line 318:
Line 369: − ==== Stage wise features in animals and birds ====+ + Line 329:
Line 381: + Line 349:
Line 402: + Line 364:
Line 418: − ==== Properties of ''visha'' and its effect on body ====+ + Line 381:
Line 436: + Line 413:
Line 469: + − + − + − ==== Clinical features as per site of ''dosha'' ====+ + Line 431:
Line 489: + Line 455:
Line 514: + − + − + − + + + Line 473:
Line 535: + − + + + Line 487:
Line 552: + Line 492:
Line 558: − ==== Fatal signs ====+ + Line 501:
Line 568: + Line 517:
Line 585: + − ==== Twenty four treatment modalities ====+ + Line 533:
Line 603: + Line 557:
Line 628: + Line 567:
Line 639: − + − + − + − + Line 584:
Line 656: − ==== First aid treatment ====+ + Line 591:
Line 664: + Line 603:
Line 677: + − ==== Blood letting ====+ + Line 625:
Line 701: + Line 661:
Line 738: + − + − + − ''Rakta dhatu'' is abode of ''visha'' (circulates ''visha'' all over the body) just like wind spreads the fire. With the help of ''pradeha'' (external application) and ''seka'' which are cooling in effect, blood gets coagulated thereby arresting the spread of poison. Due to the ''vega avastha'' of ''visha'' (different stages), patient suffers from ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchha'' (fainting), ''vishada'' (depression), ''hridaya drava'' (palpitation) etc. Application of cooling therapies alleviates such complication. The patient should sufficiently ventilated till the occurrence of horripilation.[39-43]+ − ==== Benefits of first aid treatments ====+ + + Line 683:
Line 763: + Line 688:
Line 769: − ==== Treatment of first stage ====+ + + Line 701:
Line 784: + − ''Vamana'' (emesis) helps in eliminating poison which has been taken orally. The second stage of poisoning ''virechana'' (purgation) places a definite role in eliminating the ''visha'' from the body. [45]+ − ==== Treatment of second stage ====+ + Line 715:
Line 800: + Line 731:
Line 817: + − ==== Treatment of third to eighth stage ====+ + Line 747:
Line 835: + Line 771:
Line 860: + Line 776:
Line 866: − + Line 782:
Line 872: − ==== Treatment in eighth stage ====+ + Line 791:
Line 882: + Line 804:
Line 896: + Line 813:
Line 906: − ==== Treatment in case of hanging and drowning ====+ + + Line 826:
Line 921: + − ==== ''Mritasanjivana agada'' ====+ + Line 860:
Line 957: + Line 920:
Line 1,018: + Line 927:
Line 1,026: − ==== Principle of treatment as per site of ''dosha'' ====+ + Line 944:
Line 1,044: + Line 976:
Line 1,077: + − + − + − + − + − + − ==== Treatment of obstruction by ''kapha'' and ''kakapada'' (incision in the shape of paw of crow) ====+ + Line 1,002:
Line 1,105: + Line 1,026:
Line 1,130: + − + − + + Line 1,040:
Line 1,146: + Line 1,056:
Line 1,163: + − + − ==== ''Gandhahasti agada'' ====+ + Line 1,092:
Line 1,201: + Line 1,152:
Line 1,262: + Line 1,165:
Line 1,276: − ==== ''Mahagandhahastinama agada'' ====+ + Line 1,242:
Line 1,354: + Line 1,394:
Line 1,507: + Line 1,473:
Line 1,587: − ==== ''Rushabhakadi agada'' ====+ + + Line 1,486:
Line 1,602: + − ==== ''Hingvadi yoga'' ====+ + + Line 1,502:
Line 1,621: + − ==== Treatment of vomiting and hiccups ====+ + + Line 1,518:
Line 1,640: + Line 1,523:
Line 1,646: − ==== Fumigation ====+ + + Line 1,536:
Line 1,661: + − ==== Medicated fumigation for swelling ====+ + + Line 1,552:
Line 1,680: + − ==== ''Jatwadi'' medicated fumigation ====+ + + Line 1,568:
Line 1,699: + − ==== ''Ksharagada'' ====+ + Line 1,590:
Line 1,723: + Line 1,626:
Line 1,760: + + Line 1,636:
Line 1,772: + Line 1,652:
Line 1,789: + − ==== Characteristics of poison giver and intoxicated poisonous food ====+ + Line 1,668:
Line 1,807: + Line 1,692:
Line 1,832: + + Line 1,704:
Line 1,846: + Line 1,720:
Line 1,863: + Line 1,725:
Line 1,869: − ==== Effects of food poisoning ====+ + Line 1,746:
Line 1,891: + Line 1,786:
Line 1,932: + Line 1,798:
Line 1,945: − ==== Clinical features of poison through various routes of consumption/exposure ====+ + Line 1,825:
Line 1,973: + Line 1,877:
Line 2,026: + Line 1,888:
Line 2,038: − + − ==== Description of snakes and poisoning ====+ + + Line 1,903:
Line 2,055: + − ==== Types of snakes and their effect on ''dosha'' ====+ + + Line 1,919:
Line 2,074: + − + − ==== Identification of snakes ====+ + + Line 1,935:
Line 2,093: + − ==== Properties of snake poisons ====+ + + Line 1,951:
Line 2,112: + Line 1,956:
Line 2,118: − ==== Characteristics of ''darvikara'' snake bite ====+ + + Line 1,969:
Line 2,133: + − + − ==== Characteristics of ''mandali'' snake bite ====+ + + Line 1,985:
Line 2,152: + − + − ==== Characteristics of ''rajimana'' snake bite ====+ + + Line 2,001:
Line 2,171: + − + − ==== Gender wise characteristics of snakes ====+ + Line 2,011:
Line 2,183: + Line 2,023:
Line 2,196: + − ==== Differentiation in features in snake bite of different genders ====+ + Line 2,033:
Line 2,208: + Line 2,045:
Line 2,221: + − ==== Bite of a pregnant snake ====+ + + Line 2,061:
Line 2,240: + + + Line 2,075:
Line 2,257: + + + Line 2,089:
Line 2,274: + − ==== Characters of snakes of different ages ====+ + + Line 2,105:
Line 2,293: + − ==== Fangs of snakes ====+ + + Line 2,121:
Line 2,312: + + + Line 2,135:
Line 2,329: + + + Line 2,149:
Line 2,346: + − ==== ''Dooshi visha'' (slowly acting poison) ====+ + + Line 2,165:
Line 2,365: + + Line 2,173:
Line 2,375: + Line 2,185:
Line 2,388: + − ==== Bad prognostic fatal signs ====+ + Line 2,197:
Line 2,402: + Line 2,213:
Line 2,419: + − ==== Characteristics of insect bite with ''dooshi visha'' ====+ + Line 2,223:
Line 2,431: + Line 2,235:
Line 2,444: + − ==== General features ====+ + Line 2,245:
Line 2,456: + Line 2,257:
Line 2,469: + − ==== Characteristics of rat bite ====+ + + Line 2,273:
Line 2,488: + − ==== Features of rat bite ====+ + + Line 2,289:
Line 2,507: + − ==== Characteristics of chameleon bite ====+ + + Line 2,305:
Line 2,526: + − ==== Characteristics of scorpion bite ====+ + + Line 2,321:
Line 2,545: + + + Line 2,335:
Line 2,562: + − ==== Characteristics of hornet bite ====+ + + Line 2,351:
Line 2,581: + − ==== Characteristics of crab bite ====+ + + Line 2,367:
Line 2,600: + − ==== Characteristics of frog bite ====+ + + Line 2,383:
Line 2,619: + − ==== Effects of poisonous fish ====+ + + + − ==== Effects of poisonous leech ====+ + + + − ==== Effects of poisonous lizards ====+ + + + − ==== Effects of poisonous centipede ====+ + + + − ==== Effects of mosquito bite ====+ + + Line 2,439:
Line 2,690: + − ==== Effects of bee sting ====+ + + Line 2,455:
Line 2,709: + − ==== Prognosis as per place and time of bite ====+ + Line 2,469:
Line 2,725: + Line 2,489:
Line 2,746: + + + + − ==== Aggravating factors of effects of poison ====+ + + Line 2,513:
Line 2,776: + − ==== Snakes with mild poisonous effect ====+ + + Line 2,529:
Line 2,795: + − ==== Effect of anger, hunger and fear on releasing snake poison ====+ + + Line 2,545:
Line 2,814: + − + + + Line 2,561:
Line 2,833: + − + − ==== Treatment as per ''dosha'' dominance ====+ + + Line 2,577:
Line 2,852: + − + − ==== Clinical effects of ''vata'' dominant ''visha'' ====+ + + Line 2,593:
Line 2,871: + − + − ==== Clinical effects of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ====+ + + Line 2,609:
Line 2,890: + − ==== Clinical effects of ''kapha'' dominant ''visha'' ====+ + + Line 2,625:
Line 2,909: + − ==== Treatment of ''vata'' dominant ''visha'' ====+ + + Line 2,641:
Line 2,928: + − ==== Treatment of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ====+ + + + + + + + + + − ==== Treatment of scorpion bite ====+ + + Line 2,685:
Line 2,984: + − ==== Treatment of crab bite ====+ + + Line 2,701:
Line 3,003: + − ==== Features of dog bite ====+ + + Line 2,717:
Line 3,022: + − + + + Line 2,731:
Line 3,039: + − + + Line 2,741:
Line 3,051: + Line 2,757:
Line 3,068: + − ==== Treatment of dog bite ====+ + + Line 2,773:
Line 3,087: + + + Line 2,787:
Line 3,104: + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in head region ====+ + + Line 2,803:
Line 3,123: + Line 2,808:
Line 3,129: − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in upper and lower parts of body ====+ + + Line 2,821:
Line 3,144: + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in eye region ====+ + + Line 2,837:
Line 3,163: + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in throat region ====+ + + + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in stomach region ====+ + + + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in colon region ====+ + + Line 2,873:
Line 3,208: + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rasa dhatu'' ====+ + + Line 2,889:
Line 3,227: + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rakta dhatu'' ====+ + + Line 2,905:
Line 3,246: + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''mamsa dhatu'' ====+ + + Line 2,921:
Line 3,265: + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in all ''dhatu'' ====+ + + + − ==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''kapha'' dominance ====+ + + Line 2,947:
Line 3,297: + − + − ==== Various formulations ====+ − ===== ''Mamsyadi'' formulation =====+ + Line 2,959:
Line 3,311: + Line 2,971:
Line 3,324: + − ===== ''Chandanadi'' formulation =====+ + Line 2,983:
Line 3,338: + Line 2,999:
Line 3,355: + − ===== ''Shirishadi nasya'' and ''anjana'' =====+ + + Line 3,015:
Line 3,374: + − ===== ''Nata-Kushtha'' formulation =====+ + + Line 3,031:
Line 3,393: + − ==== Treatment of ''darvikara'' snake bite ====+ + + Line 3,047:
Line 3,412: + − ==== Treatment of ''mandali'' snake bite ====+ + + Line 3,063:
Line 3,431: + − ==== Treatment of ''rajimana'' snake bite ====+ + + Line 3,079:
Line 3,450: + − ==== ''Grihadhumadi'' formulation ====+ + + Line 3,095:
Line 3,469: + − ==== External application in insect bite ====+ + + + + + + − ==== Treatment of spider poison ====+ + Line 3,125:
Line 3,507: + Line 3,141:
Line 3,524: + + + Line 3,157:
Line 3,543: + + + Line 3,171:
Line 3,560: + + + Line 3,185:
Line 3,577: + − ==== Treatment of rat bite ====+ + + Line 3,201:
Line 3,596: + − ==== ''Kutajadi'' formulation ====+ + Line 3,213:
Line 3,610: + Line 3,229:
Line 3,627: + + + + − + + + Line 3,251:
Line 3,655: + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + + + − ==== Best ''agada'' ====+ + Line 3,307:
Line 3,728: + Line 3,331:
Line 3,753: + − ==== Treatment of centipede poison ====+ + + Line 3,347:
Line 3,772: + − ==== Treatment of house lizard poison ====+ + + Line 3,363:
Line 3,791: + + + Line 3,377:
Line 3,808: + − ==== ''Pancha shirisha agada'' ====+ + Line 3,387:
Line 3,820: + Line 3,399:
Line 3,833: + − ==== Treatment of nail or teeth bite of animals ====+ + Line 3,411:
Line 3,847: + Line 3,427:
Line 3,864: + − ==== ''Shanka visha'' (pseudo poisoning) ====+ + Line 3,443:
Line 3,882: + Line 3,467:
Line 3,907: + − ==== Suitable diet in treatment of poisoning ====+ − + + + Line 3,484:
Line 3,927: + + + Line 3,498:
Line 3,944: + + + Line 3,512:
Line 3,961: + + + Line 3,526:
Line 3,978: + − ==== Unsuitable diet and lifestyle ====+ + + Line 3,542:
Line 3,997: + − ==== Signs of poisoning in quadruped animals ====+ + Line 3,554:
Line 4,011: + Line 3,570:
Line 4,028: + − ==== Treatment of poisoning in animals ====+ + Line 3,582:
Line 4,042: + Line 3,598:
Line 4,059: + − ==== ''Gara visha'' (slow acting artificial poison) ====+ + + Line 3,614:
Line 4,078: + − ==== Effects of ''gara visha'' ====+ + Line 3,634:
Line 4,100: + Line 3,666:
Line 4,133: + − ==== Treatment of ''gara visha'' ====+ + + Line 3,682:
Line 4,152: + + Line 3,692:
Line 4,164: + Line 3,708:
Line 4,181: + − ==== ''Nagadantyadi'' ghee ====+ + Line 3,718:
Line 4,193: + Line 3,730:
Line 4,206: + − ==== ''Amrita'' Ghee ====+ + Line 3,766:
Line 4,244: + Line 3,830:
Line 4,309: + − ==== Lifestyle to avoid snake bite ====+ + Line 3,840:
Line 4,321: + Line 3,852:
Line 4,334: + + + Line 3,866:
Line 4,351: + − ==== Wearing gems for preventing poisonous effects ====+ + Line 3,878:
Line 4,365: + Line 3,894:
Line 4,382: + − ==== Summary ====+ + Line 3,904:
Line 4,394: + Line 3,916:
Line 4,407: + + + Line 3,930:
Line 4,424: + − + − + Line 3,940:
Line 4,435: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − ==== Similes in historical origin ====+ Line 3,971:
Line 4,466: − ==== ''Gara visha'' (artificial poison) ====+ Line 3,977:
Line 4,472: − ==== Properties and affects ====+ + + − The ten ''gunas'' of ''visha'' with their impact on the ''doshas'' and the body are dealt in this section. Some ''gunas'' can be interpreted as follows: ''Sookshma guna'' has a property of ''vivarana'' i.e.; to spread which makes the ''rakta'' to spread all over and make the ''visha'' reach all over the body. ''Kapha'' and ''visha'' have the same origin from ''jala'' (water) and also the ''avyakta rasata'' leads to intrude into the ''anna rasa'' and spreads fast. ''Vyavayi vuna'' is responsible for the quick spreading of ''visha'' as like a drop of oil spreads on water surface. ''Taikshnya'' is responsible for ''marmaghna'' effect. Basically ''marma'' is ''saumya'' in nature. The ''vishada guna'' of ''visha'' makes it unsticky and there by not allowing getting it adhered at single place. The ''teekshna guna'' of ''visha'' destroys it and causes the ''marmaghna'' effect. It is very difficult to keep a ''laghu dravya'' stagnant. It keeps on changing its form or function. So it becomes very difficult to treat ''visha'' that is ''laghu'' and constantly changing its site of action in the body. Sushruta has also attributed the effect of poisons corresponding to its ''guna''. The illustration is precise and understandable. (Su. K. 2/19-21)+ − ==== Treatment modalities ====+ − ''Visha'' is managed by the above said 24 fold treatment principles. Any of the above said methods can be implemented in the treatment. They can be classified in to two as per the usage. One is emergency management and the other is conservative and ''rasayana'' treatment. The procedures like ''mantra, arishta, utkartana, nishpeedana, aachooshana, agni, parisheka, avagaha, raktamokshana'' are all emergencies as they will arrest the spread of ''visha''. The ''vamana, virechana, samjna sthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) etc are helpful in the removal of the absorbed poison. The set of treatments like ''prashamana'' (pacification), ''aushadha'' etc. are self explanatory. ''Mrita sanjeevana'' (restoring life in about to die or apprantly dead person) acts as a life saving and ''rasayana''. To say, ''rasayana'' has an inverse relation with ''visha''. This is told very clearly by Vagbhata while explaining the Ashtangas of Ayurveda. ''Rasayana'' comes next to ''visha'' in the chronology. [[Visha Chikitsa]] completes only after ''rasayana prayoga'' as it rejuvenates the damaged cells and tissues. The one which stands separate is ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is a trump card management in [[Visha Chikitsa]] when all other treatments fail. In olden days of practice it was very much used by various ''vaidyas''. Now it is restricted only to a limited area like Kerala. There are still some incidents of life saved by this procedure. Smilar references about the line of management in cases of poisoning can be cross referred in Sushruta Samhita & Ashtanga Samgraha (Su.K.5/3-4) (A.S.U. 42/8 & 42/19-23) + − − ==== First aid or immediate treatment after bite ==== − + − ==== ''Agnikarma'' and its contraindications ====+ − + − ==== Importance of protection of heart ====+ − + − ==== Stage wise treatment of poisoning ====+ − ==== ''Mahagandhahasti agada'' ====+ − + − + − ==== Various formulations ====+ − ===== ''Ksharagada'' =====+ − ==== Characteristics of poisonous food ====+ − + − ==== Identification and types of snakes ====+ Line 4,027:
Line 4,522: − + − ===== ''Darveekara'' snake – comparison: King cobra and cobra =====+ − ====== Cobra ======+ Line 4,041:
Line 4,536: − + − ====== King cobra: Ophiophagus hennah ======+ Line 4,053:
Line 4,548: − ===== ''Mandali sarpa'': Comparision- Russell's viper, pit vipers, saw scaled vipers =====+ − ====== Russell’s viper (Daboia russelli) ======+ − ====== Saw scaled viper ======+ − ====== Pit vipers ======+ Line 4,073:
Line 4,568: − ===== ''Rajiman Sarpa''- Comparision- Common and Banded Krait =====+ − ====== Common Krait: Bungarus caeruleus ======+ − ====== Banded krait: Bungarus fasciatus ======+ − ===== Gender wise classification of snakes =====+ − + − + − + − ===== ''Godha'' (monitor) =====+ − + − − Types of luta (spiders): − BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER: BLACK WIDOW SPIDER: − Loxosceles reclusa Latrodectus mactans − − === Glossary === − − #आध्भान ādhamānaṁ Distention of abdomen due to gas. − #आरस्म ālasya Loss of enthusiasm, idleness , want of energy, apathetic, Reluctance to work or make an effort, laziness − #आरेऩभ् ālepaṁ Coating − #आभ Āma − ##Raw, uncooked, unbaked, immature, unripe − ##May be associated with food or other physiological entities to mean incomplete transformation or metabolism causing a harmful effect on health. − #आभाशम् āmāśayaḥ Stomach -A dilated sac like distensible portion of alimentary canal between the esophagus and the duodenum which contains partially digested food. It is a major seat of Pitta. − #आभविष āmaviśa It is a kind of disorder which results from incompatible food or from eating before digestion of previous meals, similar to intestinal toxemia because it simulates the symptoms of toxemia. − #आशु āśu Fast or rapid. − #आशुकारय āśukāri − ##Operating quickly,swiftly − ##Of sudden onset /acute − #आश्िासन āśvāsana In the condition of fear of poison, psychological morale boosting of the patient is advised by consoling the patient. − #.... ātopa Painful distension of abdomen accompanied by rumbling noise − #आियणॊ āvaraṇaṁ Enveloping raw material with same or other material − #आविर āvila Turbid − #आमास ayasa Physical exertion, Toil − #अफद्दिाक् abaddhavāk Incoherent speech − #अमबष्मत्न्द abhiṣyandi substances which cause obstruction to srotas and are slimy & heavy in nature; e.g. Curd − #अभ्मॊग abhyaṅga Manually manipulating technique in which oil is applied over various part of body to get desired effect.It’s a part of daily regimen which is adopted for preservation and promotion of health. It includes massage over the head (shiro abhyamga), massage over feet (pada abhyamga) & oiling of ears (Karna Purana). − #अचेतनॊ acetana Loss of tactile sensation. − #अधधष्ठानभ् adhiṣṭhānam seat (of poison) − #अगद Agada Antitoxic medication. − #अगदानाॊ र्ह सॊमोगो विषजुष्टस्म मुज्मते agadānāṁ hi saṁyogo viṣajuṣṭasya yujyate Agadas should be used only in cases of poisoning. − #अत्ग्न फरनाशॊ agni balanāśaṁ Loss of digestive power − #अत्ग्नभान्द्म agnimāndya Lack of digestive power − #अजीणश ajīrṇa Indigestion − #अकृत्रत्रभ विष akṛtrima viṣa Poison from natural source. − #अक्षऺकूट akṣikūṭa Orbital or Ocular margin, Eye ball or oculas. Superciliary ridge. The bony pyramid-shaped cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball. − #अल्ऩ alpa Less, Scanty, Diminished − #.... amla Sour; One among six Rasa − #अभृत amṛta Ambrosia − #अनरेऺण् analekṣaṇaḥ Fiery, dreadful eyes. − #अनेकिणश anekavarṇa Multiple color − #अङ्गभदश aṅgamarda Pressing pain − #अतनद्रा anidrā Sleeplessness, disturbed sleep − #अञ्जन añjana It’s a process of anointing, smearing, mixing, collyrium or black pigment used to paint the root of eye lashes. Anointment is done with a stick or pencil called as ''anjana shalaka''. There are two types of añjana which are used by healthy individuals, one is ''savira anjana'' should be applied to eyes daily and other is ''Rasanjana'' which is applied once in every five or eight days for stimulating secretion. − #अनुरेऩन anulepana Mode of administration of poison through an ointment. − #आनूऩ anūpa marshy lands − #अनुऩान anupana Any liquid which is taken soon after food. Drink should have properties opposite to that of food, but should not be incompatible with the particular food. It helps in easy movement, digestion and assimilation of the food particles. − #अऩाक apāka Indigestion − #.......apāṅgasandhi Outer junction of the eye lids. The angle at lateral side of the slit between the eyelids. − #अऩर्थम apathy Food and behaviors which are not conducive or not wholesome to body and mind is called as apathy. Contrast to Pathya. − #अयतत arati Restlessness due to dissatisfaction − #अफुशद arbuda Tumor − #अरुणिणश aruṇavarṇa Downy red − #अश्रु aœru Lacrimal fluids (Tears) - The liquid excreted into the eyes by the lacrimal glands − #असृग asṛga Blood − #a..avegam aṣṭavegam The action of poison is manifested in eight virulent stages or impulses (vega). − #असुखभ् Asukham Discomfort or unpleasantness, If agadas (antitoxic medicines) are used in healthy, non poisoned persons it would produce all kinds of discomfort. − #अस्िेदनॊ asvedana. Loss of Sweating − ## atipravṛtti Hyperactive − #अततसाय् atisāraḥ Diarrhea − #औषध au.adha medicine / drug − #...... au..ya Hotness − #अिगाहन Avagāhana Immersion of anointed body in to a tub of warm water. It is one among the daily regimen which nourishes whole body, bestows strength, gives stability and enhances physical resistance power − ##………. avaleha A pharmaceutical dosage form- confectionery the decoctions are further concentrated to semisolid consistency after adding sweetening and other substances over fire − ##…………. Avalekhana Modes of administration of poison through comb − #अिऩीडन avapīḍana massaging the body parts by applying pressure. This method is used for relaxation therapy. − #अविष/ तनविशष् aviṣa/ nirviṣ Detoxified state − #अविषमरॊगभ् aviṣaliṁgam Absence of sign of poison, a bite a non- venomous serpent is marked by the absence of any of the specific symptoms of poisoning. − ##……….. avyakta Unmanifestated state, unapparent, indistinct, invisible, imperceptible. A feature of Vāta. − #फाधधमश Bādhirya Loss of hearing − #फहरॊ bahala. Thick − #फरऺम balakṣaya Loss of physical strength or weakness − #फन्ध bandha Suppressed − #फत्स्त Basti Bladder − #बस्भ bhasma Ashes of metals/minerals obtained through incineration/calcinations process − ##……. bhauma sarpa Terrestrial snakes − ##…….. bhayaḥ Fear − #बेदन Bhedana Breaking pain − ##…….. bhe.aja Medicine − #मबन्न स्िय् bhinna svara Hoarseness of voice − ##……. bhinna vi.ka Loose motion − #भ्रभ bhrama Giddiness, Dizziness or tremor. − #भ्रॊश bhraṁśa Prolapse − #त्रफरेशमा Bileśayā Includes animals living in burrows. Exp- toad, Iguana, snake, porcupine − #फुवद्दविभ्रभBuddhivibhrama Perverted intelligence − #चऺु cakṣu Eye. One of the five sense organs. − #चर Cala To move − #चन्द्राकृतत दृत्ष्ट भण्डर candrākṛti dṛṣṭi maṇḍala Moon shaped pupil − ##……. caturdaṁṣṭro Animals having four poisonous fangs − #चेष्टा ceṣṭā Motion, action, function − #छर्दश Chardi Vomiting − #छेद cheda Cutting pain − #तछनत्त्त इि chinatti iva Cutting pain − #धचमभधचभामन cimicimāyana Formication − #धचयात् Cirāt Delayed − #चोष् coṣaḥ Sucking type of sensation − #चूषण cūṣaṇa Suction. − #दाहॊ dāhaṁ Burning sensation. − #दारुण dāruṇa Hard − #दहत्मत्ग्नरयिादौ तु मबनत्तीिोध्िशभाशु dahatyagnirivādau tu bhinattīvordhvamāśu In scorpion bite, there is intense burning pain in the beginning and thereafter there is pinching pain which spreads upwards instantaneously. − #दॊश daṁśa Biting − #दॊश विशीमशते daṁśa viśīryate Symptom of the hornet sting is suppuration of the bitten part − #दॊशा फहुत्तयवि षा बृशा् daṁśā bahuttaravi ṣā bhṛśāḥ Poison coming out of the snake fangs viz., lower left, upper left, lower right and upper right is progressively more and more virulent and incurable − #दॊशदेश daṁśadeśa site of bite/sting − #दॊशकोथ् da..akotha Putrefaction/ suppuration of the affected part. − #दॊष्रा daṁṣṭrā Ayurvedic term for poisonous teeth which is counted as site of poison and medium of spreading poison/infection by the way bite of animal − #दॊष्राविषॊ भौरॊ हत्न्त daṁṣṭrāviṣaṁ maulaṁ hanta Animate type of poison is neutralized by the use of inanimate poisons − #दन्त् dantaḥ Tooth − #दन्तहषं dantaharṣaṁ Hypersensitivity in teeth. − #दिॉकय Darvīkara Hooded snake/cobras. − #दशगुणभ् daśaguṇam Ten attributes or properties of poison by which it acts on the body and produces harmful effects. − #दष्ट् शीतोदकेनेि मसततान्मङ्गातन भन्मते daṣṭaḥ śītodakeneva siktānyaṅgāni manyate It bitten by uchchiting (poisonous crab/ cricket), the person feels as if the whole body is effused with cold water. − #दष्टकभ् daṣṭakam It is a type of snake bite in which three marks of the fangs are seen accompanied with tearing of the muscle but not of blood vessels − #दष्टतनऩीडडत daṣṭanipīḍita It is a type of snake bite in which four fang marks are seen with tearing of the muscles but not of the blood vessels. − #दौफशल्म Daurbalya Loss of strength − #देह deha The living body. Indicative of growth in the bodily tissues. − #देश Deśa habitat, the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows − #धातु प्रदूषण dhātu pradūṣaṇa vitiation of dhatus commonly used to denote the substances that are harmful to the living system − #धिस्त Dhavasta Chocked − #धीविभ्रभ Dhīvibhrama Perverted intelligence − #धूभ dhūma Medicated smoke − #धूभामन Smoky sensation − #धूऩन Dhūpana Smoke is made to spread in the ambient air to maintain the purity and clean air. − #धूसय् dhūsaraḥ Ash color, Grey color − #ध्मामतत (विहग्) dhyayati (vihaga.) It is a symptom produced in the first of impulse of bird poisoning which means the bird gets depressed. − #दीऩन dīpana − ##Stimulating / promoting digestion − ##To increase appetite − #दीप्त तेज dīpta teja Very brightly shining aura − ##……….. divya sarpa Mysterious mythological celestial snakes which are radiant just like fire and it is said that they always roar, cause rain, shine by themselves and always support and sustain the world, when become angry convert the world to ashes by their sight and exhalation. − #दोष doṣa Principle constituents of the body that is responsible for homeostasis, when present in the state of equilibrium. Do.as also determine the psycho-physiological nature / constitution of an individual. Do.as are capable of vitiating the different bodily tissues, when deviate from the state of equilibrium and can lead to diseases. These are of two classes: a..r.rika (bodily): V.ta, Pitta and Kapha. b. M.nasa (psychological): Raja and Tama. − #दोषस्थानप्रकृती् प्राप्मान्मतभॊ वमुदीयमतत doṣasthānaprakṛtīḥ prāpyānyatamaṁ hyudīrayati Depending upon the location of doshas and the constitution of the patient, poisons provoke other doshas − ##Dravya Materials of plant, animal & mineral origin − #दृत्ष्ट dṛṣṭi Look − #दुन्दुमबस्िनीम Dundubhisvanīya Name of a chapter which states treatment of the patients of poisoning by the sounds of beating medicated drums because of its anti venomous virtue. − #दुगशन्ध durgandha Bad smell, Fetid smell − #दुरुऩक्रभ durupakrama Difficult for therapeutic management due to increased risk − #दूषीविषभ् dūṣīviṣam chronic poisoning/Either inanimate, animate or artificial poison when it becomes less potent after its treatment and when its effects are not nullified radically, because of which it resides in the body that particular less potent part of the above said poison is called dushivisha − #एभ्मोऽन्मथा धचक्रकत्स्मा् Poisoned patients without the signs of (imminent) death should be treated. − #फ़णणन् faṇin snakes (cobra). − #गद्गद् gadgadaḥ Stuttering − #गभन gamana Motion, gait, process, or instance of changing place − #गन्ध gandha Smell : Odour − #……….. garasaṁjñam Garavisha is considered as one of the form of kritrim visha (artificial poison) which gets formed by the combination of two or more poisonous or non poisonous drugs and ultimately affects the whole body by vitiating all the dhatus (tissues) in the body. It can go to such extent that it alleviates the dhatus drastically which in turn could prove to be fatal. A phenomenon simillar to drug interaction. − #गयसॊमोगजॊ garasaṁyogajaṁ Artificially prepared poison by the combination Of various substances. − #गमबशणी garbhi Pregnant woman − #गतत Gati Motion, moving, gait − #गौयि gaurava Heavy feeling, Heaviness − #घोय दशशनॊ ghora darśanaṁ Bizzare look − #ग्रातन glāni Fatigue of mind or body, or loss of enthusiasm. − #गृहगोधधका gṛhagodhikā house lizard. − #गुण guṇa properties of a substance; present in the substance as a coinherent factor to perform a definite set of actions; might be physical, chemical, pharmacological, etc. but mainly pertains to the pharmacological properties. − #गुरुत्व Heaviness, Gravity − #हरयकेशो Harikeśo Tawny hair person − #हरयत Harita Green colour − #हतेत्न्द्रम् hatendriyaḥ Weakness of sense organs − #रृदमाियण hṛdayāvaraṇa Poisons, by their penetrating property, weaken the heart and in order to protect it the patient should be administered pure ghee, ghee mixed with honey, juices of sugarcane etc. − #रृदमोत्तरेश hṛdayotkleśa Nausea − #रृल्रास hṛllāsa Nausea − #इत्न्द्रमाणाॊ च िैकृत्मॊ indriyāṇāṁ ca vaikṛtyaṁ Food mixed with poison on it reaching stomach give rises to derangement of the sense organs. − #जाङ्गभ विष jāṅgama viṣa The poison of animate origin in creatures like snakes, insects, spiders, scorpions, leeches, fish, frog, dogs, lion, tiger, jackal, hyena, etc. − #जगत्व्दषण्णभ् jagavdiṣaṇṇam The whole world became despaired and gloomy after looking at the ferocious creature that emerged before the emergence of ambrosia during churning of the sea. − #जरसॊत्रास jalasaṁtrāsa hydrphobia. − ## jaṅgamaṁsyād urdhvabhāgaṁ Gangadhar commentary on charak samhita says the tendency of animate poisons is to move upwards in the body. − #जङ्गभस्थािय विष मोतन jaṅgamasthāvar viṣa yoni Poison is of two types one is jangam (animal origin-mobile) & another is sthavar ( plant and mineral origin- immobile). − #तजविाशोप Jihvāśoph Swelling of the tongue. − #जीिजीिका् jīvajīvakāḥ A small bird. − #जृम्बा jṛmbhā It is a symptom produced in second impulse of poisoning, which means yawning. − #ज्िरनाकशसभप्रबा् jvalanārkasamaprabhāḥ Characteristic of mandali (viper snake variety) snakes which means they have the glow like the fire and sun. − #काकऩदॊ kākapadaṁ If there is no remedy for poisoning, it is the last line of treatment, in which incision is made on the scalp of the shape of crow’s feet, and on that the medicine is kept. − #कार भृत्मु kāla mṛtyu Timely death, death in due time which means the life force residing in the body being endowed with full vitality by nature and maintained in the right manner will come to an end only with the complete wearing out of itself. − #कारान्तय विऩाकी kālāntara vipākī Poison with delayed action, garavisha as it takes some time to get assimilated in the body to produce its toxic effects. − #काष्ठे यत्श्भमबिाश हतभ् kāṣṭhe raśmibhirvā hatam One bespattered with blood, with limbs broken or dislocated should be regarded as slain with sticks or whip. − #कणब kaṇabha Hornet . − #कण्डू kaṇḍū Itching − #कण्ठेश्िमथु kaṇṭheśvayathu Laryngeal oedema which is produced by Rajimān (kraits) snake bite. − #कपभव्मततयसत्िादन्नयसाॊश्चानुितशते शीघ्रभ् kaphamavyaktarasatvādannarasāṁścānuvartate śīghram. Because of indistinct taste property of poison it causes aggravation of kapha and it quickly distrubs taste of food. − #कणणशका karṇikā Polyp like granulomatous growth developed when there is bite of poisonous insect/ rat. − #कणणशकाऩातनॊ karṇikāpātanaṁ Removal or excision of granulomatous growth in the wound which is caused due to bite by the insects, spiders & rats. − #किचाबणेषु kavacabhar.e.u Mode of administration of poison via armour and ornaments. − #किर Kavala Holding the little quantity of liquid (medicinal decoctions/ luke warm water/medicinal oils) in buccal cavity ,make it move briskly inside and spitting out. − #केश Kesh Hair − #खातन तनरुध्म khāni nirudhya The blood vitiated due to poison transudates and obstructs the channels of blood circulation, leading to death of the patient − #खेभ्म् कृष्णॊ शोणणतॊ मातत तीव्रॊ khebhyaḥ kṛṣṇaṁ śoṇitaṁ yāti tīvraṁ A bite by a scorpion of keen (strong) poisoned species is accompanied by excessive discharge of black colored blood from the external openings (mouth & nostrils etc.) − #कीट Kita These are different types of insects which have powerful sting organs with which they inject poison into the body. − #कीटैदशष्टानुग्रविषै्सऩशित् सभुऩाचायेत् kīṭairdaṣṭānugraviṣaiḥsarpavat samupācāret A bite by a strongly poisoned insect should be treated like poisoned snake bite to all intents and purposes. − #षेचावऩ स्िेदो न प्रततवषध्मतेकीटवि kīṭaviṣecāpi svedo na pratiṣidhyate Measure of fomentation (sweda) is not forbidden in a case of insect bite because the poison of an insect is mild and applications of heat do not increase its potency. − #तरेद Kleda Moistened, Wet − #कोक्रकर् स्ियिैकृत्मॊ kokilaḥ svaravaikṛtyaṁ On being poisoned the voice of cuckoo becomes abnormal and hoarse. − #कोथ Kotha suppuration and sloughing,It is a symptom produced by insect of dooshivisha category (causing chronic poisoning). − #कोथ Kothah It is a symptom seen in third impulse of poisoning which means urticaria. − #क्रौञ्च Kraunca Heron − #कृकराब Karkalabha Chameleon − #कृकण्टक Karkantaka It is chameleon, belonging to reptile family, containing poison in its saliva. − #क्रोध Krodha Anger; Wrath − #क्रोधविषभ् krodhaviṣam Poisoning due to anger Powerful enemies and even the servant and relations of the sovereign in a fit of anger poison the king. − #कृष्णा Krsna Black colour − #कृष्णॊ चाततस्रित्मसृक् kṛṣṇaṁ cātisravatyasṛk Bite by a rabid animal results in copious flow of dark blood from the site of bite. − #कृत्रत्रभ विष kṛtrima viṣa Artificial/ synthetic poison − #ऺाभस्िय kṣāmasvarā feeble voice. − #ऺाय kṣāra Alkaline substances obtained from plants through a specific procedure. − #ऺऩमेच्चविकामशत्िाोषान्धातून्भरानवऩ kṣapayeccavikāśitvāddoṣāndhātūnmalānapi Because of disintegration property of poison it annihilates the root principles dosas (dhatus) and the malas (excreta) of the body. − #ऺयतत kṣarati The blood transudates when vitiated due to dushivisha. − #ऺतजॊ ऺताच्च नामातत kṣatajaṁ kṣatācca nāyāti It is a sign of death of a poisoned person in which there is absence of bleeding from ulcers. − #ऺतॊ kṣataṁ ` Laceration. − #……… k...a Weak, Feeble − #क्षऺततप्रदेशॊ विषदूवषतॊ kṣitipradeśaṁ viṣadūṣitaṁ Land affected by poison which causes swelling and burning sensation in those parts of body which comes in contact with it and nails and hair tend to fall off due to its effect. − #ऺुत् k.ut Hunger − #कुणऩगन्ध kuṇapagandha Cadaverous smell − #……………….kupyatyebhreśu nirhṛtam The poison of venomous rat/ mole even though apparently eliminated from the system may, sometimes, still get aggravated repeatadly on cloudy days or in foul weather. − #……………… Kurmabha It is a characteristic feature of darvikara snake (group of cobra snake variety) bite having swelling resembling with shell of tortoise. − #तिाथ kvātha synonym of kashaya - boiled & filtered liquid of herbs for specific time used for the therapeutics & pharmaceutical manufacturing − #रारा Lala Saliva − #रारा स्त्रािी् lālā strāvīḥ excessive salivation,Symptom of a rabid dog. − #रघु Laghu Light/ lightness; one among 20 gurvadi gunas. opposite of guru guna; caused due to activated vayu, agni, akasha mahabhutas; denotes physiological & pharmacological lightness; manifested by lightness in the body, easy to digest, stimulates agni, decreases all body tissues, pacifies kapha, aggravates vata, heals wounds; − #रराट् lalāṭaḥ Forehead − #रसीका lasikā − ##A watery componant of the body, lymph, serum. − ##Mala of Rasa. − ##A site of Pitta. − #रिण lavaṇa Salty; one of the six rasa. − #रेऩ् lepaḥ This is a method of treatment in which medicines are used topically in the form of paste or ointment. − #रोभ Loma Body hairs − #रोभहषशणभ् lomaharṣaṇam It is a symptom produced in animate type of poisoning which means raising of hairs. − #रूता Lūtā poisonous spiders which have poison in various sites in their body. − #रूताविषॊ घोयतभॊ दुविशऻेमतभॊ च तत् lūtāviṣaṁ ghoratamaṁ durvijñeyatamaṁ ca tat Cases of venomous spider bite are the most difficult to diagnose and treat. − #भाॊस धातु māṁsa dhātu Flesh. Third Dhātu among seven Dhātus, whose function is to provide covering over the skeleton. It is dominant of Pṛthvi Mahābhūta. − #भाॊसानाभिशातनॊ māṁsānāmavaśātanaṁ sloughing of the flesh produced by the bite of the Mandali (vipers) snake. − #भामसक प्राणहय मोग māsika prāṇahara yoga Harmful preparation made up of slow acting poisonous substances which prove to be fatal in a period of 1 month. − #भागाशियोध mārgāvarodha Obstruction of passage. − #भद Mada Intoxication − #भदकायी Madakārī Substances which intoxicates & vitiates intellect; e.g. wine − #भद्म Madya The liquid doses form containing alcohols obtained by fermentation process − #भहाबूत Mahābhūta Great Elements; the five proto-elements AAkaasa, Vaayu, Teja, Jala and Prithvi which are the basic constituents of all substances − #भहानस Mahānasa kitchen. − #भक्षऺका् makṣikāḥ flies with poisonous stings. − #भन्द Manda Dull/sluggish; One of the 20 gurvadi gunas. caused due activated prithvi & jala mahabhuta; denotes physiological & pharmacological slowing down of processes; instrumental for palliative therapy; pacifies pitta, increases kapha. − #भण्डर maṇḍala Circular patch, Round shaped − #भन्दिीमशत्िभ् Mandavīryatvam At the end of rainy season, the effect of poison becomes milder i.e. it becomes less potent and sluggish in action. − #भण्डूक maṇḍūka frog. − #भन्त्र mantra Mantra is a word or the combination of the words, which if recited in a prescribed manner, the person is able to reach the god or can possess the immortal power to heal, which is considered to be the best and most effective amongst all the types of the treatment of poisoning. − #भयकत् marakataḥ emerald. − #भकशट markaṭa Monkey . − #भशका् maśakāḥ mosquitoes. − #भौरॊ च दॊष्रजभ् maulaṁ ca daṁṣṭrajam Inanimate type of poison neutralizes the animate poison. − #भमूयकण्ठप्रततभो mayūrakaṇṭhapratimo When poisonous food is put into fire, color of the flame changes vividly like peacock’s throat. − #भोह moha disorientation,Because of the sharpness property of poison, it overwhelms the mind (produces disorientations) and tends to disintegrate the marmas (vital points). − #भृतसञ्जीिनभç mṛtasañjīvam Mruta sanjivan is an ancient classical therapy through which the life of even an almost dead person can be regained. This therapy can be used to nullify the toxic effects of almost all the types of toxins. − #भुहुभुशहु् मशयोन्मास् The symptom where repeated jerks of the head (frequent dropping of the head) are seen if the quadruped is bitten by a poisonous animal. − #भूकत्िॊ mūkatvaṁ Dumbness − #भुखॊ mukhaṁ Mouth, Face, Opening − #भुखगे त्िोष्ठधचमभधचभा mukhage tvoṣṭhacimicimā When poisonous food goes into the mouth, there is prickling sensation in the lips. − #भुखसन्दश mukhasandaśa suckers − #भुतत त्िक् mukta tvak Snake which has recently molted. − #भुतत्िा कीटविषॊ तवद्द शीतेनामबप्रिधशते muktvā kīṭaviṣaṁ taddhi śītenābhipravardhate As a rule poisons are treated with remedies which have cold property. keet vish is an exceptions as it increases with use of cold − #भूर mūla Root − #भूरजातन त्स्थयाणण च mūlajāni sthirāṇi ca It is a group of poisons of immobile origin in which poison is especially present in its roots. − #भूरभ् mūlam Root − #भूच्छाश Mūrcchā Partial loss of consciousness; Fainting; Unconciousness − #न फध्मन्ते na badhyante Not to be bandaged, ulcers due to scalds, in lepers, fleshy condylomata due to a bite from a poisonous rat or any other poisonous ulcers should not be bandaged. − #नामबहते दण्डयाजी स्मात् nābhihate daṇḍarājī syāt It is a sign of death of a poisoned person in which bruise does not occur on the skin of the person even when hit by sticks. − #नासा nāsā Nose − #नासािबङ्गश्च् nāsāvabhaṅgaśc Bad prognostic sign resulting in the cases of snake bite which means that the nose bridge of the patient becomes bent or collapses. − #नख nakha nails. − #नखशातभ् Nakhaśātam Falling of the fingernails. − #नकुर nakula It is a wild animal, which is included in animate group of poison, i.e. mangoose − #नकुरतनत्जशता् nakulanirjitāḥ If the snakes are afflicted by the attacks of mongoose, then the poison of such snakes is mild in nature. − #नऩुॊसक napuṁsaka Impotent. − #नऩुॊसक napuṁsaka hermophrodite. − #नस्म Nasya Administration of drugs by nasal route, all drugs and measures introduced through nose spread throughout the head and its constituent drugs may influence all the doshas, poisons and disease situated in these parts. − #नस्मधूभाञ्जनार्दशु nasyadhūmāñjanādiśu A way to cause harm by administering the poison through the way of nasal application, inhalation (smoking) and collyrium − #तनद्रा नाश nidrā nāśa Sleeplessness − #नीरादीनाॊ तभसश्च् दशशनॊ nīlā dīnāṁ tamasaśc darśanaṁ Blue/dark vision It is a symptom produced in fifth impulse of poisoning which means that one’s vision becomes blue or in dark color. − #नीरोष्ठ nīloṣṭha Bluishness of lips due to cyanosis (asphyxia) which is sign of (imminent) death of poisoned patient. − #तनविशष nirviṣa Type of a non venomous snake bite which is marked by presence of one or more fang marks and absence of swelling and presence of slightly vitiated blood at the spot and is not attended with any change in physiological condition of the person bitten. − #तनशाचय Niœacara Walking in night − #तनश्िास niśvāsa breath (exhalation) − #नष्ऩीडन् niṣpīḍan Compression, It is treatment procedure of poisoning in which expelling of poison is done by squeezing the area of bite where incision is not advisable. − #ओष oṣa Burning sensation with sweating and restlessness. Localized burning sensation. − #ओष्ठ् oṣṭhaḥ Lips − #ऩादुका ऩादऩीठेषु pādukā pādapīṭheṣu Mode of administration of poison along with shoes or foot cushions. − #ऩाक् pākaḥ Suppuration − #ऩाण्डुभुख pāṁḍumukha Pallor on face. − #ऩाण्डुत्िॊ pāṇḍutvaṁ Pale colour − #ऩाणण् pāṇiḥ Hand. The part of the body attached to the forearm at the wrist − #ऩाटनॊ pāṭanaṁ Cracks or breaking pain. − #ऩािकोऩभॊ p.vakoupama. Character of poison is similar to fire so it gives rise to paittika (heat) symptoms in the body. − #ऩऺसत्न्ध pakṣasandhi New moon or full moon, If a snake bites someone during the conjugation of two fortnights i.e. full moon day and new moon day, then it is incurable. − #...... pakvaœaya Large intestine. The major seat of Vata. − #ऩन्नग् pannagaḥ snakes. − ##......Paridaha Burning sensation − #ऩरयकततशका parikartikā Cutting pain − #ऩरयषेक pari.eka Sprinkling or pouring the stream of medicated decoctions, milk, oil, ghee (clarified butter), takra (buttermilk) or meat juices over the body of the patients to minimize or to treat the effect of poison and disease. − #पेनागभनॊ phenāgamanaṁ foaming at the mouth. − #पेनिभी Phenavamī vomiting of frothy material − #वऩत्च्छर् picchilaḥ the property of the substance which causes Slimness and stickyness − #ऩीडा pīḍā Pain − #वऩडका piḍakā Papule − #वऩऩासा Pipāsā Thirst, a sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat associated with a desire for liquids. A synonym of Trsna. − #वऩवऩमरका् pipilikāḥ Type of insect which means ants. Bite causes inflammatory swelling and burning sensation at the seat of bite resembling those produced contact with fire. − #ऩीत pīta Yellow colour − #वऩत्त pitta One of the three bodily Doṣas that is responsible for digestion and metabolism in the body. It is situated in umbilicus, stomach, sweat, lymph, blood, watery fluids of the body, eye and skin. It is predominant of Agni mahābhūta. Its attributes are: Sasneha (slightly unctuous), Tīkṣṇa (sharp), Uṣṇa (hot), Laghu (light), Visra (of pungent odour), Sara (flowing) and Drava (liquid). Pitta is of five types: Pācaka, Ālocaka, Raṅjaka, Bhrājaka and Sādhaka − #प्रुष्टॊ pluṣṭaṁ Stage of a burn which is characterized by discoloring of its site and extreme burning and marked by absence of any vesicle or blister. − #प्रागुत्ऩत्त्त Prāgutpatti Mythological origin of poison which indicates first emerging of poisons. − #प्राणघ्नॊ तद्विकामसत्िात् prāṇaghnaṁ tadvikāsitvāt Because of vikasi attribute of poison, spreads all over the body, causes death. − #प्राप्त् प्रकृततविकाय् prāptaḥ prakṛtivikārah Abnormal behaviour, the person who administers poison to someone else can be identified as he is having derangement of his normal behavior. − #प्रकाश prakāśa enlightening; caused due to substance with Agni mahabhuta predominance − #प्रतरेद Prakleda Wet − #प्रकृततॊ बजेत् prakṛtiṁ bhajet Death. − #प्रराऩ pralāpa Incoherent speech; Delirious speech − #प्रसवम कन्माॊ अऩहतो prasahya kanyāṁ apaharto Kidnapping of a girl or woman for sexual exploitation . − #प्रसेक praseka silalorrhhea,during the first impulse of poisoning, the patient suffers from excessive salivation due to vitiation of rasa. − #प्रस्राविणी prasrāviṇī oozing, In bee sting, an eruption appears quickly which oozes blackish liquid. − #प्रततऩुयण pratipuraṇa prepacking,It is procedure in which sucking of the poisoned blood is done by filling the mouth cavity with linen before sucking − #प्रततविषॊ prativiṣaṁ Agonis antidote,When the spread of poison becomes uncontrollable by mantra and tantra procedures and when the fifth phase of poison is over but the seventh phase is not over, prativisha (antitoxic substances) are to be made use of. This is the last resort in the treatment of poison and hence should be used only in extreme cases. Inanimate poison act upwards and animate poisons act downwards these opposing nature of actions of the said poisons are effectively made use of in prativisha therapy. − #प्रविकीणशभात्रभ् pravikīrṇamātram with small spread. − #ऩृषतो विसृजत्मॊश्रु pṛṣato visṛjatyaṁśru spotted deer. − #ऩृष्ठेषु गजिात्जनाॊ pṛṣṭheṣu gajavājināṁ Mode of administration of poison to cause harm by applying the poison on the back of elephants & horses which were used as means of transport in ancient time. − #ऩुरुषामबदष्ट puruṣābhidaṣṭa Person bitten by a male snake. − #ऩृष्ठेषु गजिात्जनाॊ pṛṣṭheṣu gajavājināṁ Mode of administration of poison to cause harm by applying the poison on the back of elephants & horses which were used as means of transport in ancient time − #ऩुरुषामबदष्ट puruṣābhidaṣṭa Person bitten by a male snake. − #ऩुरुषो घोयदशशन् puruṣo ghoradarśanaḥ A fearful and unpleasant looking person which emerged even before the yield of amruta when gods and demons churned the sea. − #ऩुष्ऩभ् puṣpam flowers − #ऩूतत pūti Foul smell − #याग Raga Redness − #यात्जभान् rājimān Rajiman (kraits variety of snakes) snakes with characteristic pattern of variegated color with spots and streak − #यर्दत Radita A type of snake bite in which superficial puncture marks of snake fangs and the affected part being attended with reddish, bluish, whitish or yellowish lines or stripes and characterized by the presence of a very small quantity of venom in the punctured wound. − #यततभोऺण raktamokṣaṇa Blood letting.It means the procedure of blood-letting for the therapeutic purposes for removing morbid dosha/ poisons with blood. Blood can be eliminated through scraping, application of horn or leech or venesection. It is practiced in poisoned blood and blood born diseases in pitta (billeous) predominant diseases and also in a few vata (neurological) disorders. − #यौक्ष्म raukṣya Dryness − #योषणॊ roṣaṇaṁ Anger − #योभहषश् romaharṣaḥ Harripilaiton − #रुऺभ् rukṣam Dry parching, Poison aggravates the bodily vayu in virtue of its parching quality − #साद Sāda Depression,It is a symptom produced in first impulse of animal poisoning . − सद्म् sadyaḥ instant, immediate − #सद्मप्राणहय धूभ sadyaprāṇahara dhūma Harmful smoke/fumes from a preparation which turn out to be fatal almost instantaneously − #सद्मोव्रण sadyovraṇa fresh wound. − #सभन्त्रऩूताम्फु प्रोऺणभ् samantrapūtāmbu prokṣaṇam In the condition of fear of poison, water sanctified by the mantras should be sprinkled over the patient’s body. − #सॊदॊष्ट saṁdaṁṣṭa Bitten − #सॊतरेदॊ गुडिद्गतॊ saṁkledaṁ guḍavadgataṁ Jaggery like stickiness, as poison originates from water & become sticky like jaggery when it comes in contact with water & spreads throughout body during rainy season. − #सभुद्रभॊथन samudramaṁthana Churning of oceans for getting ambrosia/ nectar (mythology). − #षण्ड ṣaṇḍa impotent/sterile. − #सत्न्नर्हतागदभ् sannihitāgadam Physician should be fully provided with all kinds of antitoxic medicines − #सऩाकॊ sapākaṁ suppuration, it is a symptom produced in animate type of poisoning which means inflammation which after certain period converts into suppurative stage − #सऩाश् sarpāḥ snakes. − #सऩशकीटहतॊ sarpakīṭahataṁ death due to snake bite/ insect sting − #सऩशभणण sarpamaṇi Wearing of sarp-mani (a type of pearl or gem collected from the head of the snake) is useful as anti poison (antidote) and gives immunity against poisons (folklore). − #सऩाशङ्गमबहतॊ sarpāṅgabhihataṁ It is a pseudo snake bite in which snake does not bite the body part but comes in contact but in a naturally timid person this may cause the aggravation of his bodily vayu (neurological signs) and causing swelling of part. Such a man is said affected by the touch of a snake. − #सवऩशत् sarpit A type of snake bite in which marks (punctures) of fangs of considerable depth are found on the affected part attended with a slight bleeding as well as those which are extremely slender and own their origin to the turning aside and lowering of snakes’ mouth (head) immediately after the bite are attended with swelling and the characteristic changes (systemic). − #शाखादष्ट śākhādaṣṭa bitten on limb. − #शायीय व्रण śārīravraṇa Wounds caused by vitiation of doshas. − #शङ्का विषॊ śaṅkā viṣaṁ suspension of poison,this is a psychological manifestation resulting from extreme nervousness and doubt due to dubious feeling of being bitten by a poisonous creature causes manifestation of symptoms of pseudo poison in the form of fever, vomiting, fainting, burning sensation, prostration, unconsciousness, diarrhoea. This condition is called fear poison. − #शि Śava dead body. − #शय्मा śayyā Bed, mode of administration of poison along with bedding. − #शीघ्रगामभन् śīghragāminaḥ Swift, a feature which is characteristic of darvikar (cobra snake variety) snakes. − #मशयोऽमबताऩी śiro'bhitāpī rage of sightest provocation, It is a symptom of rabid dog. − #श्भशान śmaśāna Area for disposal of dead crematorium. − #शोणणतागभनभुध्िशभधश्च śoṇitāgamanamurdhvamadhaśca It is a specific symptom of mandali (group of viper type snakes) which means that there is haemorrhage through both mouth and anus of the person being bitten. − #शोणणतदुत्ष्ट śoṇitaduṣṭi Blood disorders. − #शोप śopha Swelling; Oedema − #श्रॄङ्गीविषॊ śrṝṅgīviṣaṁ Aconitum chasmanthum -STAPF HOLMES EX , a plant mentioned in poisonous plant category having poison in its root. − #शुक Śūka sting (small,thorn like). − #शुक्रविष śukraviṣA Animals with pisonous semen. − #शून्म् śūnyaḥ Expressionless blank, it is a symptom produced in the third impulse of animal poisoning. − ##... Œva dog. − #श्िास Śvāsa Breathing; Often used in sense of Abnormal Breathing; Dyspnoea − #श्िैत्मॊ śvaityaṁ White colour − #श्िमथु Śvayathu Swelling; Oedema − #श्िेत Śveta White colour − ##..... Śyāva Bluish colour ; Cyan Colour − #स्नामु Snāyu Tendon − #त्स्नग्ध snigdha slimmy/unctous/oily; one of the 20 gurvadi gunas; caused due activated Jala mahabhuta; denotes physiological & pharmacological slimminess; manifested by moistening of body parts, increased strength and lusture; pacifies vata, increases kapha − #सोग्रगन्ध्मसृक् sogragandhyas.k blood with intense odor. − #स्राि srāva Exudation, Discharge − #स्रस्ताङ्गश्च srastāṅgaśca Loosened limbs,it is a symptom produced in the third impulse of bird poisoning which means the bird develops slothness of the limbs. − #स्रस्तौष्ठ कणशत srastauṣṭhakarṇatā pendulous lips and ears,the symptom of drooping (hanging down) of the lips and ears is seen if the quadruped is bitten by poisonous creature. − ##......stabdha Stiffness − #स्तम्ब Stambha Fixedness , stiffness , rigidity , torpor , paralysis , stupefaction − #स्थाियॊ sthāvaraṁ The poison obtained from inanimate things such as aconite, opium, cannabis, oleander, arsenic, orpiment etc. − ##......sthira Stabitlity; Immobility; One of the 20 gurvadi gunas; caused due activated prithvi; denotes physiological & pharmacological stability & immobility; causes obstruction; An attribute of Kapha − ##सूक्ष्भदॊष्राऩद suk.mada...rapado minute fang marks − #सुक्ष्भ् suk.ma. the property of the substance which causes minuteness and decrease body mass − #सूक्ष्भॊ sūkṣmaṁ minute,Poison penetrates into and deranges the minutest capillaries owing to its extreme subtle essence. − ##......suptiḥ Numbness − #सुयासुय Surāsura Group of gods and demons who gathered for churning the sea to get ambrosia, in the quest of immortality − #सूततकमा दष्ट sutikaya da..a bite by a recently delivered snake. − #स्ियबेद Svarabheda Hoarseness of voice − #स्िेद sveda Sweat, perspiration. Mala of Meda Dhātu. The function of Sveda is to withhold Kleda (watery portion) in the skin. − #ताऩ tāpa Heat; Hotness; Temperature − ##.. ...tama praveśa Black out − #तन्द्रा tandrā Drowsiness; Torpor: lassitude ; characterized by a lack of vitality or energy − #तीक्ष्ण tik..a sharpness/fast; one of the 20 gurvadi gunas; caused due activated agni; denotes physiological & pharmacological quickening of processes; instrumental for eliminative therapy; pacifies kapha & vata, increases pitta; causes irritation, burning & excretion. An attribute of Pitta. − ##... toda Needling pain − ##......tuṇḍāhat It is a type of snake bite in which the place of contact is wet by the saliva of the snake but no marks of fangs are seen. − #उदफॊध udabaṁdha Death by hanging − #उदफॊधनीकृत कण्ठ udaba.dhan.k.ta ka..ha Hanging a corpse of murdered person to simulate suicide − #उदकहतभ् Udakahatam Drowned. − #उन्दुय undura Rats. − ##..... Upadhāna A modality for treatment of poisoning Incision made on scalp (vertex) resembling the feet of the crow and then applying medicated paste or placing meat of goat, cow or buffalo over the incised scalp, which will absorb the poison from the body − #उऩनाह Upanaha Poultice- application of these poultice which are prepared by substances which are unctuous, heavy, hot in properties, helps to pacify the vitiated vata. − ##......upaviṣaḥ A class of following semi poisonous plants − ##......rdhvabh.ga. tu m.lajam The tendency of poison of plant origin is to move upwards and affect the upper body . − ##......Utkarika Poultice- like preparation prepared with anti venomous drugs to soothe or aggravate and release the local doshas (impure body elements). − #िैिण्मश vaivar.ya Discolouration. − #िल्भीक valmīka Ant hill or termatorium. − #िभन vamana Therapeutic emesis. − #िभथु Vamathu Vomiting. − #िस्त्र vastra Clothes. − #...... Vatsanabha A Poisonous Root Aconitum ferox having an appearance similar to that of the navel of a calf. − #िेगान्तय Vegāntara Interval between two attacks (impulses) of poison − #िेष्टन veṣṭana Envelop − #विद्द Viddha sting/arrow poison − #विकयण vikaraṇa derangement , because of subtle property of poison it penetrates into and deranges the minutest capillaries − #विकणश नामसकॊ vikarṇa nāsikaṁ One whose ear and nose are cut. − #विरूनऩऺ vilūnapakṣa Bird with wings cut off. − #वियेक vireka therapeutic purgation. − #विष दूवषत तृण viṣa dūṣita tṛṇa Poisoned grass. − #विष आश्रमस्थान viṣa āśrayasthāna part containing poison in animals − #विष अधधष्ठान viṣa adhiṣṭhāna poisonous part/ source of inanimate poison − #विषाद vi..da Dejection; Depression − #विषाधानॊ viṣādhānaṁ Vehicle of poison, blood is a vehicle for poison through which it circulates readily throughout the body producing fatal symptoms in the body. − #विषान्िम viṣānvaya Potantially poisonous contamination − #विषप्रद viṣāprada poisoner. − #विषदाता viṣadātā poisoner − #विषघाततमोग viṣaghātiyoga Antitoxic medication − #विषघ्न viṣaghna Antitoxic medication − #विषघ्नैगशदै् स्ऩृष्टभ् viṣaghnairgadaiḥ spṛṣṭam (The food) detoxified by antitoxic medication − #विषहतभ् vi.ahatam death due to poisoning. − #विषकन्मा viṣakanyā A girl/woman made poisonous by administering small amount of poison to her, right from birth becomes poisonous. − #विषॊ vi.a. Poison − ##......vi.ap.ta. Person who had ingested poison. − #विषसिाि viṣasadbhāva presence of toxicity − #विषसॊकटॊ vi.asa.ka.a. catastrohic stage of poisoning, a combination of factors like bodily constitution, season, food, vitiated body elements which on being present simultaneously produce fulminating symptoms in the victim − #विषसूदन viṣasūdana Antitoxic − #विषिगश viṣavarga Class of poisons − #विषिेग् impulse (attacks) of poison, a poison produces 7 attacks in human, 4 in animals, 3 in bird. Impuse occurwhen poison cross one compartment/ membrane (kala) to invade the next. − ##......vi.av.rya Power of poison. − #विशद viśada Non adhesiveness − #विशधधशत Viśardhita flatus − ##......viśīrṇa Decaying − #विषोऩद्रि viṣopadrava Complications/secondary diseases due to poisoning. − #विषोऩद्रि viṣopadrava Complications/secondary diseases due to poisoning. − #विषोऩद्रि viṣopadrava Complications/secondary diseases due to poisoning. − #विषोऩसगश viṣopasarga Poisoning. − #व्रण vraṇa Ulcer − ##..... vraṇa viddha Punctured or stab wound − ##......v.scika scorpions. − #व्माघ्र vyāghra tiger. − #व्मारीढ vyali.ha It is a type of snake bite in which marks of one- two fangs are seen but there is no bleeding − ##......Vyaluptam It is a type of snake bite in which marks of two fangs are seen along with bleeding − #मभरा छामा yamalā chāyā Dual shadow − ##Krodhapracuratä Excessive anger A disease caused due to vitiation of the blood, the term denotes wrath / excessive anger − ##kandu Itching sensation A peculiar irritating sensation in the skin that arouses the desire to scratch. − # दाहः dāhaḥ Generalized or severe burning sensation. An abnormal condition characterized by generalized or severe burning sensation. − ##shotha. Edema / swelling An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in tissues or serous cavities of the body, generally getting accumulated between the layer of skin and muscles. − ##murcha Syncope. A fatal condition characterized by loss of consciousness and postural tone due to vitiation of blood. − ##Aruci Ageusia, lack of interest The term signifies the complete or partial loss of the taste. Disapproval of food even after it has been taken in the mouth due to lack of perception of the taste in the mouth. − ##bhraṁśa Downward displacement. The term signifies an abnormal act of getting displaced downwards form its normal place. − ##Hikkä Hiccoughs Hiccoughs A disease characterized by production of peculiar sound like hic-hic by mouth. − ##Chardi Vomiting. A disease in which vomiting is the main symptom. − ##aṁsābhitāpaḥ. Paraesthesia, Increased temperature at shoulder region The term signifies altered sensation characterized by intense feeling of burning sensation or rise of the temperature in the vicinity of the shoulder region. − ##arti asthnoh Pain in bones The term signifies churning like pain in bones. − #अवसादः avasādaḥ Depression / Fatigue / Sinking The term signifies many meanings like depression,fatigue, and sinking. − #असिहुता asahiṣṇutā Intolerance physical and psychological The term signifies severely sensitivity or allergic to an act/ substance. − ##Ama From of toxins It is used as a technical word for anything that exists in a state of incomplete transformation. It is mentioned in various contexts like − ###In particular, it can refer to a toxic byproduct generated due to improper or incomplete digestion. − ###Toxins that were produced at any stage of metabolism and that are circulating through the channels are also sometimes. − ###The first stage of any disease is also frequently. − ###Any substance which is present in its abnormal state and is unwanted in the body. It represents, in a gross sense, mere indigestion which begins in the stomach, to, in a finer sense, even a faulty enzymatic pathway that prevents or hampers a metabolic cycle or chain. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is also important in determining the prognosis, drug selection and all other stages of therapy. − #आवृ. āvṛttaḥ Enveloped,Covered, Overlapped The term signifies to be complete enclosure of one entity by another in the body. A movable entity only can be enveloped or get fully covered by another entity which is either stable or mobile in the body leading to hindrance to their movements or functions. − ##Tiktāsyatā Bitterness in mouth A form of Dysgeusia characterized by bitter taste in the mouth. − ##Upadrava Secondary diseases The diseases that develop subsequent to a disease or during, the course of the main disease that is being treated, and is dependent upon the main disease for its origination, nature and the strength. It is called secondary in the sense that its onset follows the presence of the primary disease. − ##Kämala Jaundice. A disease originating due to increased pitta doña , which may be a resultant of pittaja Paandu; wherein there is generalized yellowish discoloration of the body, and passing orange colored red urine and normal colored stools. − ##Kasa Cough A disease characterized by excessive cough either dry or with mucous − # गौरवम gauravam Heaviness.The term signifies heaviness or a feeling of heaviness. − #इिय गौरवंindriya gauravaṁ Heaviness of sense organ, it means inability of the sense organs to perceive their objects. − ## gauravaṁ aṅgasyac. Feeling of heaviness of body parts. − ##nidrädhikyam Hypersomnia An abnormal condition characterized by excessive sleep − ##Pandu Pallor of body, Anemia. The term literally means paleness of the skin and mucosa along with yellowish discoloration of urine and feces; marked by lack of blood, strength complexion, body fat and essence of the body tissues. − ##picchilaù Stickiness The term signifies stickiness or sliminess. − ##bhrama. Vertigo / dizziness A sensation of spinning or whirling motion or a definite sensation of rotation of the subject or of objects about the subject in any plane. − ##Rija Uncomfortable feelings. The term signifies any kind of uncomfortable feelings like pain etc. − ##Vedanä Sensation of pain, discomfort. The term signifies sensation of discomfort or pain in the body. − ##sannyäsa. Coma . A state of profound unconsciousness where the person becomes like a log of wood which leads to death unless untreated; may be due to the action of an ingested toxic substance or of one formed in the body, to trauma, or to disease. − ##Suptatä Numbness Term for abnormal sensation, including absent or reduced sensory perception as well as paresthesias. − ##stambhaù Stiffness Restricted movements − ##mukhasräva Excessive salivation An abnormal condition characterized by excessive salivation − ##Hrilläsa Nausea Sensation of nausea caused due to upward (towards mouth) movement of the aggravation of the doñä; associated with excessive salivation and discomfort in the chest and abdomen. − ##Agada Drug, Antidote, antitoxic drug. Literally means drug or medicine, the expression agada is specifically used in the sense of treatment of poisonous or toxic conditions − ##Sanjna nasha Unconsciousness Complete loss of consciousness either reversible or non reversible. It is the state devoid of sensorial or psychological perception. − ##shiroruk. headache. A symptom occurring in many diseases and it indicates headache. − ==== Drugs to be identified ====+ Line 4,614:
Line 4,619: − + − #दंश+ − #स्थिर + − #स्वरहीन + − #पिडक+ − #अक्षिगौरव − #तृष्णा − #ज्वर − #शिरोग्रह − #लोमहर्ष − #अङ्गशोथ − #वैवर्ण्य − #क्लेद − #शिरोगुरुत्वा − #लालासृक् − #श्वयथु − #शूल − #कर्णभेद − #स्थब्दलिङ्गो − #शीतोदक − #शून − #सरुक् − #प्रस्राविणि − #श्वास − #विनस्यत्याशु − #क्षीण − #भय − #हृत्पीड − #अस्थीपर्वरुक् − #वेष्टन − #हृद्दाह − #प्रसेक − #क्लेश − #शैत्य − #वक्त्र − #प्रतिलोम − #निस्तोद − #निकुञ्चनं − #स्पोटा
→Drugs to be identified
{{#seo:
|title=Visha Chikitsa
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Agada, visha, toxins, poisons, dushi visha, slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, shanka visha (pseudo poison), gara visha (slow poisons),Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 23. Management of Visha (various types of poisoning)
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
<big>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 23. Management of Visha (various types of poisoning) </big>'''
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Visha Chikitsa
|title = Visha Chikitsa
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Gopikrishna,Bhatt S.,Binorkar S.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Binorkar S.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Binorkar S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.024 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.024]
|header3 =
|header3 =
}}
}}
<big>'''Abstract </big>'''
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Among the Ashtangas, ''agada tantra'' (toxicology) stands separate in its concept, clinical approach, management and result. This is the only chapter which guides us in the management of poison and the conditions of poisoning. As we all know ''visha'' and ''visha chikitsa'' requires a special mention in any medical system. It is rightly justified by the following facts:
Among the Ashtangas, ''agada tantra'' (toxicology) stands separate in its concept, clinical approach, management and result. This is the only chapter which guides us in the management of poison and the conditions of poisoning. As we all know ''visha'' and ''visha chikitsa'' requires a special mention in any medical system. It is rightly justified by the following facts:
Treatment of poisoning is an emergency and should be managed as a house on fire, earlier its extinguished, lesser the damage, and the result for the effort of ''vaidya'' is immediate when compared to the other disorders. This chapter deals with study of the poison, its origin and criterion of classification. The group of ''sthavara'' (poisons of plant origin, minerals and metal, poison of immobile origin or vegetable poison) and ''jangama'' (poisons of animal origin) are described. A special category called ''kritrima visha'' (artificial poison) with a significant role for a good physician in treating severe cases. ''Dushivisha'' (slow poisons) is explained in a sentence but, has lot of hidden meaning and is a treasure in innovating the treatment skills of a physician. Various treatment methods for the poisons and ''chaturvimshati upakrama'' (24 fold treatments) is a special contribution of Charaka. Medicines as a single drug and as a combination are told as remedial measures and also as symptomatic treatments as per the requirement of condition are described. Together with this, ''jangama vishas'' (poison of animal origin) and specific approach for their management are very systematically mentioned.
Treatment of poisoning is an emergency and should be managed as a house on fire, earlier its extinguished, lesser the damage, and the result for the effort of ''vaidya'' is immediate when compared to the other disorders. This chapter deals with study of the poison, its origin and criterion of classification. The group of ''sthavara'' (poisons of plant origin, minerals and metal, poison of immobile origin or vegetable poison) and ''jangama'' (poisons of animal origin) are described. A special category called ''kritrima visha'' (artificial poison) with a significant role for a good physician in treating severe cases. ''Dushivisha'' (slow poisons) is explained in a sentence but, has lot of hidden meaning and is a treasure in innovating the treatment skills of a physician. Various treatment methods for the poisons and ''chaturvimshati upakrama'' (24 fold treatments) is a special contribution of Charak. Medicines as a single drug and as a combination are told as remedial measures and also as symptomatic treatments as per the requirement of condition are described. Together with this, ''jangama vishas'' (poison of animal origin) and specific approach for their management are very systematically mentioned.
'''Keywords''': ''Agada, visha,'' toxins, poisons, ''dushi visha,'' slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, ''shanka visha'' (pseudo poison), ''gara visha'' (slow poisons).
'''Keywords''': ''Agada, visha,'' toxins, poisons, ''dushi visha,'' slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, ''shanka visha'' (pseudo poison), ''gara visha'' (slow poisons), poisoning.
</div>
== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Agada'' is enlisted in one of the eight branches of ayurveda. Management of poisoning is an important aspect of medical system. ''Visha'' is a substance that leads to decline of overall functions of the person. The ''vaidya'' should have knowledge and training in ''visha gara vairodhika prashamana'' (anti-toxin treatment). In India especially in Kerala, the role of traditional practitioners in this field is significant. Their simple, but effective treatments, has really been astonishing. They are also well versed in the details regarding the good and bad omen based on ''doota'' (messenger), the happenings the ''vaidya'' sees when he is going to make house call for treating such cases and also what he observes in the house and in the patient. He is also well versed in astrology.
''Agada'' is enlisted in one of the eight branches of ayurveda. Management of poisoning is an important aspect of medical system. ''Visha'' is a substance that leads to decline of overall functions of the person. The ''vaidya'' should have knowledge and training in ''visha gara vairodhika prashamana'' (anti-toxin treatment). In India especially in Kerala, the role of traditional practitioners in this field is significant. Their simple, but effective treatments, has really been astonishing. They are also well versed in the details regarding the good and bad omen based on ''doota'' (messenger), the happenings the ''vaidya'' sees when he is going to make house call for treating such cases and also what he observes in the house and in the patient. He is also well versed in astrology.
With the advancement in medical technology, the new methods of treatments of poisoning have evolved with time. However the basic treatments like applying tourniquet at the site of bite to prevent spread of poison, therapeutic emesis in the form of gastric lavage in case of ingested poison, or purgation are the same as in contemporary medicine. However with the development of forensic medicine, the investigations of types of poisons, their identification and their blood levels are newer additions. The chapter describes ancient methods of management of poisoning cases that need to be highlighted and blended with todays modern techniques.
With the advancement in medical technology, the new methods of treatments of poisoning have evolved with time. However the basic treatments like applying tourniquet at the site of bite to prevent spread of poison, therapeutic emesis in the form of gastric lavage in case of ingested poison, or purgation are the same as in contemporary medicine. However with the development of forensic medicine, the investigations of types of poisons, their identification and their blood levels are newer additions. The chapter describes ancient methods of management of poisoning cases that need to be highlighted and blended with todays modern techniques.
== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ==
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अथातो विषचिकित्सितं व्याख्यास्यामः ||१||
अथातो विषचिकित्सितं व्याख्यास्यामः ||१||
विषस्य ब्रुवतः सम्यगग्निवेश निबोध मे ||३||
विषस्य ब्रुवतः सम्यगग्निवेश निबोध मे ||३||
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athātō viṣacikitsitaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
athātō viṣacikitsitaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
viShasya bruvataH samyagagnivesha nibodha me ||3||
viShasya bruvataH samyagagnivesha nibodha me ||3||
</div></div>
Now we shall expound the chapter on management of ''visha'' (poisoning). Thus said Lord Atreya.
Now we shall expound the chapter "Visha chikitsa"(Management of different types of poisoning). Thus said Lord Atreya.
Agnivesha, hear me carefully. Next I will explain about ''visha'' with the following aspects. ''Utpatti'' (origin), ''guna'' (properties), ''yoni'' (source), ''vegas'' (stages), ''lakshana'' (signs and symptoms) and ''chikitsa'' (therapeutic measures).[1-3]
Agnivesha, hear me carefully. Next I will explain about ''visha'' with the following aspects. ''Utpatti'' (origin), [[guna]] (properties), ''yoni'' (source), ''vegas'' (stages), ''lakshana'' (signs and symptoms) and ''chikitsa'' (therapeutic measures).[1-3]
=== History of origin of ''visha'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अमृतार्थं समुद्रे तु मथ्यमाने सुरासुरैः |
अमृतार्थं समुद्रे तु मथ्यमाने सुरासुरैः |
जगद्विषण्णं तं दृष्ट्वा तेनासौ विषसञ्ज्ञितः ||५||
जगद्विषण्णं तं दृष्ट्वा तेनासौ विषसञ्ज्ञितः ||५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
amr̥tārthaṁ samudrē tu mathyamānē surāsuraiḥ|
amr̥tārthaṁ samudrē tu mathyamānē surāsuraiḥ|
jagadviShaNNaM taM dRuShTvA tenAsau viShasa~jj~jitaH ||5||
jagadviShaNNaM taM dRuShTvA tenAsau viShasa~jj~jitaH ||5||
</div></div>
While the ocean was being churned by ''devas'' and ''asuras'' for obtaining ''amrita'' (nectar of life), before the formation of ''amrita'' a ferocious looking person with fiery eyes, four fangs and greenish locks emerged. After seeing him the whole world became desperate and from that desperation, ''visha'' originated. [4-5]
While the ocean was being churned by ''devas'' and ''asuras'' for obtaining ''amrita'' (nectar of life), before the formation of ''amrita'' a ferocious looking person with fiery eyes, four fangs and greenish locks emerged. After seeing him the whole world became desperate and from that desperation, ''visha'' originated. [4-5]
=== Sources of poison ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
जङ्गमस्थावरायां तद्योनौ ब्रह्मा न्ययोजयत् |
जङ्गमस्थावरायां तद्योनौ ब्रह्मा न्ययोजयत् |
अष्टवेगं दशगुणं चतुर्विंशत्युपक्रमम् |७|
अष्टवेगं दशगुणं चतुर्विंशत्युपक्रमम् |७|
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
jaṅgamasthāvarāyāṁ tadyōnau brahmā nyayōjayat|
jaṅgamasthāvarāyāṁ tadyōnau brahmā nyayōjayat|
aShTavegaM dashaguNaM caturviMshatyupakramam |7|
aShTavegaM dashaguNaM caturviMshatyupakramam |7|
</div></div>
Lord Brahma deposited these ''visha'' in ''jangama''(animal origin) and ''sthavara'' (earthen and plant origin) categories. Hence in general ''visha'', originated from water; it is (hot) like fire and is of two types. Its action is manifested in 8 stages; it has 10 properties and can be treated with 24 therapeutic measures.[6-7]
Lord Brahma deposited these ''visha'' in ''jangama''(animal origin) and ''sthavara'' (earthen and plant origin) categories. Hence in general ''visha'', originated from water; it is (hot) like fire and is of two types. Its action is manifested in 8 stages; it has 10 properties and can be treated with 24 therapeutic measures.[6-7]
=== Aggravation and pacification of potency ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तद्वर्षास्वम्बुयोनित्वात् सङ्क्लेदं गुडवद्गतम् ||७||
तद्वर्षास्वम्बुयोनित्वात् सङ्क्लेदं गुडवद्गतम् ||७||
प्रयाति मन्दवीर्यत्वं विषं तस्माद्धनात्यये ||८|
प्रयाति मन्दवीर्यत्वं विषं तस्माद्धनात्यये ||८|
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
tadvarṣāsvambuyōnitvāt saṅklēdaṁ guḍavadgatam||7||
tadvarṣāsvambuyōnitvāt saṅklēdaṁ guḍavadgatam||7||
prayAti mandavIryatvaM viShaM tasmAddhanAtyaye ||8||
prayAti mandavIryatvaM viShaM tasmAddhanAtyaye ||8||
</div></div>
During rainy season, due to its origin from water, when it comes in contact; it becomes moist similar to ''gud'' (jaggery) due to its ''kleda guna'' and after that it spreads. However the star Agastya at the end of rainy season, counteracts the effects of ''visha'' thereby getting milder in potency.[7-8]
During rainy season, due to its origin from water, when it comes in contact; it becomes moist similar to ''gud'' (jaggery) due to its ''kleda guna'' and after that it spreads. However the star Agastya at the end of rainy season, counteracts the effects of ''visha'' thereby getting milder in potency.[7-8]
=== Animal origin ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सर्पाः कीटोन्दुरा लूता वृश्चिका गृहगोधिकाः |
सर्पाः कीटोन्दुरा लूता वृश्चिका गृहगोधिकाः |
दंष्ट्रिणो ये विषं तेषां दंष्ट्रोत्थं जङ्गमं मतम् ||१०||
दंष्ट्रिणो ये विषं तेषां दंष्ट्रोत्थं जङ्गमं मतम् ||१०||
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sarpāḥ kīṭōndurā lūtā vr̥ścikā gr̥hagōdhikāḥ|
sarpāḥ kīṭōndurā lūtā vr̥ścikā gr̥hagōdhikāḥ|
daMShTriNo ye viShaM teShAM daMShTrotthaM ja~ggamaM matam ||10||
daMShTriNo ye viShaM teShAM daMShTrotthaM ja~ggamaM matam ||10||
</div></div>
''Sarpa'' (snakes), ''kita'' (insects), ''loota'' (spiders), ''vrishchika'' (scorpions), ''griha godhika'' (house lizards), ''jalauka'' (leeches), ''matsya'' (fish), ''manduka'' (frogs), ''kanabha'' or ''salabha'' (locusts), ''krkantaka'' (chameleon), ''shwa'' (dogs), ''simha'' (lion), ''vyaghra'' (tiger), ''gomayu'' (jackal), ''taraksu'' (hyena), ''nakula'' (mongoose), etc., are the fanged animals through whose fangs the poison is transmitted. The poisons of these creatures constitute animal poisons (poisons of mobile origin).[9-10]
''Sarpa'' (snakes), ''kita'' (insects), ''loota'' (spiders), ''vrishchika'' (scorpions), ''griha godhika'' (house lizards), ''jalauka'' (leeches), ''matsya'' (fish), ''manduka'' (frogs), ''kanabha'' or ''salabha'' (locusts), ''krkantaka'' (chameleon), ''shwa'' (dogs), ''simha'' (lion), ''vyaghra'' (tiger), ''gomayu'' (jackal), ''taraksu'' (hyena), ''nakula'' (mongoose), etc., are the fanged animals through whose fangs the poison is transmitted. The poisons of these creatures constitute animal poisons (poisons of mobile origin).[9-10]
=== Earthen and plant origin ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मुस्तकं पौष्करं क्रौञ्चं वत्सनाभं बलाहकम् |
मुस्तकं पौष्करं क्रौञ्चं वत्सनाभं बलाहकम् |
एवमादीनि चान्यानि मूलजानि स्थिराणि च ||१३||
एवमादीनि चान्यानि मूलजानि स्थिराणि च ||१३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
mustakaṁ pauṣkaraṁ krauñcaṁ vatsanābhaṁ balāhakam|
mustakaṁ pauṣkaraṁ krauñcaṁ vatsanābhaṁ balāhakam|
evamAdIni cAnyAni mUlajAni sthirANi ca ||13||
evamAdIni cAnyAni mUlajAni sthirANi ca ||13||
</div></div>
The poisons of the immobile (earthen and plant) origin are: the roots (including rhizomes) of ''mustaka, puskara, kraunca, vatsanabha'' (Aconitum ferox), ''balahaka, karkata, kalakuta, karavira'' (Nerium indicum / Cerbera thevetia), ''palaka, indrayudha taila, meghaka, kusa-puspaka, rohisa, pundarika, langalaki'' (Gloriosa superb), ''anjanabhaka, sankoca, markata, sringi-visa, halahala,'' and such other poisonous roots.[11-13]
The poisons of the immobile (earthen and plant) origin are: the roots (including rhizomes) of ''mustaka, puskara, kraunca, vatsanabha'' (Aconitum ferox), ''balahaka, karkata, kalakuta, karavira'' (Nerium indicum / Cerbera thevetia), ''palaka, indrayudha taila, meghaka, kusa-puspaka, rohisa, pundarika, langalaki'' (Gloriosa superb), ''anjanabhaka, sankoca, markata, sringi-visa, halahala,'' and such other poisonous roots.[11-13]
=== ''Gara visha'' ( artificial poison) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
गरसंयोगजं चान्यद्गरसञ्ज्ञं गदप्रदम् |
गरसंयोगजं चान्यद्गरसञ्ज्ञं गदप्रदम् |
कालान्तरविपाकित्वान्न तदाशु हरत्यसून् ||१४||
कालान्तरविपाकित्वान्न तदाशु हरत्यसून् ||१४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
garasaṁyōgajaṁ [1] cānyadgarasañjñaṁ gadapradam|
garasaṁyōgajaṁ [1] cānyadgarasañjñaṁ gadapradam|
kAlAntaravipAkitvAnna tadAshu haratyasUn ||14||
kAlAntaravipAkitvAnna tadAshu haratyasUn ||14||
</div></div>
There is another variety of poison called ''gara-visha'' which is prepared artificially by the combination of various substances. It produces various diseases. Since it takes time to get metabolized and to produce its toxic effects, it does not cause instantaneous death of a person.[14]
There is another variety of poison called ''gara-visha'' which is prepared artificially by the combination of various substances. It produces various diseases. Since it takes time to get metabolized and to produce its toxic effects, it does not cause instantaneous death of a person.[14]
=== Clinical features of poisoning ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
निद्रां तन्द्रां क्लमं दाहं सपाकं लोमहर्षणम् |
निद्रां तन्द्रां क्लमं दाहं सपाकं लोमहर्षणम् |
तस्माद्दंष्ट्राविषं मौलं हन्ति मौलं च दंष्ट्रजम् ||१७||
तस्माद्दंष्ट्राविषं मौलं हन्ति मौलं च दंष्ट्रजम् ||१७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
nidrāṁ tandrāṁ klamaṁ dāhaṁ sapākaṁ [1] lōmaharṣaṇam|
nidrāṁ tandrāṁ klamaṁ dāhaṁ sapākaṁ [1] lōmaharṣaṇam|
tasmAddaMShTrAviShaM maulaM hanti maulaM ca daMShTrajam ||17||
tasmAddaMShTrAviShaM maulaM hanti maulaM ca daMShTrajam ||17||
</div></div>
''Jangama-visha'' (poison of mobile origin or animal poison) produces ''nidra'' (excessive sleep), ''tandra'' (drowsiness), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''sapakam'' (suppuration), ''lomaharshanam'' (excessive horripilation), ''shopha'' (inflammation), ''atisaram'' (diarrhoea).
''Jangama-visha'' (poison of mobile origin or animal poison) produces ''nidra'' (excessive sleep), ''tandra'' (drowsiness), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''sapakam'' (suppuration), ''lomaharshanam'' (excessive horripilation), ''shopha'' (inflammation), ''atisaram'' (diarrhoea).
The animal poison moves downwards whereas the vegetable poison moves upwards in the alimentary canal. Therefore, the animal poison cures poisoning by vegetable-poison and the poisoning caused by animal-poison is cured by vegetable poison.[15-17]
The animal poison moves downwards whereas the vegetable poison moves upwards in the alimentary canal. Therefore, the animal poison cures poisoning by vegetable-poison and the poisoning caused by animal-poison is cured by vegetable poison.[15-17]
=== Stage wise clinical features in humans ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तृण्मोहदन्तहर्षप्रसेकवमथक्लमा भवन्त्याद्ये |
तृण्मोहदन्तहर्षप्रसेकवमथक्लमा भवन्त्याद्ये |
षष्ठे हिक्का, भङ्गः स्कन्धस्य तु सप्तमेऽष्टमे मरणम् | नॄणां,
षष्ठे हिक्का, भङ्गः स्कन्धस्य तु सप्तमेऽष्टमे मरणम् | नॄणां,
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
tr̥ṇmōhadantaharṣaprasēkavamathaklamā bhavantyādyē|
tr̥ṇmōhadantaharṣaprasēkavamathaklamā bhavantyādyē|
ShaShThe hikkA, bha~ggaH skandhasya tu saptame~aShTame maraNam | nRUNAM,
ShaShThe hikkA, bha~ggaH skandhasya tu saptame~aShTame maraNam | nRUNAM,
</div></div>
In human beings, the effects of poisons are manifested in eight different stages as follows:
In human beings, the effects of poisons are manifested in eight different stages as follows:
*In the first stage, because of the vitiation of ''rasa'', the patient suffers from morbid thirst, unconsciousness, tingling sensation in teeth, salivation, vomiting and mental fatigue;
*In the first stage, because of the vitiation of [[rasa dhatu]], the patient suffers from morbid thirst, unconsciousness, tingling sensation in teeth, salivation, vomiting and mental fatigue;
*In the second stage, because of the vitiation of ''rakta'' the patient suffers from discoloration of the skin, giddiness, trembling; fainting, yawning, tingling sensation in the limbs and dyspnea.
*In the second stage, because of the vitiation of [[rakta dhatu]] the patient suffers from discoloration of the skin, giddiness, trembling; fainting, yawning, tingling sensation in the limbs and dyspnea.
*In the third stage, because of the vitiation of ''mamsa'', the patient suffers from ''mandala'' (skin rash), pruritus, edema and urticaria;
*In the third stage, because of the vitiation of [[mamsa dhatu]], the patient suffers from ''mandala'' (skin rash), pruritus, edema and urticaria;
*In the fourth stage, because of the vitiation of ''vayu'', etc., the patient suffers from vomiting, burning sensation, pain in the limbs, fainting, etc.;
*In the fourth stage, because of the vitiation of [[vayu]], etc., the patient suffers from vomiting, burning sensation, pain in the limbs, fainting, etc.;
*In the fifth stage, the patient suffers from blue-vision, or dark- vision, etc.;
*In the fifth stage, the patient suffers from blue-vision, or dark- vision, etc.;
*In the sixth stage, the patient suffers from hiccup.;
*In the sixth stage, the patient suffers from hiccup.;
The above mentioned eight stages of poisoning are manifested in human beings.[18-23]
The above mentioned eight stages of poisoning are manifested in human beings.[18-23]
=== Stage wise features in animals and birds ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
चतुष्पदां स्याच्चतुर्विधः, पक्षिणां त्रिविधः ||२१||
चतुष्पदां स्याच्चतुर्विधः, पक्षिणां त्रिविधः ||२१||
स्रस्ताङ्गश्च तृतीये विषवेगे याति पञ्चत्वम् ||२३||
स्रस्ताङ्गश्च तृतीये विषवेगे याति पञ्चत्वम् ||२३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
catuṣpadāṁ syāccaturvidhaḥ, pakṣiṇāṁ trividhaḥ||21||
catuṣpadāṁ syāccaturvidhaḥ, pakṣiṇāṁ trividhaḥ||21||
srastA~ggashca tRutIye viShavege yAti pa~jcatvam ||23||
srastA~ggashca tRutIye viShavege yAti pa~jcatvam ||23||
</div></div>
In quadruped animals, the effects of poisoning are manifested in four different stages; and in birds, it is manifested in three stages.
In quadruped animals, the effects of poisoning are manifested in four different stages; and in birds, it is manifested in three stages.
#In the third stage, the bird develops looseness of the limbs resulting in death.[21-23]
#In the third stage, the bird develops looseness of the limbs resulting in death.[21-23]
=== Properties of ''visha'' and its effect on body ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
लघु रूक्षमाशु विशदं व्यवायि तीक्ष्णं विकासि सूक्ष्मं च |
लघु रूक्षमाशु विशदं व्यवायि तीक्ष्णं विकासि सूक्ष्मं च |
दोषस्थानप्रकृतीः प्राप्यान्यतमं ह्युदीरयति ||२७||
दोषस्थानप्रकृतीः प्राप्यान्यतमं ह्युदीरयति ||२७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
laghu rūkṣamāśu viśadaṁ vyavāyi tīkṣṇaṁ vikāsi sūkṣmaṁ ca|
laghu rūkṣamāśu viśadaṁ vyavāyi tīkṣṇaṁ vikāsi sūkṣmaṁ ca|
doShasthAnaprakRutIH prApyAnyatamaM hyudIrayati ||27||
doShasthAnaprakRutIH prApyAnyatamaM hyudIrayati ||27||
</div></div>
''Laghu'' (lightness for digestion), ''ruksha'' (dryness), ''ashu'' (rapid), ''vishada'' (non sliminess), ''vyavayi'' (which pervades whole body before getting digested), ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''vikashi'' (causing looseness of joints by diminution of ''dhatus'')'', sukshma'' (subtleness), ''ushna'' (hot), and ''anirdeshya rasa'' (indistinct taste)- these are the ten properties of poison according to the expert ''vaidyas''.
''Laghu'' (lightness for digestion), ''ruksha'' (dryness), ''ashu'' (rapid), ''vishada'' (non sliminess), ''vyavayi'' (which pervades whole body before getting digested), ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''vikashi'' (causing looseness of joints by diminution of [[dhatu]])'', sukshma'' (subtleness), ''ushna'' (hot), and ''anirdeshya rasa'' (indistinct taste)- these are the ten properties of poison according to the expert ''vaidyas''.
Because of dryness property, ''vayu'' gets aggravated; due to hot property, ''pitta'' gets vitiated; subtleness leads to vitiation of ''rakta''; Due to ''avyakta rasa'' (indistinct taste), ''kapha'' is vitiated; due to rapidly acting, it quickly permeates through the nutrient fluid; ''vyavayi guna'' spreads it throughout the body instantaneously. ''Tikshna guna'' (sharply acting) property causes injury to ''marmas, vikashi guna'' results in death of the patient. Due to ''laghu guna'' it becomes difficult to manage therapeutically; because of ''vaishadya guna'', it pervades all over the body with ''doshas'' without any obstruction in circulation. Depending upon the location of ''doshas'' and ''prakriti'' of patient, ''visha'' produces several other complications. [24-27]
Because of dryness property, [[vayu]] gets aggravated; due to hot property, [[pitta]] gets vitiated; subtleness leads to vitiation of [[rakta]]; Due to ''avyakta rasa'' (indistinct taste), [[kapha]] is vitiated; due to rapidly acting, it quickly permeates through the nutrient fluid; vyavayi [[guna]] spreads it throughout the body instantaneously. Tikshna [[guna]] (sharply acting) property causes injury to marmas, vikashi [[guna]] results in death of the patient. Due to laghu [[guna]] it becomes difficult to manage therapeutically; because of vaishadya [[guna]], it pervades all over the body with [[dosha]] without any obstruction in circulation. Depending upon the location of [[dosha]] and [[prakriti]] of patient, ''visha'' produces several other complications. [24-27]
=== Clinical features as per site of [[dosha]] ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
स्याद्वातिकस्य वातस्थाने कफपित्तलिङ्गमीषत्तु |
स्याद्वातिकस्य वातस्थाने कफपित्तलिङ्गमीषत्तु |
लिङ्गं श्वासगलग्रहकण्डूलालावमथ्वादि ||३०||
लिङ्गं श्वासगलग्रहकण्डूलालावमथ्वादि ||३०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
syādvātikasya vātasthānē kaphapittaliṅgamīṣattu|
syādvātikasya vātasthānē kaphapittaliṅgamīṣattu|
li~ggaM shvAsagalagrahakaNDUlAlAvamathvAdi ||30||
li~ggaM shvAsagalagrahakaNDUlAlAvamathvAdi ||30||
</div></div>
If ''visha'' is situated at ''vata sthana'' in a person having ''vatika prakriti'', then he suffers from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''moha'' (loss of consciousness), ''arati'' (dislikness for everything), ''moorchha'' (fainting), ''galagraha'' (obstruction in the throat), ''phena chhardi'' (vomitus containing froth). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''.
If ''visha'' is situated at [[vata]] sthana in a person having vatika [[prakriti]], then he suffers from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''moha'' (loss of consciousness), ''arati'' (dislikness for everything), ''moorchha'' (fainting), ''galagraha'' (obstruction in the throat), ''phena chhardi'' (vomitus containing froth). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''.
If the poison gets lodged in ''pitta sthana'' in a person having ''paittiika prakriti'' he will suffer from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''kasa'' (cough), ''jwara'' (fever), ''vamadhu'' (vomiting sensation), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''tama'' (appearance of darkness), ''atisara'' (diarrhea). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''vayu''.
If the poison gets lodged in [[pitta]] sthana in a person having paittiika [[prakriti]] he will suffer from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''kasa'' (cough), ''jwara'' (fever), ''vamadhu'' (vomiting sensation), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''tama'' (appearance of darkness), ''atisara'' (diarrhea). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of [[kapha]] and [[vayu]].
If the poison gets lodged in ''kapha sthana'' in a person having ''kapha prakriri'' then he will be suffering from ''shwasa'' (dyspnea), ''galagraha'' (obstruction of throat), ''kandu'' (itching), ''laala vamana'' (excessive salivation). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''vayu'' and ''pitta''.[28-30]
If the poison gets lodged in [[kapha]] sthana in a person having [[kapha]] prakriri then he will be suffering from ''shwasa'' (dyspnea), ''galagraha'' (obstruction of throat), ''kandu'' (itching), ''laala vamana'' (excessive salivation). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].[28-30]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
दूषीविषं तु शोणितदुष्ट्यारुःकिटिमकोठलिङ्गं च |
दूषीविषं तु शोणितदुष्ट्यारुःकिटिमकोठलिङ्गं च |
विषमेकैकं दोषं सन्दूष्य हरत्यसूनेवम् ||३१||
विषमेकैकं दोषं सन्दूष्य हरत्यसूनेवम् ||३१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dūṣīviṣaṁ tu śōṇitaduṣṭyāruḥkiṭimakōṭhaliṅgaṁ ca|
dūṣīviṣaṁ tu śōṇitaduṣṭyāruḥkiṭimakōṭhaliṅgaṁ ca|
viShamekaikaM doShaM sandUShya haratyasUnevam ||31||
viShamekaikaM doShaM sandUShya haratyasUnevam ||31||
</div></div>
''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), ''kitibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts each one of the ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.[31]
''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), ''kitibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts each one of the [[dosha]] and causes death of the patient.[31]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
क्षरति विषतेजसाऽसृक् तत् खानि निरुध्य मारयति जन्तुम् |
क्षरति विषतेजसाऽसृक् तत् खानि निरुध्य मारयति जन्तुम् |
पीतं मृतस्य हृदि तिष्ठति दष्टविद्धयोर्दंशदेशे स्यात् ||३२||
पीतं मृतस्य हृदि तिष्ठति दष्टविद्धयोर्दंशदेशे स्यात् ||३२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kṣarati viṣatējasā'sr̥k tat khāni nirudhya mārayati jantum|
kṣarati viṣatējasā'sr̥k tat khāni nirudhya mārayati jantum|
pItaM mRutasya hRudi tiShThati daShTaviddhayordaMshadeshe syAt ||32||
pItaM mRutasya hRudi tiShThati daShTaviddhayordaMshadeshe syAt ||32||
</div></div>
Due to ''visha tejus'' (power of poison) vitiated blood transudes to obstruct ''srotas'' (channels) leading to death of the patient.
Due to ''visha tejus'' (power of poison) vitiated blood transudes to obstruct ''srotas'' (channels) leading to death of the patient.
If the poison is taken orally it stays in heart and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow, it gets lodged in the place of bite.[32]
If the poison is taken orally it stays in heart and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow, it gets lodged in the place of bite.[32]
=== Fatal signs ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
नीलौष्ठदन्तशैथिल्यकेशपतनाङ्गभङ्गविक्षेपाः |
नीलौष्ठदन्तशैथिल्यकेशपतनाङ्गभङ्गविक्षेपाः |
एभ्योऽन्यथा चिकित्स्यास्तेषां चोपक्रमाञ्छृणु मे ||३४||
एभ्योऽन्यथा चिकित्स्यास्तेषां चोपक्रमाञ्छृणु मे ||३४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
nīlauṣṭhadantaśaithilyakēśapatanāṅgabhaṅgavikṣēpāḥ|
nīlauṣṭhadantaśaithilyakēśapatanāṅgabhaṅgavikṣēpāḥ|
ebhyo~anyathA cikitsyAsteShAM copakramA~jchRuNu me ||34||
ebhyo~anyathA cikitsyAsteShAM copakramA~jchRuNu me ||34||
</div></div>
Bluish lips, loose teeth, ''kesha pathana'' (hair fall), ''anga bhanga'' (cutting type of pain in all over body), ''vikshepa'' (convulsions), absence of horripilation even if touched by cold things, non-formation of contusion marks when hit by stick, absence of bleeding from ulcers- these are the signs of imminent death of a poisoned patient. Patients without such signs should be treated with the following therapeutic measures.[33-34]
Bluish lips, loose teeth, ''kesha pathana'' (hair fall), ''anga bhanga'' (cutting type of pain in all over body), ''vikshepa'' (convulsions), absence of horripilation even if touched by cold things, non-formation of contusion marks when hit by stick, absence of bleeding from ulcers- these are the signs of imminent death of a poisoned patient. Patients without such signs should be treated with the following therapeutic measures.[33-34]
=== Twenty four treatment modalities ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मन्त्रारिष्टोत्कर्तननिष्पीडनचूषणाग्निपरिषेकाः |
मन्त्रारिष्टोत्कर्तननिष्पीडनचूषणाग्निपरिषेकाः |
स्युरुपक्रमा यथा ये यत्र योज्याः शृणु तथा तान् ||३७||
स्युरुपक्रमा यथा ये यत्र योज्याः शृणु तथा तान् ||३७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
mantrāriṣṭōtkartananiṣpīḍanacūṣaṇāgnipariṣēkāḥ|
mantrāriṣṭōtkartananiṣpīḍanacūṣaṇāgnipariṣēkāḥ|
syurupakramA yathA ye yatra yojyAH shRuNu tathA tAn ||37||
syurupakramA yathA ye yatra yojyAH shRuNu tathA tAn ||37||
</div></div>
In order to cure the patient afflicted with poison, the twenty four therapeutic measures to be adopted are as follows:
In order to cure the patient afflicted with poison, the twenty four therapeutic measures to be adopted are as follows:
#''Parisheka'' (affusion);
#''Parisheka'' (affusion);
#''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water);
#''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water);
#''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting);
#[[Raktamokshana]] (blood-letting);
#''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis);
#[[Vamana]] (therapeutic emesis);
#''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation);
#[[Virechana]] (therapeutic purgation);
#''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp);
#''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp);
#''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart);
#''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart);
#''Anjana'' (application of collyrium);
#''Anjana'' (application of collyrium);
#''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.);
#[[Nasya]] (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.);
#''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy);
#''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy);
#''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking);
#''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking);
#''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).[35-37]
#''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).[35-37]
=== First aid treatment ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
दंशात्तु विषं दष्टस्याविसृतं वेणिकां भिषग्बद्ध्वा |
दंशात्तु विषं दष्टस्याविसृतं वेणिकां भिषग्बद्ध्वा |
तं दंशं वा चूषेन्मुखेन यवचूर्णपांशुपूर्णेन |३९|
तं दंशं वा चूषेन्मुखेन यवचूर्णपांशुपूर्णेन |३९|
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
daṁśāttu viṣaṁ daṣṭasyāvisr̥taṁ vēṇikāṁ bhiṣagbaddhvā|
daṁśāttu viṣaṁ daṣṭasyāvisr̥taṁ vēṇikāṁ bhiṣagbaddhvā|
taM daMshaM vA cUShenmukhena yavacUrNapAMshupUrNena |39|
taM daMshaM vA cUShenmukhena yavacUrNapAMshupUrNena |39|
</div></div>
Immediately after bite, before the spreading of the poison from the place of the bite, the ''venika'' (string or rope or torniquet) should be tied (at the proximal part of the bite), the site of the bite should be squeezed frequently and forcefully; the place of bite should be excised unless it is a vital part (''arma''); and the poison should be sucked out with the help of mouth filled with the flour of barley or dust.[38-39]
Immediately after bite, before the spreading of the poison from the place of the bite, the ''venika'' (string or rope or torniquet) should be tied (at the proximal part of the bite), the site of the bite should be squeezed frequently and forcefully; the place of bite should be excised unless it is a vital part (''arma''); and the poison should be sucked out with the help of mouth filled with the flour of barley or dust.[38-39]
=== Blood letting ===
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प्रच्छनशृङ्गजलौकाव्यधनैः स्राव्यं ततो रक्तम् ||३९||
प्रच्छनशृङ्गजलौकाव्यधनैः स्राव्यं ततो रक्तम् ||३९||
शीतैर्निवर्तयेत्तान् वीज्यश्चालोमहर्षात् स्यात् ||४३||
शीतैर्निवर्तयेत्तान् वीज्यश्चालोमहर्षात् स्यात् ||४३||
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pracchanaśr̥ṅgajalaukāvyadhanaiḥ srāvyaṁ tatō raktam||39||
pracchanaśr̥ṅgajalaukāvyadhanaiḥ srāvyaṁ tatō raktam||39||
shItairnivartayettAn vIjyashcAlomaharShAt syAt ||43||
shItairnivartayettAn vIjyashcAlomaharShAt syAt ||43||
</div></div>
Thereafter bloodletting should be done with ''prachhana'' (scratching with the help of rough instruments), ''shringa'' (horn), ''jalauka'' (leech), or ''siravyadhana'' (venesection).
Thereafter bloodletting should be done with ''prachhana'' (scratching with the help of rough instruments), ''shringa'' (horn), ''jalauka'' (leech), or ''siravyadhana'' (venesection).
The blood vitiated by ''visha'' can cause vitiation of other ''dhatus'' there by resulting in death. Therefore blood does not come out of site of bite, then ''pragharshana'' (rubbing therapy) should be employed to cause the blood to flow out.
The blood vitiated by ''visha'' can cause vitiation of other [[dhatu]] there by resulting in death. Therefore blood does not come out of site of bite, then ''pragharshana'' (rubbing therapy) should be employed to cause the blood to flow out.
''Pragharshana'' done with the help of powdered ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''grihadhooma, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''panchalavana'' (five varieties of salts) and ''varthaka''. Excessive bleeding can be treated with ''sheetalepa'' with the paste of ''vata'' (Ficus bengalensis), etc.
''Pragharshana'' done with the help of powdered ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''grihadhooma, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''panchalavana'' (five varieties of salts) and ''varthaka''. Excessive bleeding can be treated with ''sheetalepa'' with the paste of [[vata]] (Ficus bengalensis), etc.
[[Rakta dhatu]] is abode of ''visha'' (circulates ''visha'' all over the body) just like wind spreads the fire. With the help of ''pradeha'' (external application) and ''seka'' which are cooling in effect, blood gets coagulated thereby arresting the spread of poison. Due to the ''vega avastha'' of ''visha'' (different stages), patient suffers from ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchha'' (fainting), ''vishada'' (depression), ''hridaya drava'' (palpitation) etc. Application of cooling therapies alleviates such complication. The patient should sufficiently ventilated till the occurrence of horripilation.[39-43]
=== Benefits of first aid treatments ===
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तरुरिव मूलच्छेदाद्दंशच्छेदान्न वृद्धिमेति विषम् |
तरुरिव मूलच्छेदाद्दंशच्छेदान्न वृद्धिमेति विषम् |
आचूषणमानयनं जलस्य सेतुर्यथा तथाऽरिष्टाः ||४४||
आचूषणमानयनं जलस्य सेतुर्यथा तथाऽरिष्टाः ||४४||
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taruriva mūlacchēdāddaṁśacchēdānna vr̥ddhimēti viṣam|
taruriva mūlacchēdāddaṁśacchēdānna vr̥ddhimēti viṣam|
AcUShaNamAnayanaM jalasya seturyathA tathA~ariShTAH ||44||
AcUShaNamAnayanaM jalasya seturyathA tathA~ariShTAH ||44||
</div></div>
As a tree stops growing up as soon as the root is cut, similarly the action of poison does not spread further when the bite site is excised.
As a tree stops growing up as soon as the root is cut, similarly the action of poison does not spread further when the bite site is excised.
The process of ''achooshana'' (suction) induces the poison mixed with blood to flow out. As the flow of water is arrested by a dam so also the flow and spread of poison can be arrested by tying ''arishtas'' (tourniquet).[44]
The process of ''achooshana'' (suction) induces the poison mixed with blood to flow out. As the flow of water is arrested by a dam so also the flow and spread of poison can be arrested by tying ''arishtas'' (tourniquet).[44]
=== Treatment of first stage ===
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त्वङ्मांसगतं दाहो दहति विषं स्रावणं हरति रक्तात् |
त्वङ्मांसगतं दाहो दहति विषं स्रावणं हरति रक्तात् |
पीतं वमनैः सद्यो हरेद्विरेकैर्द्वितीये तु ||४५||
पीतं वमनैः सद्यो हरेद्विरेकैर्द्वितीये तु ||४५||
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tvaṅmāṁsagataṁ dāhō dahati viṣaṁ srāvaṇaṁ harati raktāt|
tvaṅmāṁsagataṁ dāhō dahati viṣaṁ srāvaṇaṁ harati raktāt|
pItaM vamanaiH sadyo haredvirekairdvitIye tu ||45||
pItaM vamanaiH sadyo haredvirekairdvitIye tu ||45||
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''Agnikarma'' (cauterization) causes burning of poison located in skin and flesh. ''Sravana'' (drugs used to cause exudation of liquid) helps in flowing out of poison from the blood.
''Agnikarma'' (cauterization) causes burning of poison located in skin and flesh. ''Sravana'' (drugs used to cause exudation of liquid) helps in flowing out of poison from the blood.
[[Vamana]] (emesis) helps in eliminating poison which has been taken orally. The second stage of poisoning [[virechana]] (purgation) places a definite role in eliminating the ''visha'' from the body. [45]
=== Treatment of second stage ===
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आदौ हृदयं रक्ष्यं तस्यावरणं पिबेद्यथालाभम् |
आदौ हृदयं रक्ष्यं तस्यावरणं पिबेद्यथालाभम् |
छागादीनां वाऽसृग्भस्म मृदं वा पिबेदाशु ||४७||
छागादीनां वाऽसृग्भस्म मृदं वा पिबेदाशु ||४७||
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ādau hr̥dayaṁ rakṣyaṁ tasyāvaraṇaṁ pibēdyathālābham|
ādau hr̥dayaṁ rakṣyaṁ tasyāvaraṇaṁ pibēdyathālābham|
chAgAdInAM vA~asRugbhasma mRudaM vA pibedAshu ||47||
chAgAdInAM vA~asRugbhasma mRudaM vA pibedAshu ||47||
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In the second stage, ''hridaya'' (heart) should be protected and an ''avarana'' (covering) should be made according to the availability of drugs. ''Madhu'' (honey), ghee (clarified butter), ''majja'' (bone marrow), ''payas'' (milk), ''gairikam'' (red ochre), ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), well boiled sugar cane juice or the juice squeezed out of meat of crow should be given to the patient for protecting the heart. Patient can be treated immediately with blood of goat etc, ashes or mud diluted with water to drink. [46-47]
In the second stage, ''hridaya'' (heart) should be protected and an ''avarana'' (covering) should be made according to the availability of drugs. ''Madhu'' (honey), ghee (clarified butter), ''majja'' (bone marrow), ''payas'' (milk), ''gairikam'' (red ochre), ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), well boiled sugar cane juice or the juice squeezed out of meat of crow should be given to the patient for protecting the heart. Patient can be treated immediately with blood of goat etc, ashes or mud diluted with water to drink. [46-47]
=== Treatment of third to eighth stage ===
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क्षारागदस्तृतीये शोफहरैर्लेखनं समध्वम्बु |
क्षारागदस्तृतीये शोफहरैर्लेखनं समध्वम्बु |
विषपानं दष्टानां विषपीते दंशनं चान्ते ||५०||
विषपानं दष्टानां विषपीते दंशनं चान्ते ||५०||
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kṣārāgadastr̥tīyē śōphaharairlēkhanaṁ [3] samadhvambu|
kṣārāgadastr̥tīyē śōphaharairlēkhanaṁ [3] samadhvambu|
viShapAnaM daShTAnAM viShapIte daMshanaM cAnte ||50||
viShapAnaM daShTAnAM viShapIte daMshanaM cAnte ||50||
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In the 3rd stage, patient can be treated with ''ksharagada'' along with honey and water which can reduces ''shopha'' (edema) and is having the property of ''lekhana'' (which scrapes out unwanted waste products from the body).
In the 3rd stage, patient can be treated with ''ksharagada'' along with honey and water which can reduces ''shopha'' (edema) and is having the property of ''lekhana'' (which scrapes out unwanted waste products from the body).
During the 4th stage, patient should be administered with juice of cow dung along with ''kapita rasa'', honey and ghee.
During the 4th stage, patient should be administered with juice of cow dung along with ''kapita rasa'', honey and ghee.
During the 5th stage, patient administered with ''aschothana, anjana'' and ''nasya'' with the juice of ''kakanda'' (Diospyros Montana or Strychnos nuxvomica) and ''shireesha'' (Albizzia procera).
During the 5th stage, patient administered with ''aschothana, anjana'' and [[nasya]] with the juice of ''kakanda'' (Diospyros Montana or Strychnos nuxvomica) and ''shireesha'' (Albizzia procera).
During the 6th stage, patient should be administered with ''samjnasthapana'' drugs (drugs for regaining the consciousness). For that patient should be given to drink ''gopitta'' (cows bile) mixed with ''rajani'' (Curcuma longa), ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''pippali'' (Piper longum).
During the 6th stage, patient should be administered with ''samjnasthapana'' drugs (drugs for regaining the consciousness). For that patient should be given to drink ''gopitta'' (cows bile) mixed with ''rajani'' (Curcuma longa), ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''pippali'' (Piper longum).
At the end, patient should be given poison to drink if he is afflicted with the poison caused by bite, if he is afflicted by oral poison then he should be made to be bitten by a poisonous animal.[48-50]
At the end, patient should be given poison to drink if he is afflicted with the poison caused by bite, if he is afflicted by oral poison then he should be made to be bitten by a poisonous animal.[48-50]
=== Treatment in eighth stage ===
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शिखिपित्तार्धयुतं स्यात् पलाशबीजमगदो मृतेषु वरः |
शिखिपित्तार्धयुतं स्यात् पलाशबीजमगदो मृतेषु वरः |
शस्ताऽमृतेन तुल्या शिरीषपुष्पकाकाण्डकरसैर्वा ||५२||
शस्ताऽमृतेन तुल्या शिरीषपुष्पकाकाण्डकरसैर्वा ||५२||
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śikhipittārdhayutaṁ syāt palāśabījamagadō mr̥tēṣu varaḥ|
śikhipittārdhayutaṁ syāt palāśabījamagadō mr̥tēṣu varaḥ|
gopittayutairguTikAH surasAgranthidvirajanImadhukakuShThaiH |
gopittayutairguTikAH surasAgranthidvirajanImadhukakuShThaiH |
shastA~amRutena tulyA shirIShapuShpakAkANDakarasairvA ||52||
shastA~amRutena tulyA shirIShapuShpakAkANDakarasairvA ||52||
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If the patient appears to be dead due to poisoning, then he should be given the powder of the seed of ''palasha'' (Butea monosperma) mixed with half the quantity of the bile of peacock.
If the patient appears to be dead due to poisoning, then he should be given the powder of the seed of ''palasha'' (Butea monosperma) mixed with half the quantity of the bile of peacock.
Alternatively, this pill should be prepared of ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''granthi'' (pippalimula), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) by triturating with the juice of the flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) and the juice of ''kakandaka'' (Canavalia ensiformis).[51-52]
Alternatively, this pill should be prepared of ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''granthi'' (pippalimula), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) by triturating with the juice of the flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) and the juice of ''kakandaka'' (Canavalia ensiformis).[51-52]
=== Treatment in case of hanging and drowning ===
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काकाण्डसुरसगवाक्षीपुनर्नवावायसीशिरीषफलैः |
काकाण्डसुरसगवाक्षीपुनर्नवावायसीशिरीषफलैः |
उद्बन्धविषजलमृते लेपौपधिनस्यपानानि ||५३||
उद्बन्धविषजलमृते लेपौपधिनस्यपानानि ||५३||
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kākāṇḍasurasagavākṣīpunarnavāvāyasīśirīṣaphalaiḥ|
kākāṇḍasurasagavākṣīpunarnavāvāyasīśirīṣaphalaiḥ|
udbandhaviShajalamRute lepaupadhinasyapAnAni ||53||
udbandhaviShajalamRute lepaupadhinasyapAnAni ||53||
</div></div>
If the patient appears to be dead because of ''udbandhana'' (hanging), poisoning or drowning in water (''jalamrita''), then the potion comprising ''kakanda'' (Canavalia ensiformis), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''gavakshi'' (Citrullus colocynthis), ''punarnava'' (Boerhavia diffusa), ''vayasi'' (Solanum nigrum) and fruits of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) should be administered in the form of ''lepa'' (ointment) along with ''aupadhi'' (application of the paste over the head after making incisions in the form of ''kaakapaada'' or the paw of a crow, ''nasya'' and ''pana'' for his revival. [53]
If the patient appears to be dead because of ''udbandhana'' (hanging), poisoning or drowning in water (''jalamrita''), then the potion comprising ''kakanda'' (Canavalia ensiformis), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''gavakshi'' (Citrullus colocynthis), ''punarnava'' (Boerhavia diffusa), ''vayasi'' (Solanum nigrum) and fruits of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) should be administered in the form of ''lepa'' (ointment) along with ''aupadhi'' (application of the paste over the head after making incisions in the form of ''kaakapaada'' or the paw of a crow, ''nasya'' and ''pana'' for his revival. [53]
=== ''Mritasanjivana agada'' ===
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स्पृक्काप्लवस्थौणेयकाङ्क्षीशैलेयरोचनातगरम् |
स्पृक्काप्लवस्थौणेयकाङ्क्षीशैलेयरोचनातगरम् |
इति मृतसञ्जीवनोऽगदः |
इति मृतसञ्जीवनोऽगदः |
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spr̥kkāplavasthauṇēyakāṅkṣīśailēyarōcanātagaram|
spr̥kkāplavasthauṇēyakāṅkṣīśailēyarōcanātagaram|
iti mRutasa~jjIvano~agadaH |
iti mRutasa~jjIvano~agadaH |
</div></div>
''Sprikka'' (Delphinium zalil), ''plava'' (Cyperus rotundus), ''sthauneyaka'' (Taxus baccata), ''kanksi'' (Saurashtrika), ''shaileya'' (Parmelia perlata), ''rochana'' (bile of cow), ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''dhyamaka'' (Cymbopogon martini), ''kunkuma'' (Crocus sativua), ''mamsi'' (Nardostachys jatamansi), ''agra'' (inflorescence) of ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''ela'' (Elettaria cardamomum), ''ala'' (''Haritala'' – Purified Arsenic trisulphide), ''kushtaghna'' (''Khadira'' – Acacia catechu)), ''brhati'' (Solanum indicum), flower of ''sirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''sriveshtaka'' (resinous exudation obtained from the trunk of Pinus roxburghii), ''padmacharati'' (Clerodendrum indicum), ''visala'' (Trichosanthes bracteata), ''suradaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''padmakesara'' (Prunus cerasoides), ''savaraka'' (a type of ''Lodhra'' –Symplocos racemosa), ''manahshila'' (Arsenic disulphide), ''kaunti'' (''Renuka'' – Vitex negundo), juice of the flowers of ''jati'' (Jasminum grandiglorum) and ''arka'' (Calotropis procera), (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida), ''pippati'' (Piper lingum), ''laksha'' (Laccifer lacca) , ''jala'' (''Hribera'' – Valeriana wallichii), ''mudgaparni'' (Phaseolus trilobus), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''madana'' (Randia dumentorum), ''sindhuvara'' (Vitex negundo), ''shampaka'' (Cassia fistula), ''lodhra'' (Symplocos racemosa), ''mayuraka'' (''apamarga'' – Achyranthes aspera), ''gandha-phala'' (''privahgu'' – Setaria italic), ''nakuli'' (''Rasna'' – Pluchea lanceolata) and ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes) should be collected in ''pusya nakshatra''. Taken in equal quantities, these drugs are to be triturated, made to a paste, and pills should be made out of this paste.
''Sprikka'' (Delphinium zalil), ''plava'' (Cyperus rotundus), ''sthauneyaka'' (Taxus baccata), ''kanksi'' (Saurashtrika), ''shaileya'' (Parmelia perlata), ''rochana'' (bile of cow), ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''dhyamaka'' (Cymbopogon martini), ''kunkuma'' (Crocus sativua), ''mamsi'' (Nardostachys jatamansi), ''agra'' (inflorescence) of ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''ela'' (Elettaria cardamomum), ''ala'' (''Haritala'' – Purified Arsenic trisulphide), ''kushtaghna'' (''Khadira'' – Acacia catechu)), ''brhati'' (Solanum indicum), flower of ''sirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''sriveshtaka'' (resinous exudation obtained from the trunk of Pinus roxburghii), ''padmacharati'' (Clerodendrum indicum), ''visala'' (Trichosanthes bracteata), ''suradaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''padmakesara'' (Prunus cerasoides), ''savaraka'' (a type of ''Lodhra'' –Symplocos racemosa), ''manahshila'' (Arsenic disulphide), ''kaunti'' (''Renuka'' – Vitex negundo), juice of the flowers of ''jati'' (Jasminum grandiglorum) and ''arka'' (Calotropis procera), (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida), ''pippati'' (Piper lingum), ''laksha'' (Laccifer lacca) , ''jala'' (''Hribera'' – Valeriana wallichii), ''mudgaparni'' (Phaseolus trilobus), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''madana'' (Randia dumentorum), ''sindhuvara'' (Vitex negundo), ''shampaka'' (Cassia fistula), ''lodhra'' (Symplocos racemosa), ''mayuraka'' (''apamarga'' – Achyranthes aspera), ''gandha-phala'' (''privahgu'' – Setaria italic), ''nakuli'' (''Rasna'' – Pluchea lanceolata) and ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes) should be collected in ''pusya nakshatra''. Taken in equal quantities, these drugs are to be triturated, made to a paste, and pills should be made out of this paste.
If inhaled, applied externally as an ointment, carried in the body as an amulet, smoked or kept in the house, it annihilates the afflictions by evil spirits, poisons, germs, ''alaksmi'' (inauspiciousness), ''karmana'' (black magic), ''mantra'' (incantations recited to inflict injury to others), fire, thunder-bolt and enemies. It counteracts the evil effects of bad dreams and ''stri-dosha'' (poisons secretly given by women). It prevents untimely death, fear of water and fear of thieves. It endows a person with wealth, food-grains and success in undertakings. It promotes auspiciousness, nourishment and longevity. This excellent recipe is called ''mrtasanjivana'' (recipe that helps in the revival of a dead person). Lord Brahma propounded this recipe prior to the discovery of ''amrita''(ambrosia).[54-60]
If inhaled, applied externally as an ointment, carried in the body as an amulet, smoked or kept in the house, it annihilates the afflictions by evil spirits, poisons, germs, ''alaksmi'' (inauspiciousness), ''karmana'' (black magic), ''mantra'' (incantations recited to inflict injury to others), fire, thunder-bolt and enemies. It counteracts the evil effects of bad dreams and ''stri-dosha'' (poisons secretly given by women). It prevents untimely death, fear of water and fear of thieves. It endows a person with wealth, food-grains and success in undertakings. It promotes auspiciousness, nourishment and longevity. This excellent recipe is called ''mrtasanjivana'' (recipe that helps in the revival of a dead person). Lord Brahma propounded this recipe prior to the discovery of ''amrita''(ambrosia).[54-60]
=== Principle of treatment as per site of [[dosha]] ===
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मन्त्रैर्धमनीबन्धोऽवमार्जनं कार्यमात्मरक्षा च |
मन्त्रैर्धमनीबन्धोऽवमार्जनं कार्यमात्मरक्षा च |
स्थानं जयेद्धि पूर्वं स्थानस्थस्याविरुद्धं च ||६४||
स्थानं जयेद्धि पूर्वं स्थानस्थस्याविरुद्धं च ||६४||
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mantrairdhamanībandhō'vamārjanaṁ kāryamātmarakṣā ca|
mantrairdhamanībandhō'vamārjanaṁ kāryamātmarakṣā ca|
sthAnaM jayeddhi pUrvaM sthAnasthasyAviruddhaM ca ||64||
sthAnaM jayeddhi pUrvaM sthAnasthasyAviruddhaM ca ||64||
</div></div>
''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of ''mantras''.
''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of ''mantras''.
The predominant site of ''dosha'' in whose place where ''visha'' lodged should be treated first.
The predominant site of [[dosha]] in whose place where ''visha'' lodged should be treated first.
If the ''visha'' is located in ''vata sthana'' (site of ''vata''),then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.
If the ''visha'' is located in [[vata]] sthana (site of [[vata]]),then the patient should be administered with [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.
If the ''visha'' is located in ''pitta sthana'' (site of ''pitta''),then the patient should be administered with ghee, honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).
If the ''visha'' is located in [[pitta]] sthana (site of [[pitta]]),then the patient should be administered with ghee, honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).
If the ''visha'' is located in ''kapha sthana''(site of ''kapha''), then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada, swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).
If the ''visha'' is located in [[kapha]] sthana(site of [[kapha]]), then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada, [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).
If the ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' (site of ''rakta''), or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (five types of elimination therapies).
If the ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' (site of [[rakta dhatu]]), or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (five types of elimination therapies).
=== Treatment of obstruction by [[kapha]] and ''kakapada'' (incision in the shape of paw of crow) ===
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विषदूषितकफमार्गः स्रोतःसंरोधरुद्धवायुस्तु |
विषदूषितकफमार्गः स्रोतःसंरोधरुद्धवायुस्तु |
दद्यात् काकपदे तस्मिंस्ततः सङ्क्रमते विषम् ||६७||
दद्यात् काकपदे तस्मिंस्ततः सङ्क्रमते विषम् ||६७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
viṣadūṣitakaphamārgaḥ srōtaḥsaṁrōdharuddhavāyustu|
viṣadūṣitakaphamārgaḥ srōtaḥsaṁrōdharuddhavāyustu|
dadyAt kAkapade tasmiMstataH sa~gkramate viSham ||67||
dadyAt kAkapade tasmiMstataH sa~gkramate viSham ||67||
</div></div>
When the channel of circulation of ''kapha'' gets vitiated by poison, then this causes obstruction in the channel because of which the movement of ''vayu'' gets obstructed. As a result of this, the patient breaths as if he is going to die very soon. If he is free from signs and symptoms of incurability, then incisions should be made on his scalp resembling the paw of the crow (''kakapada''), and one bilva (nearly 40 grams) of the paste of ''charmakasha'' (''saptala'' – Acacia concinna) should be applied over it. He may also be given ''pradhamana'' (a type of inhalation therapy in which the recipe in powder form is blown into the nostrils) with ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''katu'' (''shunti'' – Zingiber officinale, ''pippali'' – Piper longum and ''maricha'' – Piper nigrum) and ''katphala'' (Luffa cylindrica).
When the channel of circulation of [[kapha]] gets vitiated by poison, then this causes obstruction in the channel because of which the movement of [[vayu]] gets obstructed. As a result of this, the patient breaths as if he is going to die very soon. If he is free from signs and symptoms of incurability, then incisions should be made on his scalp resembling the paw of the crow (''kakapada''), and one bilva (nearly 40 grams) of the paste of ''charmakasha'' (''saptala'' – Acacia concinna) should be applied over it. He may also be given ''pradhamana'' (a type of inhalation therapy in which the recipe in powder form is blown into the nostrils) with ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''katu'' (''shunti'' – Zingiber officinale, ''pippali'' – Piper longum and ''maricha'' – Piper nigrum) and ''katphala'' (Luffa cylindrica).
Over the ''kakapada'' (incisions in the scalp), the meat of goat, cow, buffalo or cock should be applied which will absorb the poison from the body.[65-67]
Over the ''kakapada'' (incisions in the scalp), the meat of goat, cow, buffalo or cock should be applied which will absorb the poison from the body.[65-67]
==== ''Nasya'' and ''anjana'' administration ====
=== [[Nasya]] and ''anjana'' administration ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
नासाक्षिकर्णजिह्वाकण्ठनिरोधेषु कर्म नस्तः स्यात् |
नासाक्षिकर्णजिह्वाकण्ठनिरोधेषु कर्म नस्तः स्यात् |
दारुव्योषहरिद्राकरवीरकरञ्जनिम्बसुरसैस्तु ||६९||
दारुव्योषहरिद्राकरवीरकरञ्जनिम्बसुरसैस्तु ||६९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
nāsākṣikarṇajihvākaṇṭhanirōdhēṣu karma nastaḥ syāt|
nāsākṣikarṇajihvākaṇṭhanirōdhēṣu karma nastaḥ syāt|
dAruvyoShaharidrAkaravIrakara~jjanimbasurasaistu ||69||
dAruvyoShaharidrAkaravIrakara~jjanimbasurasaistu ||69||
</div></div>
If there is obstruction to the nose, eyes (vision), ears, tongue and throat, then the patient should be given ''nasya'' (inhalation therapy) with the help of the paste of ''vartaku'' (Solanum melongena), ''bijapura'' (Citrus medica), ''jyotishmati'' (Celastrus paniculatus), etc.
If there is obstruction to the nose, eyes (vision), ears, tongue and throat, then the patient should be given [[nasya]] (inhalation therapy) with the help of the paste of ''vartaku'' (Solanum melongena), ''bijapura'' (Citrus medica), ''jyotishmati'' (Celastrus paniculatus), etc.
If there is obstruction to the eyes (vision), then the collyrium prepared of ''devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum) and ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''karavira'' (Nerium indicum), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''nimba'' (Azadirechta indica) and ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) by triturating with goat’s urine should be applied over the eyes.[68-69]
If there is obstruction to the eyes (vision), then the collyrium prepared of ''devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum) and ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''karavira'' (Nerium indicum), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''nimba'' (Azadirechta indica) and ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) by triturating with goat’s urine should be applied over the eyes.[68-69]
=== ''Gandhahasti agada'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
श्वेता वचाऽश्वगन्धा हिङ्ग्वमृता कुष्ठसैन्धवे लशुनम् |
श्वेता वचाऽश्वगन्धा हिङ्ग्वमृता कुष्ठसैन्धवे लशुनम् |
इति गन्धहस्तीनामाऽगदः |
इति गन्धहस्तीनामाऽगदः |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śvētā vacā'śvagandhā [2] hiṅgvamr̥tā kuṣṭhasaindhavē laśunam|
śvētā vacā'śvagandhā [2] hiṅgvamr̥tā kuṣṭhasaindhavē laśunam|
iti gandhahastInAmA~agadaH |
iti gandhahastInAmA~agadaH |
</div></div>
''Shveta'' (''Katabhi'' -Albizzia procera), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus), ''ashvagandha'' (Withania somnifera), ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida), ''amrita'' (Tinospora cordifolia), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''saindhava'' (rock salt), ''lashuna'' (Allium sativum), ''sarshapa'' (Brassica campestris), pulp of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia), ''tuntuka'' (Oroxylum indicum), seeds of ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''shunti'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia labbec), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''vamshalochana'' (Bambusa arundinacea) should be taken in equal quantities, and impregnated as well as triturated with goat’s urine, cow’s bile and horse bile alternatively for seven days each.
''Shveta'' (''Katabhi'' -Albizzia procera), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus), ''ashvagandha'' (Withania somnifera), ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida), ''amrita'' (Tinospora cordifolia), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''saindhava'' (rock salt), ''lashuna'' (Allium sativum), ''sarshapa'' (Brassica campestris), pulp of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia), ''tuntuka'' (Oroxylum indicum), seeds of ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''shunti'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia labbec), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''vamshalochana'' (Bambusa arundinacea) should be taken in equal quantities, and impregnated as well as triturated with goat’s urine, cow’s bile and horse bile alternatively for seven days each.
This recipe which is an antidote of poisons is called ''gandhahasti''. As trees are destroyed by an elephant, so also all the ailments caused by poisoning are cured by this recipe.[70-76]
This recipe which is an antidote of poisons is called ''gandhahasti''. As trees are destroyed by an elephant, so also all the ailments caused by poisoning are cured by this recipe.[70-76]
=== ''Mahagandhahastinama agada'' ===
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पत्रागुरुमुस्तैला निर्यासाः पञ्च चन्दनं स्पृक्का |
पत्रागुरुमुस्तैला निर्यासाः पञ्च चन्दनं स्पृक्का |
इति महागन्धहस्तीनामाऽगदः |
इति महागन्धहस्तीनामाऽगदः |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
patrāgurumustailā niryāsāḥ pañca candanaṁ spr̥kkā|
patrāgurumustailā niryāsāḥ pañca candanaṁ spr̥kkā|
iti mahAgandhahastInAmA~agadaH |
iti mahAgandhahastInAmA~agadaH |
</div></div>
The recipe called ''mahagandhahasti'' comprises sixty ingredients, viz.,
The recipe called ''mahagandhahasti'' comprises sixty ingredients, viz.,
Thus, ends the description of the recipe called ''mahagandhahasti''.[77-94]
Thus, ends the description of the recipe called ''mahagandhahasti''.[77-94]
=== ''Rushabhakadi agada'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
ऋषभकजीवकभार्गीमधुकोत्पलधान्यकेशराजाज्यः |
ऋषभकजीवकभार्गीमधुकोत्पलधान्यकेशराजाज्यः |
ससितगिरिकोलमध्याः पेयाः श्वासज्वरादिहराः ||९५||
ससितगिरिकोलमध्याः पेयाः श्वासज्वरादिहराः ||९५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
r̥ṣabhakajīvakabhārgīmadhukōtpaladhānyakēśarājājyaḥ|
r̥ṣabhakajīvakabhārgīmadhukōtpaladhānyakēśarājājyaḥ|
sasitagirikolamadhyAH peyAH shvAsajvarAdiharAH ||95||
sasitagirikolamadhyAH peyAH shvAsajvarAdiharAH ||95||
</div></div>
Intake of ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''jeevaka'' (Microstylis musifera), ''bharngi'' (Clerodendrum serratum), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra), ''utpala'' (Nymphaea stellata), ''dhanya'' (Coriandrum sativum), ''kesara''(Mesua ferrea), ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), ''sitagiri'' (Clitoria ternatea) and the pulp of ''kola'' (Zizyphus jujube) in the form of a ''peya'' (thin gruel made up of rice) cures ''shwasa'', fever etc., caused by poisoning.[95]
Intake of ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''jeevaka'' (Microstylis musifera), ''bharngi'' (Clerodendrum serratum), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra), ''utpala'' (Nymphaea stellata), ''dhanya'' (Coriandrum sativum), ''kesara''(Mesua ferrea), ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), ''sitagiri'' (Clitoria ternatea) and the pulp of ''kola'' (Zizyphus jujube) in the form of a ''peya'' (thin gruel made up of rice) cures ''shwasa'', fever etc., caused by poisoning.[95]
=== ''Hingvadi yoga'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
हिङ्गु च कृष्णायुक्तं कपित्थरसयुक्तमग्र्यलवणं च |
हिङ्गु च कृष्णायुक्तं कपित्थरसयुक्तमग्र्यलवणं च |
समधुसितौ पातव्यौ ज्वरहिक्काश्वासकासघ्नौ ||९६||
समधुसितौ पातव्यौ ज्वरहिक्काश्वासकासघ्नौ ||९६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
hiṅgu ca kr̥ṣṇāyuktaṁ kapittharasayuktamagryalavaṇaṁ ca|
hiṅgu ca kr̥ṣṇāyuktaṁ kapittharasayuktamagryalavaṇaṁ ca|
samadhusitau pAtavyau jvarahikkAshvAsakAsaghnau ||96||
samadhusitau pAtavyau jvarahikkAshvAsakAsaghnau ||96||
</div></div>
Intake of ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida) and ''krishna'' (Piper longum) along with honey and sugar, or the juice of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia) and ''saindhava'' (rock salt) along with honey and sugar cures fever, hiccup, dyspnea and cough caused by poisoning. [96]
Intake of ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida) and ''krishna'' (Piper longum) along with honey and sugar, or the juice of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia) and ''saindhava'' (rock salt) along with honey and sugar cures fever, hiccup, dyspnea and cough caused by poisoning. [96]
=== Treatment of vomiting and hiccups ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
लेहः कोलास्थ्यञ्जनलाजोत्पलमधुघृतैर्वम्याम् |
लेहः कोलास्थ्यञ्जनलाजोत्पलमधुघृतैर्वम्याम् |
बृहतीद्वयाढकीपत्रधूमवर्तिस्तु हिक्काघ्नी ||९७||
बृहतीद्वयाढकीपत्रधूमवर्तिस्तु हिक्काघ्नी ||९७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
lēhaḥ kōlāsthyañjanalājōtpalamadhughr̥tairvamyām|
lēhaḥ kōlāsthyañjanalājōtpalamadhughr̥tairvamyām|
bRuhatIdvayADhakIpatradhUmavartistu hikkAghnI ||97||
bRuhatIdvayADhakIpatradhUmavartistu hikkAghnI ||97||
</div></div>
Intake of the seed-pulp of ''kola'' (Zizyphus jujube), ''anjana'' (rasanjana), ''laja'' (roasted rice grain), ''utpala'' (Nymphaea stellata), honey and ghee (clarified butter) in the form of a linctus cures vomiting caused by poisoning.
Intake of the seed-pulp of ''kola'' (Zizyphus jujube), ''anjana'' (rasanjana), ''laja'' (roasted rice grain), ''utpala'' (Nymphaea stellata), honey and ghee (clarified butter) in the form of a linctus cures vomiting caused by poisoning.
''Dhumavarti'' (inhalation of the fume from an incense stick) of ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''kantakari'' and leaves of ''adhaki'' cures hiccups caused by poisoning.[97]
''Dhumavarti'' (inhalation of the fume from an incense stick) of ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''kantakari'' and leaves of ''adhaki'' cures hiccups caused by poisoning.[97]
=== Fumigation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शिखिबर्हिबलाकास्थीनि सर्षपाश्चन्दनं च घृतयुक्तम् |
शिखिबर्हिबलाकास्थीनि सर्षपाश्चन्दनं च घृतयुक्तम् |
धूमो गृहशयनासनवस्त्रादिषु शस्यते विषनुत् ||९८||
धूमो गृहशयनासनवस्त्रादिषु शस्यते विषनुत् ||९८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śikhibarhibalākāsthīni sarṣapāścandanaṁ ca ghr̥tayuktam|
śikhibarhibalākāsthīni sarṣapāścandanaṁ ca ghr̥tayuktam|
dhUmo gRuhashayanAsanavastrAdiShu shasyate viShanut ||98||
dhUmo gRuhashayanAsanavastrAdiShu shasyate viShanut ||98||
</div></div>
The fumigation with peacock’s feather, crane’s bone, ''sarshapa'' (Brassica campestris) and ''chandana'' (Santalam album) added with ghee (clarified butter) removes the toxicities in the home, beds, seats and clothes. [98]
The fumigation with peacock’s feather, crane’s bone, ''sarshapa'' (Brassica campestris) and ''chandana'' (Santalam album) added with ghee (clarified butter) removes the toxicities in the home, beds, seats and clothes. [98]
=== Medicated fumigation for swelling ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
घृतयुक्ते नतकुष्ठे भुजगपतिशिरः शिरीषपुष्पं च |
घृतयुक्ते नतकुष्ठे भुजगपतिशिरः शिरीषपुष्पं च |
धूमागदः स्मृतोऽयं सर्वविषघ्नः श्वयथुहृच्च ||९९||
धूमागदः स्मृतोऽयं सर्वविषघ्नः श्वयथुहृच्च ||९९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
ghr̥tayuktē natakuṣṭhē bhujagapatiśiraḥ śirīṣapuṣpaṁ ca|
ghr̥tayuktē natakuṣṭhē bhujagapatiśiraḥ śirīṣapuṣpaṁ ca|
dhUmAgadaH smRuto~ayaM sarvaviShaghnaH shvayathuhRucca ||99||
dhUmAgadaH smRuto~ayaM sarvaviShaghnaH shvayathuhRucca ||99||
</div></div>
Fumigation with ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), head of ''bhujagapati'' (snake having two heads or fangs) and flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia labbec) by adding ghee is called ''dhumagada'', and it cures all types of poison and edema.[99]
Fumigation with ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), head of ''bhujagapati'' (snake having two heads or fangs) and flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia labbec) by adding ghee is called ''dhumagada'', and it cures all types of poison and edema.[99]
=== ''Jatwadi'' medicated fumigation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
जतुसेव्यपत्रगुग्गुलुभल्लातकककुभपुष्पसर्जरसाः |
जतुसेव्यपत्रगुग्गुलुभल्लातकककुभपुष्पसर्जरसाः |
श्वेता च धूम उरगाखुकीटवस्त्रक्रिमिनुदग्र्यः ||१००||
श्वेता च धूम उरगाखुकीटवस्त्रक्रिमिनुदग्र्यः ||१००||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
jatusēvyapatraguggulubhallātakakakubhapuṣpasarjarasāḥ|
jatusēvyapatraguggulubhallātakakakubhapuṣpasarjarasāḥ|
shvetA ca dhUma uragAkhukITavastrakriminudagryaH ||100||
shvetA ca dhUma uragAkhukITavastrakriminudagryaH ||100||
</div></div>
The fumigation with ''jatu'' (lac), ''sevya'' (Vetiveria zizanoides), ''patra'' (Cinnamomum tamala), ''guggulu'' (Commiphora mukul), ''bhallataka'' (Semecarpus anacardium), flower of ''kakubha'' (Terminalia arjuna), ''sarjarasa'' (Vateria indica) and ''shveta'' (Clitoria ternatea) is an excellent remedy for curing poisoning by snake and rat bite. It also helps in destroying the insects (counteracting their poison) and ''vastrakrimi'' (''yuka'' or lice). [100]
The fumigation with ''jatu'' (lac), ''sevya'' (Vetiveria zizanoides), ''patra'' (Cinnamomum tamala), ''guggulu'' (Commiphora mukul), ''bhallataka'' (Semecarpus anacardium), flower of ''kakubha'' (Terminalia arjuna), ''sarjarasa'' (Vateria indica) and ''shveta'' (Clitoria ternatea) is an excellent remedy for curing poisoning by snake and rat bite. It also helps in destroying the insects (counteracting their poison) and ''vastrakrimi'' (''yuka'' or lice). [100]
=== ''Ksharagada'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तरुणपलाशक्षारं स्रुतं पचेच्चूर्णितैः सह समांशैः |
तरुणपलाशक्षारं स्रुतं पचेच्चूर्णितैः सह समांशैः |
इति क्षारागदः |
इति क्षारागदः |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
taruṇapalāśakṣāraṁ srutaṁ pacēccūrṇitaiḥ saha samāṁśaiḥ|
taruṇapalāśakṣāraṁ srutaṁ pacēccūrṇitaiḥ saha samāṁśaiḥ|
iti kShArAgadaH |
iti kShArAgadaH |
</div></div>
''Kshara'' derived by decanting the ashes of a tender tree, of ''palasha'' (Butea monosperma) should be added with equal quantities of ''lohitamrita'' (''Gairika'' – red ocre), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''manjari'' (inflorescence) of the white variety of ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra), ''laksha''), ''saindhava'' (rock salt), ''jatamamsi'' (Nordostachys jatamansi), ''harenu'' (Vitex negundo), ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida), ''sariva'' (Hemidesmus indicus), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''shunti'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''bahlika'' (''kunkuma''-''kesara''-Crocus sativua). This recipe should then be stirred while being cooked till the paste sticks to the spoon. Then pills of the size of ''kola'' (Zizyphus jujube) should be made out of this paste and dried in shade. Intake of this cures inflammation caused by all types of poisoning, ''gulma'' (abdominal lumps), skin diseases, piles, fistula-in-ano, splenic disorders, edema, epilepsy, parasitic infestation, affliction by evil spirits, hoarseness of voice, anemia, suppression of the power of digestion, cough and insanity. The combination is known as ''kshara agada''.[101-104]
''Kshara'' derived by decanting the ashes of a tender tree, of ''palasha'' (Butea monosperma) should be added with equal quantities of ''lohitamrita'' (''Gairika'' – red ocre), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''manjari'' (inflorescence) of the white variety of ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra), ''laksha''), ''saindhava'' (rock salt), ''jatamamsi'' (Nordostachys jatamansi), ''harenu'' (Vitex negundo), ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida), ''sariva'' (Hemidesmus indicus), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''shunti'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''bahlika'' (''kunkuma''-''kesara''-Crocus sativua). This recipe should then be stirred while being cooked till the paste sticks to the spoon. Then pills of the size of ''kola'' (Zizyphus jujube) should be made out of this paste and dried in shade. Intake of this cures inflammation caused by all types of poisoning, ''gulma'' (abdominal lumps), skin diseases, piles, fistula-in-ano, splenic disorders, edema, epilepsy, parasitic infestation, affliction by evil spirits, hoarseness of voice, anemia, suppression of the power of digestion, cough and insanity. The combination is known as ''kshara agada''.[101-104]
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विषपीतदष्टविद्धेष्वेतद्दिग्धे च वाच्यमुद्दिष्टम् |
विषपीतदष्टविद्धेष्वेतद्दिग्धे च वाच्यमुद्दिष्टम् |
आहारविहारगतं तस्मात् प्रेष्यान् परीक्षेत ||१०६||
आहारविहारगतं तस्मात् प्रेष्यान् परीक्षेत ||१०६||
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viṣapītadaṣṭaviddhēṣvētaddigdhē ca vācyamuddiṣṭam|
viṣapītadaṣṭaviddhēṣvētaddigdhē ca vācyamuddiṣṭam|
AhAravihAragataM tasmAt preShyAn parIkSheta ||106||
AhAravihAragataM tasmAt preShyAn parIkSheta ||106||
</div></div>
The details regarding the ''lakshanas'' and ''chikitsa'' of those who has consumed ''sthavara visha'' or who has been bitten by poisonous animals or who has been injured by the weapons smeared in poisons or whose cloths have been afflicted by poisons are explained so far in this chapter. Now, hear carefully about the treatment of different types of poison which are to be elaborated separately.[105-106]
The details regarding the ''lakshanas'' and ''chikitsa'' of those who has consumed ''sthavara visha'' or who has been bitten by poisonous animals or who has been injured by the weapons smeared in poisons or whose cloths have been afflicted by poisons are explained so far in this chapter. Now, hear carefully about the treatment of different types of poison which are to be elaborated separately.[105-106]
=== Characteristics of poison giver and intoxicated poisonous food ===
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अत्यर्थशङ्कितः स्याद्बहुवागथवाऽल्पवाग्विगतलक्ष्मीः |
अत्यर्थशङ्कितः स्याद्बहुवागथवाऽल्पवाग्विगतलक्ष्मीः |
स्फुटति च सशब्दमेकावर्तो विहतार्चिरपि च स्यात् ||१०९||
स्फुटति च सशब्दमेकावर्तो विहतार्चिरपि च स्यात् ||१०९||
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atyarthaśaṅkitaḥ syādbahuvāgathavā'lpavāgvigatalakṣmīḥ|
atyarthaśaṅkitaḥ syādbahuvāgathavā'lpavāgvigatalakṣmīḥ|
sphuTati ca sashabdamekAvarto vihatArcirapi ca syAt ||109||
sphuTati ca sashabdamekAvarto vihatArcirapi ca syAt ||109||
</div></div>
A person who behaves in an extremely suspicious manner, who is garrulous or who speaks very little, who has lost luster of his face and who exhibits changes in his characteristic features should be considered as a poison-giver.
A person who behaves in an extremely suspicious manner, who is garrulous or who speaks very little, who has lost luster of his face and who exhibits changes in his characteristic features should be considered as a poison-giver.
When a person shows the characteristic features of a poison-giver, then the food, etc., served by him should not be taken. A part of it should be thrown over fire. If the food is poisoned, then the flame of the fire appears like color of peacock feather. The smoke which comes out of such fire is sharp, intolerable and dry, and it smells like a corpse. The flame which comes out makes a cracking noise; it moves spirally or it gets extinguished.[107-109]
When a person shows the characteristic features of a poison-giver, then the food, etc., served by him should not be taken. A part of it should be thrown over fire. If the food is poisoned, then the flame of the fire appears like color of peacock feather. The smoke which comes out of such fire is sharp, intolerable and dry, and it smells like a corpse. The flame which comes out makes a cracking noise; it moves spirally or it gets extinguished.[107-109]
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पात्रस्थं च विवर्णं भोज्यं स्यान्मक्षिकांश्च मारयति |
पात्रस्थं च विवर्णं भोज्यं स्यान्मक्षिकांश्च मारयति |
पश्यति विकृतामथवा लवणाक्ते फेनमाला स्यात् ||१११||
पश्यति विकृतामथवा लवणाक्ते फेनमाला स्यात् ||१११||
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pātrasthaṁ ca vivarṇaṁ bhōjyaṁ syānmakṣikāṁśca mārayati|
pātrasthaṁ ca vivarṇaṁ bhōjyaṁ syānmakṣikāṁśca mārayati|
pashyati vikRutAmathavA lavaNAkte phenamAlA syAt ||111||
pashyati vikRutAmathavA lavaNAkte phenamAlA syAt ||111||
</div></div>
The poisoned food when kept in a pot gets discolored, and flies sitting on it die. When this poisoned food is seen by crows, their voice becomes feeble, and when the ''chakor'' bird sees it, its eyes become discolored from the normal red colored.
The poisoned food when kept in a pot gets discolored, and flies sitting on it die. When this poisoned food is seen by crows, their voice becomes feeble, and when the ''chakor'' bird sees it, its eyes become discolored from the normal red colored.
If the poison is added to drinks like water, milk or alcohol, blue lines appear over its surface or it becomes discolored. A person’s own shadow is not reflected through such drinks or the shadow is reflected in a distorted manner. If such drinks are added with salt, then there is froth.[110-111]
If the poison is added to drinks like water, milk or alcohol, blue lines appear over its surface or it becomes discolored. A person’s own shadow is not reflected through such drinks or the shadow is reflected in a distorted manner. If such drinks are added with salt, then there is froth.[110-111]
=== Effects of food poisoning ===
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पानान्नयोःसविषयोर्गन्धेन शिरोरुग्घृति च मूर्च्छा च |
पानान्नयोःसविषयोर्गन्धेन शिरोरुग्घृति च मूर्च्छा च |
केशच्युतिः शिरोरुग्ग्रन्थयश्च सविषेऽथ शिरोभ्यङ्गे ||११६||
केशच्युतिः शिरोरुग्ग्रन्थयश्च सविषेऽथ शिरोभ्यङ्गे ||११६||
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pānānnayōḥsaviṣayōrgandhēna śirōrugghr̥di ca mūrcchā ca|
pānānnayōḥsaviṣayōrgandhēna śirōrugghr̥di ca mūrcchā ca|
keshacyutiH shiroruggranthayashca saviShe~atha shirobhya~gge ||116||
keshacyutiH shiroruggranthayashca saviShe~atha shirobhya~gge ||116||
</div></div>
The smell of poisoned food and drinks causes headache, pain in the cardiac region and unconsciousness. If they are touched, cause edema and numbness in the hands, burning sensation and pricking pain in the fingers, and cracking of the nails.
The smell of poisoned food and drinks causes headache, pain in the cardiac region and unconsciousness. If they are touched, cause edema and numbness in the hands, burning sensation and pricking pain in the fingers, and cracking of the nails.
If the oil for application over the head is poisoned, then the patient suffers from hair-fall, headache and tumors in the head.[112-116]
If the oil for application over the head is poisoned, then the patient suffers from hair-fall, headache and tumors in the head.[112-116]
=== Clinical features of poison through various routes of consumption/exposure ===
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दुष्टेऽञ्जनेऽक्षिदाहस्रावात्युपदेहशोथरागाश्च |
दुष्टेऽञ्जनेऽक्षिदाहस्रावात्युपदेहशोथरागाश्च |
इति मूलविषविशेषाः प्रोक्ताः |१२३|
इति मूलविषविशेषाः प्रोक्ताः |१२३|
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duṣṭē'ñjanē'kṣidāhasrāvātyupadēhaśōtharāgāśca|
duṣṭē'ñjanē'kṣidāhasrāvātyupadēhaśōtharāgāśca|
iti mUlaviShavisheShAH proktAH |123|
iti mUlaviShavisheShAH proktAH |123|
</div></div>
If the collyrium is poisoned, then the patient suffers from burning sensation, lacrimation and excess production of sticky material, edema and redness of the eyes.
If the collyrium is poisoned, then the patient suffers from burning sensation, lacrimation and excess production of sticky material, edema and redness of the eyes.
A poisoned garland loses its aroma and gets withered soon. It causes headache and horripilation. The poisoned fume causes stiffness in the channels of circulation and impairment of the functioning of the nose and eyes.
A poisoned garland loses its aroma and gets withered soon. It causes headache and horripilation. The poisoned fume causes stiffness in the channels of circulation and impairment of the functioning of the nose and eyes.
If the water of wells and ponds are poisoned, then the water becomes foul-smelling, dirty and discolored. Intake of this poisoned water causes edema, urticaria and pimples, and even death. If the poison has reached the stomach, then the physician in the beginning should administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the ''doshas'' and the strength of the patient. [117-123]
If the water of wells and ponds are poisoned, then the water becomes foul-smelling, dirty and discolored. Intake of this poisoned water causes edema, urticaria and pimples, and even death. If the poison has reached the stomach, then the physician in the beginning should administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the [[dosha]] and the strength of the patient. [117-123]
=== Description of snakes and poisoning ===
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शृणु जङ्गमस्यातः |
शृणु जङ्गमस्यातः |
सविशेषचिकित्सितमेवादौ तत्रोच्यते तु सर्पाणाम् ||१२३||
सविशेषचिकित्सितमेवादौ तत्रोच्यते तु सर्पाणाम् ||१२३||
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shRuNu ja~ggamasyAtaH |
shRuNu ja~ggamasyAtaH |
saviśēṣacikitsitamēvādau tatrōcyatē tu sarpāṇām||123||
saviśēṣacikitsitamēvādau tatrōcyatē tu sarpāṇām||123||
</div></div>
Let us now discuss on the various aspects of animal poisoning. At first, let us discuss on the various aspects of snakes and the special treatment of ailments caused by the snake-bite. [123]
Let us now discuss on the various aspects of animal poisoning. At first, let us discuss on the various aspects of snakes and the special treatment of ailments caused by the snake-bite. [123]
=== Types of snakes and their effect on [[dosha]] ===
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इह दर्वीकरः सर्पो मण्डली राजिमानिति |
इह दर्वीकरः सर्पो मण्डली राजिमानिति |
त्रयो यथाक्रमं वातपित्तश्लेष्मप्रकोपणाः ||१२४||
त्रयो यथाक्रमं वातपित्तश्लेष्मप्रकोपणाः ||१२४||
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iha darvIkaraH sarpo maNDalI rAjimAniti |
iha darvIkaraH sarpo maNDalI rAjimAniti |
trayō yathākramaṁ vātapittaślēṣmaprakōpaṇāḥ||124||
trayō yathākramaṁ vātapittaślēṣmaprakōpaṇāḥ||124||
</div></div>
Snakes are classified into three categories- ''darvikara, mandali'' and ''rajiman'' and they cause aggravation of ''vayu, pitta'' and ''kapha'' respectively.[124]
Snakes are classified into three categories- ''darvikara, mandali'' and ''rajiman'' and they cause aggravation of [[vayu]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] respectively.[124]
=== Identification of snakes ===
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दर्वीकरः फणी ज्ञेयो मण्डली मण्डलाफणः |
दर्वीकरः फणी ज्ञेयो मण्डली मण्डलाफणः |
बिन्दुलेखविचित्राङ्गः पन्नगः स्यात्तु राजिमान् ||१२५||
बिन्दुलेखविचित्राङ्गः पन्नगः स्यात्तु राजिमान् ||१२५||
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darvIkaraH phaNI j~jeyo maNDalI maNDalAphaNaH |
darvIkaraH phaNI j~jeyo maNDalI maNDalAphaNaH |
bindulēkhavicitrāṅgaḥ pannagaḥ syāttu rājimān||125||
bindulēkhavicitrāṅgaḥ pannagaḥ syāttu rājimān||125||
</div></div>
The ''darvikara'' snake has a hood; the ''mandali'' snakes are hoodless but possess rounded marks on their body whereas the ''rajiman'' type of snakes possess variegated spots and streaks on its body.[125]
The ''darvikara'' snake has a hood; the ''mandali'' snakes are hoodless but possess rounded marks on their body whereas the ''rajiman'' type of snakes possess variegated spots and streaks on its body.[125]
=== Properties of snake poisons ===
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विशेषाद्रूक्षकटुकमम्लोष्णं स्वादु शीतलम् |
विशेषाद्रूक्षकटुकमम्लोष्णं स्वादु शीतलम् |
विषं यथाक्रमं तेषां तस्माद्वातादिकोपनम् ||१२६||
विषं यथाक्रमं तेषां तस्माद्वातादिकोपनम् ||१२६||
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visheShAdrUkShakaTukamamloShNaM svAdu shItalam |
visheShAdrUkShakaTukamamloShNaM svAdu shItalam |
viṣaṁ yathākramaṁ tēṣāṁ tasmādvātādikōpanam||126||
viṣaṁ yathākramaṁ tēṣāṁ tasmādvātādikōpanam||126||
</div></div>
The poison of ''darvikara'' snake is ununctuous and pungent and due to this it vitiates the ''vata dosha''.
The poison of ''darvikara'' snake is ununctuous and pungent and due to this it vitiates the ''vata dosha''.
The poison of ''mandali'' snake is sour and hot due to which it aggravates pitta ,whereas that of ''rajiman'' snake is sweet and cold due to which it aggravates ''kapha''.[126]
The poison of ''mandali'' snake is sour and hot due to which it aggravates pitta ,whereas that of ''rajiman'' snake is sweet and cold due to which it aggravates ''kapha''.[126]
=== Characteristics of ''darvikara'' snake bite ===
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दर्वीकरकृतो दंशः सूक्ष्मदंष्ट्रापदोऽसितः |
दर्वीकरकृतो दंशः सूक्ष्मदंष्ट्रापदोऽसितः |
निरुद्धरक्तः कूर्माभो वातव्याधिकरो मतः ||१२७||
निरुद्धरक्तः कूर्माभो वातव्याधिकरो मतः ||१२७||
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darvīkarakr̥tō daṁśaḥ sūkṣmadaṁṣṭrāpadō'sitaḥ|
darvīkarakr̥tō daṁśaḥ sūkṣmadaṁṣṭrāpadō'sitaḥ|
niruddharaktaH kUrmAbho vAtavyAdhikaro mataH ||127||
niruddharaktaH kUrmAbho vAtavyAdhikaro mataH ||127||
</div></div>
The bite by the ''darvikara sarpa'' is characterized by minute fang marks, is black, there is absence of bleeding, swelling having the shape of back of a tortoise and it produces several disorders due to aggravation of ''vata''.[127]
The bite by the ''darvikara sarpa'' is characterized by minute fang marks, is black, there is absence of bleeding, swelling having the shape of back of a tortoise and it produces several disorders due to aggravation of [[vata]].[127]
=== Characteristics of ''mandali'' snake bite ===
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पृथ्वर्पितः सशोथश्च दंशो मण्डलिना कृतः |
पृथ्वर्पितः सशोथश्च दंशो मण्डलिना कृतः |
पीताभः पीतरक्तश्च सर्वपित्तविकारकृत् ||१२८||
पीताभः पीतरक्तश्च सर्वपित्तविकारकृत् ||१२८||
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pr̥thvarpitaḥ saśōthaśca daṁśō maṇḍalinā kr̥taḥ|
pr̥thvarpitaḥ saśōthaśca daṁśō maṇḍalinā kr̥taḥ|
pItAbhaH pItaraktashca sarvapittavikArakRut ||128||
pItAbhaH pItaraktashca sarvapittavikArakRut ||128||
</div></div>
The fang marks due to the bite by ''mandali sarpa'' is deep, the wound is spread over a large surface area, associated with edema. There is yellowish discoloration at the site of bite and the exudates at the bite site are yellowish and bloody. They cause several other disorders due to aggravation of ''pitta''.[128]
The fang marks due to the bite by ''mandali sarpa'' is deep, the wound is spread over a large surface area, associated with edema. There is yellowish discoloration at the site of bite and the exudates at the bite site are yellowish and bloody. They cause several other disorders due to aggravation of [[pitta]].[128]
=== Characteristics of ''rajimana'' snake bite ===
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कृतो राजिमता दंशः पिच्छिलः स्थिरशोफकृत् |
कृतो राजिमता दंशः पिच्छिलः स्थिरशोफकृत् |
स्निग्धः पाण्डुश्च सान्द्रासृक् श्लेष्मव्याधिसमीरणः ||१२९||
स्निग्धः पाण्डुश्च सान्द्रासृक् श्लेष्मव्याधिसमीरणः ||१२९||
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kr̥tō rājimatā daṁśaḥ picchilaḥ sthiraśōphakr̥t|
kr̥tō rājimatā daṁśaḥ picchilaḥ sthiraśōphakr̥t|
snigdhaH pANDushca sAndrAsRuk shleShmavyAdhisamIraNaH ||129||
snigdhaH pANDushca sAndrAsRuk shleShmavyAdhisamIraNaH ||129||
</div></div>
The bite by the ''rajimana sarpa'' is characterized by a soft and stable edema.The bite site is unctuous and pale. The bloody exudates coming from the bite site is thick and several disorders due to aggravation of ''kapha'' are produced. [129]
The bite by the ''rajimana sarpa'' is characterized by a soft and stable edema.The bite site is unctuous and pale. The bloody exudates coming from the bite site is thick and several disorders due to aggravation of [[kapha]] are produced. [129]
=== Gender wise characteristics of snakes ===
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वृत्तभोगो महाकायः श्वसन्नूर्ध्वेक्षणः पुमान् |
वृत्तभोगो महाकायः श्वसन्नूर्ध्वेक्षणः पुमान् |
क्लीबस्त्रसत्यधोदृष्टिः स्वरहीनः प्रकम्पते |
क्लीबस्त्रसत्यधोदृष्टिः स्वरहीनः प्रकम्पते |
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vr̥ttabhōgō mahākāyaḥ śvasannūrdhvēkṣaṇaḥ pumān|
vr̥ttabhōgō mahākāyaḥ śvasannūrdhvēkṣaṇaḥ pumān|
klIbastrasatyadhodRuShTiH svarahInaH prakampate |
klIbastrasatyadhodRuShTiH svarahInaH prakampate |
</div></div>
The snake which is round coiled has a large body, that hisses loudly, that which looks upward, has a large head and an even body is a male. The ones with an opposite characteristics is a female. The eunuch snake is timid in nature.[130]
The snake which is round coiled has a large body, that hisses loudly, that which looks upward, has a large head and an even body is a male. The ones with an opposite characteristics is a female. The eunuch snake is timid in nature.[130]
=== Differentiation in features in snake bite of different genders ===
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स्त्रिया दष्टो विपर्यस्तैरेतैः पुंसा नरो मतः ||१३१||
स्त्रिया दष्टो विपर्यस्तैरेतैः पुंसा नरो मतः ||१३१||
इत्येतदुक्तं सर्पाणां स्त्रीपुङ्क्लीबनिदर्शनम् ||१३२||
इत्येतदुक्तं सर्पाणां स्त्रीपुङ्क्लीबनिदर्शनम् ||१३२||
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striyā daṣṭō viparyastairētaiḥ puṁsā narō mataḥ||131||
striyā daṣṭō viparyastairētaiḥ puṁsā narō mataḥ||131||
ityetaduktaM sarpANAM strIpu~gklIbanidarshanam ||132||
ityetaduktaM sarpANAM strIpu~gklIbanidarshanam ||132||
</div></div>
The patient bitten by a female snake looks downwards, has feeble voice and trembles. In a patient bitten by a male snake, the features contrary to the above are found.if mixed characters is found, one should be known as bitten by an eunuch snake.Thus characters of female, male and eunuch snakes are said.[131-132]
The patient bitten by a female snake looks downwards, has feeble voice and trembles. In a patient bitten by a male snake, the features contrary to the above are found.if mixed characters is found, one should be known as bitten by an eunuch snake.Thus characters of female, male and eunuch snakes are said.[131-132]
=== Bite of a pregnant snake ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
पाण्डुवक्त्रस्तु गर्भिण्या शूनौष्ठोऽप्यसितेक्षणः |
पाण्डुवक्त्रस्तु गर्भिण्या शूनौष्ठोऽप्यसितेक्षणः |
जृम्भाक्रोधोपजिह्वार्तः सूतया रक्तमूत्रवान् ||१३३||
जृम्भाक्रोधोपजिह्वार्तः सूतया रक्तमूत्रवान् ||१३३||
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pāṇḍuvaktrastu garbhiṇyā śūnauṣṭhō'pyasitēkṣaṇaḥ|
pāṇḍuvaktrastu garbhiṇyā śūnauṣṭhō'pyasitēkṣaṇaḥ|
jRumbhAkrodhopajihvArtaH sUtayA raktamUtravAn ||133||
jRumbhAkrodhopajihvArtaH sUtayA raktamUtravAn ||133||
</div></div>
If one is bitten by a pregnant snake, he suffers from paleness of face, swelling in the lips and blackness of eyes. If one is bitten by a puerperant snake, he suffers from yawning, anger, ''upajivhika'' and hematuria. [133]
If one is bitten by a pregnant snake, he suffers from paleness of face, swelling in the lips and blackness of eyes. If one is bitten by a puerperant snake, he suffers from yawning, anger, ''upajivhika'' and hematuria. [133]
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सर्पो गौधेर(य)को नाम गोधायां स्याच्चतुष्पदः |
सर्पो गौधेर(य)को नाम गोधायां स्याच्चतुष्पदः |
कृष्णसर्पेण तुल्यः स्यान्नाना स्युर्मिश्रजातयः ||१३४||
कृष्णसर्पेण तुल्यः स्यान्नाना स्युर्मिश्रजातयः ||१३४||
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sarpō gaudhēra(ya)kō nāma gōdhāyāṁ syāccatuṣpadaḥ|
sarpō gaudhēra(ya)kō nāma gōdhāyāṁ syāccatuṣpadaḥ|
kRuShNasarpeNa tulyaH syAnnAnA syurmishrajAtayaH ||134||
kRuShNasarpeNa tulyaH syAnnAnA syurmishrajAtayaH ||134||
</div></div>
Quadruped serpent borne by a ''godha'' (type of reptile) is known as ''gaudheyaka''. This is similar to the ''darveekara sarpa''. Besides there are several other cross breeds seen in this variety. [134]
Quadruped serpent borne by a ''godha'' (type of reptile) is known as ''gaudheyaka''. This is similar to the ''darveekara sarpa''. Besides there are several other cross breeds seen in this variety. [134]
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गूढसम्पादितं वृत्तं पीडितं लम्बितार्पितम् |
गूढसम्पादितं वृत्तं पीडितं लम्बितार्पितम् |
सर्पितं च भृशाबाधं, दंशा योऽन्ये न ते भृशाः ||१३५||
सर्पितं च भृशाबाधं, दंशा योऽन्ये न ते भृशाः ||१३५||
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gūḍhasampāditaṁ vr̥ttaṁ pīḍitaṁ lambitārpitam|
gūḍhasampāditaṁ vr̥ttaṁ pīḍitaṁ lambitārpitam|
sarpitaM ca bhRushAbAdhaM, daMshA yo~anye na te bhRushAH ||135||
sarpitaM ca bhRushAbAdhaM, daMshA yo~anye na te bhRushAH ||135||
</div></div>
The bite which is deeply performed, elevated, painful, placed lengthwise and having marks of fangs and inflammation is very troublesome, while the other bites are not so much distressing.[135]
The bite which is deeply performed, elevated, painful, placed lengthwise and having marks of fangs and inflammation is very troublesome, while the other bites are not so much distressing.[135]
=== Characters of snakes of different ages ===
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तरुणाः कृष्णसर्पास्तु गोनसाः स्थविरास्तथा |
तरुणाः कृष्णसर्पास्तु गोनसाः स्थविरास्तथा |
राजिमन्तो वयोमध्ये भवन्त्याशीविषोपमाः ||१३६||
राजिमन्तो वयोमध्ये भवन्त्याशीविषोपमाः ||१३६||
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taruṇāḥ kr̥ṣṇasarpāstu gōnasāḥ sthavirāstathā|
taruṇāḥ kr̥ṣṇasarpāstu gōnasāḥ sthavirāstathā|
rAjimanto vayomadhye bhavantyAshIviShopamAH ||136||
rAjimanto vayomadhye bhavantyAshIviShopamAH ||136||
</div></div>
Black snakes in young age, ''gonasa'' in old age, ''rajimana'' in middle age are like a ''sivisha'' (dreadful snakes with poisoned vision and breadth).[136]
Black snakes in young age, ''gonasa'' in old age, ''rajimana'' in middle age are like a ''sivisha'' (dreadful snakes with poisoned vision and breadth).[136]
=== Fangs of snakes ===
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सर्पदंष्ट्राश्चतस्रस्तु तासां वामाधरा सिता |
सर्पदंष्ट्राश्चतस्रस्तु तासां वामाधरा सिता |
पीता वामोत्तरा दंष्ट्रा रक्तश्यावाऽधरोत्तरा ||१३७||
पीता वामोत्तरा दंष्ट्रा रक्तश्यावाऽधरोत्तरा ||१३७||
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sarpadaṁṣṭrāścatasrastu tāsāṁ vāmādharā sitā|
sarpadaṁṣṭrāścatasrastu tāsāṁ vāmādharā sitā|
pItA vAmottarA daMShTrA raktashyAvA~adharottarA ||137||
pItA vAmottarA daMShTrA raktashyAvA~adharottarA ||137||
</div></div>
The fangs of snakes are four in number. Out of them left upper is white, left lower is yellow, right lower is red and right upper is blackish.[137]
The fangs of snakes are four in number. Out of them left upper is white, left lower is yellow, right lower is red and right upper is blackish.[137]
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यन्मात्रः पतते बिन्दुर्गोबालात् सलिलोद्धृतात् |
यन्मात्रः पतते बिन्दुर्गोबालात् सलिलोद्धृतात् |
वामाधरायां दंष्ट्रायां तन्मात्रं स्यादहेर्विषम् ||१३८||
वामाधरायां दंष्ट्रायां तन्मात्रं स्यादहेर्विषम् ||१३८||
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yanmātraḥ patatē bindurgōbālāt salilōddhr̥tāt|
yanmātraḥ patatē bindurgōbālāt salilōddhr̥tāt|
vAmAdharAyAM daMShTrAyAM tanmAtraM syAdaherviSham ||138||
vAmAdharAyAM daMShTrAyAM tanmAtraM syAdaherviSham ||138||
</div></div>
The snake venom is equal in quantity with a drop falls from a cow’s hair taken out of water. It is located in the left lower fang of snake. [138]
The snake venom is equal in quantity with a drop falls from a cow’s hair taken out of water. It is located in the left lower fang of snake. [138]
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एकद्वित्रिचतुर्वृद्धविषभागोत्तरोत्तराः |
एकद्वित्रिचतुर्वृद्धविषभागोत्तरोत्तराः |
सवर्णास्तत्कृता दंशा बहूत्तरविषा भृशाः ||१३९||
सवर्णास्तत्कृता दंशा बहूत्तरविषा भृशाः ||१३९||
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ēkadvitricaturvr̥ddhaviṣabhāgōttarōttarāḥ|
ēkadvitricaturvr̥ddhaviṣabhāgōttarōttarāḥ|
savarNAstatkRutA daMshA bahUttaraviShA bhRushAH ||139||
savarNAstatkRutA daMshA bahUttaraviShA bhRushAH ||139||
</div></div>
The bites caused by fangs have the quantity of poison increased in progressive order and are similar (to fangs) in color. The later ones have profuse poison and are very troublesome.[139]
The bites caused by fangs have the quantity of poison increased in progressive order and are similar (to fangs) in color. The later ones have profuse poison and are very troublesome.[139]
=== ''Dooshi visha'' (slowly acting poison) ===
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सर्पाणामेव विण्मूत्रात् कीटाः स्युः कीटसम्मताः |
सर्पाणामेव विण्मूत्रात् कीटाः स्युः कीटसम्मताः |
दूषीविषाः प्राणहरा इति सङ्क्षेपतो मताः ||१४०||
दूषीविषाः प्राणहरा इति सङ्क्षेपतो मताः ||१४०||
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sarpāṇāmēva viṇmūtrāt kīṭāḥ syuḥ kīṭasammatāḥ|
sarpāṇāmēva viṇmūtrāt kīṭāḥ syuḥ kīṭasammatāḥ|
dUShIviShAH prANaharA iti sa~gkShepato matAH ||140||
dUShIviShAH prANaharA iti sa~gkShepato matAH ||140||
</div></div>
From the feces and urine of snakes themselves, insects arise which are of two kinds- ''dooshivisha'' (slowly acting poison) and ''pranahara'' ( acutely acting deadly poison).[140]
From the feces and urine of snakes themselves, insects arise which are of two kinds- ''dooshivisha'' (slowly acting poison) and ''pranahara'' ( acutely acting deadly poison).[140]
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गात्रं रक्तं सितं कृष्णं श्यावं वा पिडकान्वितम् |
गात्रं रक्तं सितं कृष्णं श्यावं वा पिडकान्वितम् |
कीटैर्दूषीविषैर्दष्टं
कीटैर्दूषीविषैर्दष्टं
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gātraṁ raktaṁ sitaṁ kr̥ṣṇaṁ śyāvaṁ vā piḍakānvitam|
gātraṁ raktaṁ sitaṁ kr̥ṣṇaṁ śyāvaṁ vā piḍakānvitam|
kITairdUShIviShairdaShTaM
kITairdUShIviShairdaShTaM
</div></div>
The bites of ''dooshivisha'' insects shows the signs and symptoms as the part become red, white, black or blackish, covered with boils, associated with itching, burning, spreading and inflammation and gets ''necrosed''.[141]
The bites of ''dooshivisha'' insects shows the signs and symptoms as the part become red, white, black or blackish, covered with boils, associated with itching, burning, spreading and inflammation and gets ''necrosed''.[141]
=== Bad prognostic fatal signs ===
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लिङ्गं प्राणहरं शृणु |
लिङ्गं प्राणहरं शृणु |
तृष्णारुचिपरीतश्च भवेद्दूषीविषार्दितः ||१४३||
तृष्णारुचिपरीतश्च भवेद्दूषीविषार्दितः ||१४३||
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liṅgaṁ prāṇaharaṁ śr̥ṇu|
liṅgaṁ prāṇaharaṁ śr̥ṇu|
tRuShNAruciparItashca bhaveddUShIviShArditaH ||143||
tRuShNAruciparItashca bhaveddUShIviShArditaH ||143||
</div></div>
Now listen to the symptoms of deadly poison. The swelling increases as in snake bite, the bitten spot contains blood with intense odor, there is heaviness in eyes, fainting, pain, dyspnea, thirst and anorexia. [142-143]
Now listen to the symptoms of deadly poison. The swelling increases as in snake bite, the bitten spot contains blood with intense odor, there is heaviness in eyes, fainting, pain, dyspnea, thirst and anorexia. [142-143]
=== Characteristics of insect bite with ''dooshi visha'' ===
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दंशस्य मध्ये यत् कृष्णं श्यावं वा जालकावृतम् |
दंशस्य मध्ये यत् कृष्णं श्यावं वा जालकावृतम् |
दूषीविषाभिर्लूताभिस्तं दष्टमिति निर्दिशेत् |
दूषीविषाभिर्लूताभिस्तं दष्टमिति निर्दिशेत् |
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daṁśasya madhyē yat kr̥ṣṇaṁ śyāvaṁ vā jālakāvr̥tam|
daṁśasya madhyē yat kr̥ṣṇaṁ śyāvaṁ vā jālakāvr̥tam|
dUShIviShAbhirlUtAbhistaM daShTamiti nirdishet |
dUShIviShAbhirlUtAbhistaM daShTamiti nirdishet |
</div></div>
The bite is black or blackish in center, covered with membrane, burn like, exceedingly inflaming and associated with moistening, swelling and fever. These are the signs and symptoms of bite by ''Dooshivisha Lootha'' (spider).[144]
The bite is black or blackish in center, covered with membrane, burn like, exceedingly inflaming and associated with moistening, swelling and fever. These are the signs and symptoms of bite by ''Dooshivisha Lootha'' (spider).[144]
=== General features ===
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सर्वासामेव तासां च दंशे लक्षणमुच्यते ||१४५||
सर्वासामेव तासां च दंशे लक्षणमुच्यते ||१४५||
प्राणान्तिको भवेच्छ्वासो दाहहिक्काशिरोग्रहाः ||१४६||
प्राणान्तिको भवेच्छ्वासो दाहहिक्काशिरोग्रहाः ||१४६||
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sarvāsāmēva tāsāṁ ca daṁśē lakṣaṇamucyatē||145||
sarvāsāmēva tāsāṁ ca daṁśē lakṣaṇamucyatē||145||
prANAntiko bhavecchvAso dAhahikkAshirograhAH ||146||
prANAntiko bhavecchvAso dAhahikkAshirograhAH ||146||
</div></div>
In general the following are the signs and symptoms of spider bite-swelling, boils, white-black-red or yellow, fever, terrible dyspnea, burning sensation, hiccups and stiffness in head.[146]
In general the following are the signs and symptoms of spider bite-swelling, boils, white-black-red or yellow, fever, terrible dyspnea, burning sensation, hiccups and stiffness in head.[146]
=== Characteristics of rat bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
आदंशाच्छोणितं पाण्डु मण्डलानि ज्वरोऽरुचिः |
आदंशाच्छोणितं पाण्डु मण्डलानि ज्वरोऽरुचिः |
लोमहर्षश्च दाहश्चाप्याखुदूषीविषार्दिते ||१४७||
लोमहर्षश्च दाहश्चाप्याखुदूषीविषार्दिते ||१४७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
ādaṁśācchōṇitaṁ pāṇḍu maṇḍalāni jvarō'ruciḥ|
ādaṁśācchōṇitaṁ pāṇḍu maṇḍalāni jvarō'ruciḥ|
lomaharShashca dAhashcApyAkhudUShIviShArdite ||147||
lomaharShashca dAhashcApyAkhudUShIviShArdite ||147||
</div></div>
Pale blood coming out in the region of bite, rashes, fever, anorexia, horripilation and burning sensation- these are the signs and symptoms in the bite by the ''dooshi visha'' rats. [147]
Pale blood coming out in the region of bite, rashes, fever, anorexia, horripilation and burning sensation- these are the signs and symptoms in the bite by the ''dooshi visha'' rats. [147]
=== Features of rat bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मूर्च्छाङ्गशोथवैवर्ण्यक्लेदशब्दाश्रुतिज्वराः |
मूर्च्छाङ्गशोथवैवर्ण्यक्लेदशब्दाश्रुतिज्वराः |
शिरोगुरुत्वं लालासृक्छर्दिश्चासाध्यमूषिकैः ||१४८||
शिरोगुरुत्वं लालासृक्छर्दिश्चासाध्यमूषिकैः ||१४८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
mūrcchāṅgaśōthavaivarṇyaklēdaśabdāśrutijvarāḥ|
mūrcchāṅgaśōthavaivarṇyaklēdaśabdāśrutijvarāḥ|
shirogurutvaM lAlAsRukchardishcAsAdhyamUShikaiH ||148||
shirogurutvaM lAlAsRukchardishcAsAdhyamUShikaiH ||148||
</div></div>
In incurable rat poisoning there is fainting, swelling in the part, discoloration, moistening, deafness, fever, heaviness in head, salivation and hematemesis.[148]
In incurable rat poisoning there is fainting, swelling in the part, discoloration, moistening, deafness, fever, heaviness in head, salivation and hematemesis.[148]
=== Characteristics of chameleon bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
श्यावत्वमथ कार्ष्ण्यं वा नानावर्णत्वमेव वा |
श्यावत्वमथ कार्ष्ण्यं वा नानावर्णत्वमेव वा |
मोहः पुरीषभेदश्च दष्टे स्यात् कृकलासकैः ||१४९||
मोहः पुरीषभेदश्च दष्टे स्यात् कृकलासकैः ||१४९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śyāvatvamatha kārṣṇyaṁ vā nānāvarṇatvamēva vā|
śyāvatvamatha kārṣṇyaṁ vā nānāvarṇatvamēva vā|
mohaH purIShabhedashca daShTe syAt kRukalAsakaiH ||149||
mohaH purIShabhedashca daShTe syAt kRukalAsakaiH ||149||
</div></div>
In bite by chameleon, there is blackish discoloration or other discoloration, mental confusion and diarrhea. [149]
In bite by chameleon, there is blackish discoloration or other discoloration, mental confusion and diarrhea. [149]
=== Characteristics of scorpion bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
दहत्यग्निरिवादौ तु भिनत्तीवोर्ध्वमाशु च |
दहत्यग्निरिवादौ तु भिनत्तीवोर्ध्वमाशु च |
वृश्चिकस्य विषं याति दंशे पश्चात्तु तिष्ठति ||१५०||
वृश्चिकस्य विषं याति दंशे पश्चात्तु तिष्ठति ||१५०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dahatyagnirivādau tu bhinattīvōrdhvamāśu ca|
dahatyagnirivādau tu bhinattīvōrdhvamāśu ca|
vRushcikasya viShaM yAti daMshe pashcAttu tiShThati ||150||
vRushcikasya viShaM yAti daMshe pashcAttu tiShThati ||150||
</div></div>
In scorpion bite, at first the part as if burns like fire and the poison moves upwards very quickly with tearing pain and later on becomes stationed in the bitten part.[150]
In scorpion bite, at first the part as if burns like fire and the poison moves upwards very quickly with tearing pain and later on becomes stationed in the bitten part.[150]
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दष्टोऽसाध्यस्तु दृग्घ्राणरसनोपहतो नरः |
दष्टोऽसाध्यस्तु दृग्घ्राणरसनोपहतो नरः |
मांसैः पतद्भिरत्यर्थं वेदनार्तो जहात्यसून् ||१५१||
मांसैः पतद्भिरत्यर्थं वेदनार्तो जहात्यसून् ||१५१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
daṣṭō'sādhyastu dr̥gghrāṇarasanōpahatō [1] naraḥ|
daṣṭō'sādhyastu dr̥gghrāṇarasanōpahatō [1] naraḥ|
mAMsaiH patadbhiratyarthaM vedanArto jahAtyasUn ||151||
mAMsaiH patadbhiratyarthaM vedanArto jahAtyasUn ||151||
</div></div>
If bitten by scorpion with incurable poison the patient loses the senses of vision, smell and taste, has flesh falling down excessively, suffers from intense pain and finally dies.[151]
If bitten by scorpion with incurable poison the patient loses the senses of vision, smell and taste, has flesh falling down excessively, suffers from intense pain and finally dies.[151]
=== Characteristics of hornet bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
विसर्पः श्वयथुः शूलं ज्वरश्छर्दिरथापि च |
विसर्पः श्वयथुः शूलं ज्वरश्छर्दिरथापि च |
लक्षणं कणभैर्दष्टे दंशश्चैव विशीर्यते ||१५२||
लक्षणं कणभैर्दष्टे दंशश्चैव विशीर्यते ||१५२||
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visarpaḥ śvayathuḥ śūlaṁ jvaraśchardirathāpi ca|
visarpaḥ śvayathuḥ śūlaṁ jvaraśchardirathāpi ca|
lakShaNaM kaNabhairdaShTe daMshashcaiva vishIryate ||152||
lakShaNaM kaNabhairdaShTe daMshashcaiva vishIryate ||152||
</div></div>
Spreading affliction, swelling, pain, fever, vomiting and decomposition of the bitten part- these are the symptoms of hornet bite.[152]
Spreading affliction, swelling, pain, fever, vomiting and decomposition of the bitten part- these are the symptoms of hornet bite.[152]
=== Characteristics of crab bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
हृष्टरोमोच्चिटिङ्गेन स्तब्धलिङ्गो भृशार्तिमान् |
हृष्टरोमोच्चिटिङ्गेन स्तब्धलिङ्गो भृशार्तिमान् |
दष्टः शीतोदकेनेव सिक्तान्यङ्गानि मन्यते ||१५३||
दष्टः शीतोदकेनेव सिक्तान्यङ्गानि मन्यते ||१५३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
hr̥ṣṭarōmōcciṭiṅgēna stabdhaliṅgō bhr̥śārtimān|
hr̥ṣṭarōmōcciṭiṅgēna stabdhaliṅgō bhr̥śārtimān|
daShTaH shItodakeneva siktAnya~ggAni manyate ||153||
daShTaH shItodakeneva siktAnya~ggAni manyate ||153||
</div></div>
If bitten by ''uchittinga'' (crab), the patient suffers from horripilation, stiffness of penis, intense pain, and feels as if the body parts are sprinkled over by cold water. [153]
If bitten by ''uchittinga'' (crab), the patient suffers from horripilation, stiffness of penis, intense pain, and feels as if the body parts are sprinkled over by cold water. [153]
=== Characteristics of frog bite ===
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एकदंष्ट्रार्दितः शूनः सरुक् स्यात् पीतकः सतृट् |
एकदंष्ट्रार्दितः शूनः सरुक् स्यात् पीतकः सतृट् |
छर्दिर्निद्रा च मण्डूकैः सविषैर्दष्टलक्षणम् ||१५४||
छर्दिर्निद्रा च मण्डूकैः सविषैर्दष्टलक्षणम् ||१५४||
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ēkadaṁṣṭrārditaḥ śūnaḥ saruk syāt pītakaḥ satr̥ṭ|
ēkadaṁṣṭrārditaḥ śūnaḥ saruk syāt pītakaḥ satr̥ṭ|
chardirnidrA ca maNDUkaiH saviShairdaShTalakShaNam ||154||
chardirnidrA ca maNDUkaiH saviShairdaShTalakShaNam ||154||
</div></div>
If bitten by poisonous frogs, the part is pierced with single fang, is swollen, painful and yellow associated with general symptoms like thirst, vomiting and sleep.[154]
If bitten by poisonous frogs, the part is pierced with single fang, is swollen, painful and yellow associated with general symptoms like thirst, vomiting and sleep.[154]
=== Effects of poisonous fish ===
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मत्स्यास्तु सविषाः कुर्युर्दाहशोफरुजस्तथा |
मत्स्यास्तु सविषाः कुर्युर्दाहशोफरुजस्तथा |
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matsyāstu saviṣāḥ kuryurdāhaśōpharujastathā|
matsyāstu saviṣāḥ kuryurdāhaśōpharujastathā|
matsyAstu saviShAH kuryurdAhashopharujastathA |
matsyAstu saviShAH kuryurdAhashopharujastathA |
</div></div>
The poisonous fish produce burning, swelling and pain.[155]
The poisonous fish produce burning, swelling and pain.[155]
=== Effects of poisonous leech ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कण्डूं शोथं ज्वरं मूर्च्छां सविषास्तु जलौकसः ||१५५||
कण्डूं शोथं ज्वरं मूर्च्छां सविषास्तु जलौकसः ||१५५||
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Kaṇḍūṁ śōthaṁ jvaraṁ mūrcchāṁ saviṣāstu jalaukasaḥ||155||
Kaṇḍūṁ śōthaṁ jvaraṁ mūrcchāṁ saviṣāstu jalaukasaḥ||155||
kaNDUM shothaM jvaraM mUrcchAM saviShAstu jalaukasaH ||155||
kaNDUM shothaM jvaraM mUrcchAM saviShAstu jalaukasaH ||155||
</div></div>
The poisonous leech causes itching, swelling, fever and fainting.[155]
The poisonous leech causes itching, swelling, fever and fainting.[155]
=== Effects of poisonous lizards ===
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दाहतोदस्वेदशोथकरी तु गृहगोधिका |
दाहतोदस्वेदशोथकरी तु गृहगोधिका |
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dāhatōdasvēdaśōthakarī tu gr̥hagōdhikā [2] |
dāhatōdasvēdaśōthakarī tu gr̥hagōdhikā [2] |
dAhatodasvedashothakarI tu gRuhagodhikA |
dAhatodasvedashothakarI tu gRuhagodhikA |
</div></div>
The house lizard produces burning piercing pain, sweating and swelling. [156]
The house lizard produces burning piercing pain, sweating and swelling. [156]
=== Effects of poisonous centipede ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
दंशे स्वेदं रुजं दाहं कुर्याच्छतपदीविषम् ||१५६||
दंशे स्वेदं रुजं दाहं कुर्याच्छतपदीविषम् ||१५६||
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daṁśē svēdaṁ rujaṁ dāhaṁ kuryācchatapadīviṣam||156||
daṁśē svēdaṁ rujaṁ dāhaṁ kuryācchatapadīviṣam||156||
daMshe svedaM rujaM dAhaM kuryAcchatapadIviSham ||156||
daMshe svedaM rujaM dAhaM kuryAcchatapadIviSham ||156||
</div></div>
The poison of ''shatapadi'' (centipede) causes sweating pain and burning in the site of sting.[156]
The poison of ''shatapadi'' (centipede) causes sweating pain and burning in the site of sting.[156]
=== Effects of mosquito bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कण्डूमान्मशकैरीषच्छोथः स्यान्मन्दवेदनः |
कण्डूमान्मशकैरीषच्छोथः स्यान्मन्दवेदनः |
असाध्यकीटसदृशमसाध्यमशकक्षतम् ||१५७||
असाध्यकीटसदृशमसाध्यमशकक्षतम् ||१५७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kaṇḍūmānmaśakairīṣacchōthaḥ syānmandavēdanaḥ|
kaṇḍūmānmaśakairīṣacchōthaḥ syānmandavēdanaḥ|
asAdhyakITasadRushamasAdhyamashakakShatam ||157||
asAdhyakITasadRushamasAdhyamashakakShatam ||157||
</div></div>
By the sting of ''mashaka'' (mosquito) the site is affected with itching, slight swelling and mild pain. The sting of incurable mosquito poison causes symptoms similar to those in incurable insect bites.[157]
By the sting of ''mashaka'' (mosquito) the site is affected with itching, slight swelling and mild pain. The sting of incurable mosquito poison causes symptoms similar to those in incurable insect bites.[157]
=== Effects of bee sting ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सद्यःप्रस्राविणी श्यावा दाहमूर्च्छाज्वरान्विता |
सद्यःप्रस्राविणी श्यावा दाहमूर्च्छाज्वरान्विता |
पीडका मक्षिकादंशे तासां तु स्थगिकाऽसुहृत् ||१५८||
पीडका मक्षिकादंशे तासां तु स्थगिकाऽसुहृत् ||१५८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
sadyaḥprasrāviṇī śyāvā dāhamūrcchājvarānvitā|
sadyaḥprasrāviṇī śyāvā dāhamūrcchājvarānvitā|
pIDakA makShikAdaMshe tAsAM tu sthagikA~asuhRut ||158||
pIDakA makShikAdaMshe tAsAM tu sthagikA~asuhRut ||158||
</div></div>
In ''makshika'' (bee) stings, there is pimple oozing quickly and blackish associated with general symptoms such as burning, fainting and fever. Of them ''sthagika'' bee is fatal.[158]
In ''makshika'' (bee) stings, there is pimple oozing quickly and blackish associated with general symptoms such as burning, fainting and fever. Of them ''sthagika'' bee is fatal.[158]
=== Prognosis as per place and time of bite ===
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श्मशानचैत्यवल्मीकयज्ञाश्रमसुरालये |
श्मशानचैत्यवल्मीकयज्ञाश्रमसुरालये |
विनश्यन्त्याशु सम्प्राप्ता दष्टाः सर्वेषु मर्मसु |१६१|
विनश्यन्त्याशु सम्प्राप्ता दष्टाः सर्वेषु मर्मसु |१६१|
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śmaśānacaityavalmīkayajñāśramasurālayē|
śmaśānacaityavalmīkayajñāśramasurālayē|
vinashyantyAshu samprAptA daShTAH sarveShu marmasu |161|
vinashyantyAshu samprAptA daShTAH sarveShu marmasu |161|
</div></div>
The persons bitten in cremation grounds, religious tree, anthill, sacrifices, hermitage, temple, on the last day of fortnight, in noon and on eighth day of the fortnight, in midnight and also in places of ''tantrika'' practices do not recover. Those inflicted by a ''sivisha'' serpents with poisons through vision, breath, excrement and touch and also those bitten in vital parts die soon.[159-161]
The persons bitten in cremation grounds, religious tree, anthill, sacrifices, hermitage, temple, on the last day of fortnight, in noon and on eighth day of the fortnight, in midnight and also in places of ''tantrika'' practices do not recover. Those inflicted by a ''sivisha'' serpents with poisons through vision, breath, excrement and touch and also those bitten in vital parts die soon.[159-161]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
(येन केनापि सर्पेण सम्भवः सर्व एव च) ||१६१||
(येन केनापि सर्पेण सम्भवः सर्व एव च) ||१६१||
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(yēna kēnāpi sarpēṇa sambhavaḥ sarva ēva ca)||161||
(yēna kēnāpi sarpēṇa sambhavaḥ sarva ēva ca)||161||
(yena kenApi sarpeNa sambhavaH sarva eva ca) ||161||
(yena kenApi sarpeNa sambhavaH sarva eva ca) ||161||
</div></div>
The above said is observed in bites by snakes as well as the insects born by them.[161]
The above said is observed in bites by snakes as well as the insects born by them.[161]
=== Aggravating factors of effects of poison ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
भीतमत्ताबलोष्णक्षुत्तृषार्ते वर्धते विषम् |
भीतमत्ताबलोष्णक्षुत्तृषार्ते वर्धते विषम् |
विषं प्रकृतिकालौ च तुल्यौ प्राप्याल्पमन्यथा ||१६२||
विषं प्रकृतिकालौ च तुल्यौ प्राप्याल्पमन्यथा ||१६२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
bhītamattābalōṣṇakṣuttr̥ṣārtē vardhatē viṣam|
bhītamattābalōṣṇakṣuttr̥ṣārtē vardhatē viṣam|
viShaM prakRutikAlau ca tulyau prApyAlpamanyathA ||162||
viShaM prakRutikAlau ca tulyau prApyAlpamanyathA ||162||
</div></div>
Effect of poison aggravates in persons who are afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.[162]
Effect of poison aggravates in persons who are afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.[162]
=== Snakes with mild poisonous effect ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
वारिविप्रहताः क्षीणा भीता नकुलनिर्जिताः |
वारिविप्रहताः क्षीणा भीता नकुलनिर्जिताः |
वृद्धा बालास्त्वचो मुक्ताः सर्पा मन्दविषाः स्मृताः ||१६३||
वृद्धा बालास्त्वचो मुक्ताः सर्पा मन्दविषाः स्मृताः ||१६३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vāriviprahatāḥ kṣīṇā bhītā nakulanirjitāḥ|
vāriviprahatāḥ kṣīṇā bhītā nakulanirjitāḥ|
vRuddhA bAlAstvaco muktAH sarpA mandaviShAH smRutAH ||163||
vRuddhA bAlAstvaco muktAH sarpA mandaviShAH smRutAH ||163||
</div></div>
The snakes which are affected with water, are weak, terrorized, defeated by mongoose, old, of tender age, sloughed are known as having mild poison.[163]
The snakes which are affected with water, are weak, terrorized, defeated by mongoose, old, of tender age, sloughed are known as having mild poison.[163]
=== Effect of anger, hunger and fear on releasing snake poison ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सर्वदेहाश्रितं क्रोधाद्विषं सर्पो विमुञ्चति |
सर्वदेहाश्रितं क्रोधाद्विषं सर्पो विमुञ्चति |
तदेवाहारहेतोर्वा भयाद्वा न प्रमुञ्चति ||१६४||
तदेवाहारहेतोर्वा भयाद्वा न प्रमुञ्चति ||१६४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
sarvadēhāśritaṁ krōdhādviṣaṁ sarpō vimuñcati|
sarvadēhāśritaṁ krōdhādviṣaṁ sarpō vimuñcati|
tadevAhArahetorvA bhayAdvA na pramu~jcati ||164||
tadevAhArahetorvA bhayAdvA na pramu~jcati ||164||
</div></div>
The poison though situated in whole body is released by the snake when angry, but the same is not released due to hunger or fear.[164]
The poison though situated in whole body is released by the snake when angry, but the same is not released due to hunger or fear.[164]
==== ''Dosha'' dominance in insects poison ====
=== [[Dosha]] dominance in insects poison ===
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वातोल्बणविषाः प्राय उच्चिटिङ्गाः सवृश्चिकाः |
वातोल्बणविषाः प्राय उच्चिटिङ्गाः सवृश्चिकाः |
वातपित्तोल्बणाः कीटाः श्लैष्मिकाः कणभादयः ||१६५||
वातपित्तोल्बणाः कीटाः श्लैष्मिकाः कणभादयः ||१६५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vātōlbaṇaviṣāḥ prāya ucciṭiṅgāḥ savr̥ścikāḥ|
vātōlbaṇaviṣāḥ prāya ucciṭiṅgāḥ savr̥ścikāḥ|
vAtapittolbaNAH kITAH shlaiShmikAH kaNabhAdayaH ||165||
vAtapittolbaNAH kITAH shlaiShmikAH kaNabhAdayaH ||165||
</div></div>
Poisons of crab and scorpion are predominant in ''vata'', those of ''keeta'' (insects) are predominant in ''vata'' and ''pitta'' and ''kanabha'' (hornets) etc. are predominant in ''kapha''.[165]
Poisons of crab and scorpion are predominant in [[vata]], those of ''keeta'' (insects) are predominant in [[vata]] and [[pitta]] and ''kanabha'' (hornets) etc. are predominant in [[kapha]].[165]
=== Treatment as per [[dosha]] dominance ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
यस्य यस्य हि दोषस्य लिङ्गाधिक्यानि लक्षयेत् |
यस्य यस्य हि दोषस्य लिङ्गाधिक्यानि लक्षयेत् |
तस्य तस्यौषधैः कुर्याद्विपरीतगुणैः क्रियाम् ||१६६||
तस्य तस्यौषधैः कुर्याद्विपरीतगुणैः क्रियाम् ||१६६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
yasya yasya hi dōṣasya liṅgādhikyāni lakṣayēt|
yasya yasya hi dōṣasya liṅgādhikyāni lakṣayēt|
tasya tasyauShadhaiH kuryAdviparItaguNaiH kriyAm ||166||
tasya tasyauShadhaiH kuryAdviparItaguNaiH kriyAm ||166||
</div></div>
Treatment is given with the measures having qualities contrary to those of the ''dosha'' exhibiting predominant symptoms.[166]
Treatment is given with the measures having qualities contrary to those of the [[dosha]] exhibiting predominant symptoms.[166]
=== Clinical effects of [[vata]] dominant ''visha'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
हृत्पीडोर्ध्वानिलः स्तम्भः सिरायामोऽस्थिपर्वरुक् |
हृत्पीडोर्ध्वानिलः स्तम्भः सिरायामोऽस्थिपर्वरुक् |
घूर्णनोद्वेष्टनं गात्रश्यावता वातिके विषे ||१६७||
घूर्णनोद्वेष्टनं गात्रश्यावता वातिके विषे ||१६७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
hr̥tpīḍōrdhvānilaḥ stambhaḥ sirāyāmō'sthiparvaruk|
hr̥tpīḍōrdhvānilaḥ stambhaḥ sirāyāmō'sthiparvaruk|
ghUrNanodveShTanaM gAtrashyAvatA vAtike viShe ||167||
ghUrNanodveShTanaM gAtrashyAvatA vAtike viShe ||167||
</div></div>
In ''vatika'' poisoning the symptoms are – cardiac pain, upward movement of ''vayu'', stiffness, dilatation of blood vessels, pain in the bone joints, giddiness, twisting and blackishness in the body.[167]
In ''vatika'' poisoning the symptoms are – cardiac pain, upward movement of [[vayu]], stiffness, dilatation of blood vessels, pain in the bone joints, giddiness, twisting and blackishness in the body.[167]
=== Clinical effects of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सञ्ज्ञानाशोष्णनिश्वासौ हृद्दाहः कटुकास्यता |
सञ्ज्ञानाशोष्णनिश्वासौ हृद्दाहः कटुकास्यता |
दंशावदरणं शोथो रक्तपीतश्च पैत्तिके ||१६८||
दंशावदरणं शोथो रक्तपीतश्च पैत्तिके ||१६८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
sañjñānāśōṣṇaniśvāsau hr̥ddāhaḥ kaṭukāsyatā|
sañjñānāśōṣṇaniśvāsau hr̥ddāhaḥ kaṭukāsyatā|
daMshAvadaraNaM shotho raktapItashca paittike ||168||
daMshAvadaraNaM shotho raktapItashca paittike ||168||
</div></div>
In ''paittika'' poisoning, the symptoms are loss of consciousness, hot expiration (feeling heat while long exhalation), heart burning, pungent taste in mouth, tearing down of flesh, swelling red or yellow.[168]
In ''paittika'' poisoning, the symptoms are loss of consciousness, hot expiration (feeling heat while long exhalation), heart burning, pungent taste in mouth, tearing down of flesh, swelling red or yellow.[168]
=== Clinical effects of ''kapha'' dominant ''visha'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
वम्यरोचकहृल्लासप्रसेकोत्क्लेशगौरवैः |
वम्यरोचकहृल्लासप्रसेकोत्क्लेशगौरवैः |
सशैत्यमुखमाधुर्यैर्विद्याच्छ्लेष्माधिकं विषम् ||१६९||
सशैत्यमुखमाधुर्यैर्विद्याच्छ्लेष्माधिकं विषम् ||१६९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vamyarōcakahr̥llāsaprasēkōtklēśagauravaiḥ|
vamyarōcakahr̥llāsaprasēkōtklēśagauravaiḥ|
sashaityamukhamAdhuryairvidyAcchleShmAdhikaM viSham ||169||
sashaityamukhamAdhuryairvidyAcchleShmAdhikaM viSham ||169||
</div></div>
Poison predominant in ''kapha'' should be known by vomiting, anorexia, nausea, salivation, excitement, heaviness, feeling of cold and sweetness of mouth.[169]
Poison predominant in ''kapha'' should be known by vomiting, anorexia, nausea, salivation, excitement, heaviness, feeling of cold and sweetness of mouth.[169]
=== Treatment of ''vata'' dominant ''visha'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
खण्डेन च व्रणालेपस्तैलाभ्यङ्गश्च वातिके |
खण्डेन च व्रणालेपस्तैलाभ्यङ्गश्च वातिके |
स्वेदो नाडीपुलाकाद्यैर्बृंहणश्च विधिर्हितः ||१७०||
स्वेदो नाडीपुलाकाद्यैर्बृंहणश्च विधिर्हितः ||१७०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
khaṇḍēna ca vraṇālēpastailābhyaṅgaśca vātikē|
khaṇḍēna ca vraṇālēpastailābhyaṅgaśca vātikē|
svedo nADIpulAkAdyairbRuMhaNashca vidhirhitaH ||170||
svedo nADIpulAkAdyairbRuMhaNashca vidhirhitaH ||170||
</div></div>
The case of ''vatika'' poisoning should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.[170]
The case of ''vatika'' poisoning should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.[170]
=== Treatment of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सुशीतैः स्तम्भयेत् सेकैः प्रदेहैश्चापि पैत्तिकम् |
सुशीतैः स्तम्भयेत् सेकैः प्रदेहैश्चापि पैत्तिकम् |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
suśītaiḥ stambhayēt sēkaiḥ pradēhaiścāpi paittikam|
suśītaiḥ stambhayēt sēkaiḥ pradēhaiścāpi paittikam|
sushItaiH stambhayet sekaiH pradehaishcApi paittikam |
sushItaiH stambhayet sekaiH pradehaishcApi paittikam |
</div></div>
''Paittika'' poisoning should be treated with very cold sprinkling and anointment.[171]
''Paittika'' poisoning should be treated with very cold sprinkling and anointment.[171]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
लेखनच्छेदनस्वेदवमनैः श्लैष्मिकं जयेत् ||१७१||
लेखनच्छेदनस्वेदवमनैः श्लैष्मिकं जयेत् ||१७१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
lēkhanacchēdanasvēdavamanaiḥ ślaiṣmikaṁ jayēt||171||
lēkhanacchēdanasvēdavamanaiḥ ślaiṣmikaṁ jayēt||171||
lekhanacchedanasvedavamanaiH shlaiShmikaM jayet ||171||
lekhanacchedanasvedavamanaiH shlaiShmikaM jayet ||171||
</div></div>
''Kaphaja'' poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting. [171]
''Kaphaja'' poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting. [171]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
विषेष्वपि च सर्वेषु सर्वस्थानगतेषु च |
विषेष्वपि च सर्वेषु सर्वस्थानगतेषु च |
अवृश्चिकोच्चिटिङ्गेषु प्रायः शीतो विधिर्हितः ||१७२||
अवृश्चिकोच्चिटिङ्गेषु प्रायः शीतो विधिर्हितः ||१७२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
viṣēṣvapi ca sarvēṣu sarvasthānagatēṣu ca|
viṣēṣvapi ca sarvēṣu sarvasthānagatēṣu ca|
avr̥ścikōcciṭiṅgēṣu prāyaḥ śītō vidhirhitaḥ||172||
avr̥ścikōcciṭiṅgēṣu prāyaḥ śītō vidhirhitaḥ||172||
</div></div>
In all poisons and those located in all parts mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).[172]
In all poisons and those located in all parts mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).[172]
=== Treatment of scorpion bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
वृश्चिके स्वेदमभ्यङ्गं घृतेन लवणेन च |
वृश्चिके स्वेदमभ्यङ्गं घृतेन लवणेन च |
सेकांश्चोष्णान् प्रयुञ्जीत भोज्यं पानं च सर्पिषः ||१७३||
सेकांश्चोष्णान् प्रयुञ्जीत भोज्यं पानं च सर्पिषः ||१७३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vr̥ścikē svēdamabhyaṅgaṁ ghr̥tēna lavaṇēna ca|
vr̥ścikē svēdamabhyaṅgaṁ ghr̥tēna lavaṇēna ca|
sekAMshcoShNAn prayu~jjIta bhojyaM pAnaM ca sarpiShaH ||173||
sekAMshcoShNAn prayu~jjIta bhojyaM pAnaM ca sarpiShaH ||173||
</div></div>
In ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) sting fomentation, massage with ghee and salt, hot sprinklings and food and beverages with ghee shall be used. [173]
In ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) sting fomentation, massage with ghee and salt, hot sprinklings and food and beverages with ghee shall be used. [173]
=== Treatment of crab bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
एतदेवोच्चिटिङ्गेऽपि प्रतिलोमं च पांशुभिः |
एतदेवोच्चिटिङ्गेऽपि प्रतिलोमं च पांशुभिः |
उद्वर्तनं सुखाम्बूष्णैस्तथाऽवच्छादनं घनैः ||१७४||
उद्वर्तनं सुखाम्बूष्णैस्तथाऽवच्छादनं घनैः ||१७४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
ētadēvōcciṭiṅgē'pi pratilōmaṁ ca pāṁśubhiḥ|
ētadēvōcciṭiṅgē'pi pratilōmaṁ ca pāṁśubhiḥ|
udvartanaM sukhAmbUShNaistathA~avacchAdanaM ghanaiH ||174||
udvartanaM sukhAmbUShNaistathA~avacchAdanaM ghanaiH ||174||
</div></div>
The same should be adopted in case of ''uchhitinga''. In addition, rubbing with dust in direction reverse to that of skin hair, intake of tepid water and covering the part with hot and thick layer of dust are prescribed.[174]
The same should be adopted in case of ''uchhitinga''. In addition, rubbing with dust in direction reverse to that of skin hair, intake of tepid water and covering the part with hot and thick layer of dust are prescribed.[174]
=== Features of dog bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
श्वा त्रिदोषप्रकोपात्तु तथा धातुविपर्ययात् |
श्वा त्रिदोषप्रकोपात्तु तथा धातुविपर्ययात् |
शिरोऽभितापी लालास्राव्यधोवक्त्रस्तथा भवेत् ||१७५||
शिरोऽभितापी लालास्राव्यधोवक्त्रस्तथा भवेत् ||१७५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śvā tridōṣaprakōpāttu tathā dhātuviparyayāt|
śvā tridōṣaprakōpāttu tathā dhātuviparyayāt|
shiro~abhitApI lAlAsrAvyadhovaktrastathA bhavet ||175||
shiro~abhitApI lAlAsrAvyadhovaktrastathA bhavet ||175||
</div></div>
Rabid dog bite: due to the vitiation of ''tridosha'' and aggravation of ''dhatus'' suffers from headache, salivation and drooped face. [175]
Rabid dog bite: due to the vitiation of tri[[dosha]] and aggravation of [[dhatu]] suffers from headache, salivation and drooped face. [175]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अन्येऽप्येवंविधा व्यालाः कफवातप्रकोपणाः |
अन्येऽप्येवंविधा व्यालाः कफवातप्रकोपणाः |
हृच्छिरोरुग्ज्वरस्तम्भतृषामूर्च्छाकरा मताः ||१७६||
हृच्छिरोरुग्ज्वरस्तम्भतृषामूर्च्छाकरा मताः ||१७६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
anyē'pyēvaṁvidhā vyālāḥ kaphavātaprakōpaṇāḥ|
anyē'pyēvaṁvidhā vyālāḥ kaphavātaprakōpaṇāḥ|
hRucchirorugjvarastambhatRuShAmUrcchAkarA matAH ||176||
hRucchirorugjvarastambhatRuShAmUrcchAkarA matAH ||176||
</div></div>
Other such fierce animals too vitiate ''kapha'' and ''vata'' and cause cardiac pain, headache, fever, stiffness, thirst and fainting.[176]
Other such fierce animals too vitiate [[kapha]] and [[vata]] and cause cardiac pain, headache, fever, stiffness, thirst and fainting.[176]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कण्डूनिस्तोदवैवर्ण्यसुप्तिक्लेदोपशोषणम् |
कण्डूनिस्तोदवैवर्ण्यसुप्तिक्लेदोपशोषणम् |
ज्वरश्च सविषे लिङ्गं विपरीतं तु निर्विषे ||१७८||
ज्वरश्च सविषे लिङ्गं विपरीतं तु निर्विषे ||१७८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kaṇḍūnistōdavaivarṇyasuptiklēdōpaśōṣaṇam|
kaṇḍūnistōdavaivarṇyasuptiklēdōpaśōṣaṇam|
jvarashca saviShe li~ggaM viparItaM tu nirviShe ||178||
jvarashca saviShe li~ggaM viparItaM tu nirviShe ||178||
</div></div>
Itching, piercing pain, discoloration, numbness, moistening, drying heat, redness, pain, suppuration, swelling, formation of cysts, shriveling, tearing down of flesh, boils, growths, rashes and fever- these are the signs and symptoms of the poisonous bites. The contrary ones are found in the non poisonous one.[178-179]
Itching, piercing pain, discoloration, numbness, moistening, drying heat, redness, pain, suppuration, swelling, formation of cysts, shriveling, tearing down of flesh, boils, growths, rashes and fever- these are the signs and symptoms of the poisonous bites. The contrary ones are found in the non poisonous one.[178-179]
=== Treatment of dog bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तत्र सर्वे यथावस्थं प्रयोज्याः स्युरुपक्रमाः |
तत्र सर्वे यथावस्थं प्रयोज्याः स्युरुपक्रमाः |
पूर्वोक्ता विधिमन्यं च यथावद्ब्रुवतः शृणु ||१७९||
पूर्वोक्ता विधिमन्यं च यथावद्ब्रुवतः शृणु ||१७९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
tatra sarvē yathāvasthaṁ [2] prayōjyāḥ syurupakramāḥ|
tatra sarvē yathāvasthaṁ [2] prayōjyāḥ syurupakramāḥ|
pUrvoktA vidhimanyaM ca yathAvadbruvataH shRuNu ||179||
pUrvoktA vidhimanyaM ca yathAvadbruvataH shRuNu ||179||
</div></div>
In these cases, the above measures as well as other useful remedies should be applied according to condition. I shall describe it now. Listen! [179]
In these cases, the above measures as well as other useful remedies should be applied according to condition. I shall describe it now. Listen! [179]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
हृद्विदाहे प्रसेके वा विरेकवमनं भृशम् |
हृद्विदाहे प्रसेके वा विरेकवमनं भृशम् |
यथावस्थं प्रयोक्तव्यं शुद्धे संसर्जनक्रमः ||१८०||
यथावस्थं प्रयोक्तव्यं शुद्धे संसर्जनक्रमः ||१८०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
hr̥dvidāhē prasēkē vā virēkavamanaṁ bhr̥śam|
hr̥dvidāhē prasēkē vā virēkavamanaṁ bhr̥śam|
yathAvasthaM prayoktavyaM shuddhe saMsarjanakramaH ||180||
yathAvasthaM prayoktavyaM shuddhe saMsarjanakramaH ||180||
</div></div>
In heart burning or salivation, purgation or emesis should be administered frequently according to condition. After purification, the dietetic order should be followed.[180]
In heart burning or salivation, purgation or emesis should be administered frequently according to condition. After purification, the dietetic order should be followed.[180]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in head region ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शिरोगते विषे नस्तः कुर्यान्मूलानि बुद्धिमान् |
शिरोगते विषे नस्तः कुर्यान्मूलानि बुद्धिमान् |
बन्धुजीवस्य भार्ग्याश्च सुरसस्यासितस्य च ||१८१||
बन्धुजीवस्य भार्ग्याश्च सुरसस्यासितस्य च ||१८१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śirōgatē viṣē nastaḥ kuryānmūlāni buddhimān|
śirōgatē viṣē nastaḥ kuryānmūlāni buddhimān|
bandhujIvasya bhArgyAshca surasasyAsitasya ca ||181||
bandhujIvasya bhArgyAshca surasasyAsitasya ca ||181||
</div></div>
If the poison is situated in the head, the wise should use the snuff of the roots of:
If the poison is situated in the head, the wise should use the snuff of the roots of:
''bandhujiva'' (Pentopetes phoenicea), ''bharangi''( Clerodendrum serratum) and ''surasa''(Ocimum sanctum).[181]
''bandhujiva'' (Pentopetes phoenicea), ''bharangi''( Clerodendrum serratum) and ''surasa''(Ocimum sanctum).[181]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in upper and lower parts of body ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
दक्षकाकमयूराणां मांसासृङ्मस्तके क्षते |
दक्षकाकमयूराणां मांसासृङ्मस्तके क्षते |
उपधेयमधोदष्टस्योर्ध्वदष्टस्य पादयोः ||१८२||
उपधेयमधोदष्टस्योर्ध्वदष्टस्य पादयोः ||१८२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dakṣakākamayūrāṇāṁ māṁsāsr̥ṅmastakē kṣatē|
dakṣakākamayūrāṇāṁ māṁsāsr̥ṅmastakē kṣatē|
upadheyamadhodaShTasyordhvadaShTasya pAdayoH ||182||
upadheyamadhodaShTasyordhvadaShTasya pAdayoH ||182||
</div></div>
Moreover flesh with blood of chicken, crow and peacock should be applied on the incised scalp if the bite is below and feet if the bite is above.[182]
Moreover flesh with blood of chicken, crow and peacock should be applied on the incised scalp if the bite is below and feet if the bite is above.[182]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in eye region ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
पिप्पलीमरिचक्षारवचासैन्धवशिग्रुकाः |
पिप्पलीमरिचक्षारवचासैन्धवशिग्रुकाः |
पिष्टा रोहितपित्तेन घ्नन्त्यक्षिगतमञ्जनात् ||१८३||
पिष्टा रोहितपित्तेन घ्नन्त्यक्षिगतमञ्जनात् ||१८३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
pippalīmaricakṣāravacāsaindhavaśigrukāḥ|
pippalīmaricakṣāravacāsaindhavaśigrukāḥ|
piShTA rohitapittena ghnantyakShigatama~jjanAt ||183||
piShTA rohitapittena ghnantyakShigatama~jjanAt ||183||
</div></div>
''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''yavakshara'' (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus) , ''saindhava'' (rock salt) and ''shigru'' (Moringa oleifera) pounded with bile of ''rohita'' fish and applied to the eyes as collyrium destroys the poison in the eyes.[183]
''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''yavakshara'' (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus) , ''saindhava'' (rock salt) and ''shigru'' (Moringa oleifera) pounded with bile of ''rohita'' fish and applied to the eyes as collyrium destroys the poison in the eyes.[183]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in throat region ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कपित्थमामं ससिताक्षौद्रं कण्ठगते विषे |
कपित्थमामं ससिताक्षौद्रं कण्ठगते विषे |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kapitthamāmaṁ sasitākṣaudraṁ kaṇṭhagatē viṣē|
kapitthamāmaṁ sasitākṣaudraṁ kaṇṭhagatē viṣē|
kapitthamAmaM sasitAkShaudraM kaNThagate viShe |
kapitthamAmaM sasitAkShaudraM kaNThagate viShe |
</div></div>
If the poison is in the throat, unripe fruit of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia) should be taken mixed with sugar and honey.[184]
If the poison is in the throat, unripe fruit of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia) should be taken mixed with sugar and honey.[184]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in stomach region ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
लिह्यादामाशयगते ताभ्यां चूर्णपलं नतात् ||१८४||
लिह्यादामाशयगते ताभ्यां चूर्णपलं नतात् ||१८४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
lihyādāmāśayagatē tābhyāṁ cūrṇapalaṁ natāt||184||
lihyādāmāśayagatē tābhyāṁ cūrṇapalaṁ natāt||184||
lihyAdAmAshayagate tAbhyAM cUrNapalaM natAt ||184||
lihyAdAmAshayagate tAbhyAM cUrNapalaM natAt ||184||
</div></div>
In case of poison located in the stomach, 40gms of powder of ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii) mixed with sugar and honey should be taken.[184]
In case of poison located in the stomach, 40gms of powder of ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii) mixed with sugar and honey should be taken.[184]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in colon region ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
विषे पक्वाशयगते पिप्पलीं रजनीद्वयम् |
विषे पक्वाशयगते पिप्पलीं रजनीद्वयम् |
मञ्जिष्ठां च समं पिष्ट्वा गोपित्तेन नरः पिबेत् ||१८५||
मञ्जिष्ठां च समं पिष्ट्वा गोपित्तेन नरः पिबेत् ||१८५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
viṣē pakvāśayagatē pippalīṁ rajanīdvayam|
viṣē pakvāśayagatē pippalīṁ rajanīdvayam|
ma~jjiShThAM ca samaM piShTvA gopittena naraH pibet ||185||
ma~jjiShThAM ca samaM piShTvA gopittena naraH pibet ||185||
</div></div>
If the poison is located in the ''pakwashaya'' (colon), one should take ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia) each in equal quantity pounded with cow bile.[185]
If the poison is located in the ''pakwashaya'' (colon), one should take ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia) each in equal quantity pounded with cow bile.[185]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rasa dhatu'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
रक्तं मांसं च गोधायाः शुष्कं चूर्णीकृतं हितम् |
रक्तं मांसं च गोधायाः शुष्कं चूर्णीकृतं हितम् |
विषे रसगते पानं कपित्थरससंयुतम् ||१८६||
विषे रसगते पानं कपित्थरससंयुतम् ||१८६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
raktaṁ māṁsaṁ ca gōdhāyāḥ śuṣkaṁ cūrṇīkr̥taṁ hitam|
raktaṁ māṁsaṁ ca gōdhāyāḥ śuṣkaṁ cūrṇīkr̥taṁ hitam|
viShe rasagate pAnaM kapittharasasaMyutam ||186||
viShe rasagate pAnaM kapittharasasaMyutam ||186||
</div></div>
In poisoning of the ''rasa dhatu'', one should take blood and flesh of ''godha'' (giant lizard or alligator), dried and powdered mixed with the juice of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia).[186]
In poisoning of the ''rasa dhatu'', one should take blood and flesh of ''godha'' (giant lizard or alligator), dried and powdered mixed with the juice of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia).[186]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rakta dhatu'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शेलोर्मूलत्वगग्राणि बादरौदुम्बराणि च |
शेलोर्मूलत्वगग्राणि बादरौदुम्बराणि च |
कटभ्याश्च पिबेद्रक्तगते,
कटभ्याश्च पिबेद्रक्तगते,
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śēlōrmūlatvagagrāṇi bādaraudumbarāṇi ca|
śēlōrmūlatvagagrāṇi bādaraudumbarāṇi ca|
kaTabhyAshca pibedraktagate,
kaTabhyAshca pibedraktagate,
</div></div>
In poisoning of the ''rakta dhatu'', root bark of ''shleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma), shoots of ''badara'' (Ziziphus mauritiana), ''udumbara'' (Ficus racemosa) and ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera) should be taken.[187]
In poisoning of the ''rakta dhatu'', root bark of ''shleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma), shoots of ''badara'' (Ziziphus mauritiana), ''udumbara'' (Ficus racemosa) and ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera) should be taken.[187]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''mamsa dhatu'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मांसगते पिबेत् ||१८७||
मांसगते पिबेत् ||१८७||
सक्षौद्रं खदिरारिष्टं कौटजं मूलमम्भसा |
सक्षौद्रं खदिरारिष्टं कौटजं मूलमम्भसा |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
māṁsagatē pibēt||187||
māṁsagatē pibēt||187||
sakShaudraM khadirAriShTaM kauTajaM mUlamambhasA |
sakShaudraM khadirAriShTaM kauTajaM mUlamambhasA |
</div></div>
In poisoning of the ''mamsa dhatu'', roots of ''khadira'' (Acacia catechu), ''nimba'' (Azadiracta indica) and ''kutaja'' (Holarrhena antidysentrica) should be taken mixed with honey and along with water.[187]
In poisoning of the ''mamsa dhatu'', roots of ''khadira'' (Acacia catechu), ''nimba'' (Azadiracta indica) and ''kutaja'' (Holarrhena antidysentrica) should be taken mixed with honey and along with water.[187]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in all [[dhatu]] ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सर्वेषु च बले द्वे तु मधूकं मधुकं नतम् ||१८८||
सर्वेषु च बले द्वे तु मधूकं मधुकं नतम् ||१८८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
sarvēṣu ca balē dvē tu madhūkaṁ madhukaṁ natam||188||
sarvēṣu ca balē dvē tu madhūkaṁ madhukaṁ natam||188||
sarveShu ca bale dve tu madhUkaM madhukaM natam ||188||
sarveShu ca bale dve tu madhUkaM madhukaM natam ||188||
</div></div>
In all types of poisoning, two types of ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia and Abutilon indicum), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''madhooka'' (Madhuca longifolia), and ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii) should be taken.[188]
In all types of poisoning, two types of ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia and Abutilon indicum), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''madhooka'' (Madhuca longifolia), and ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii) should be taken.[188]
=== Treatment of poisonous effects in [[kapha]] dominance ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
पिप्पलीं नागरं क्षारं नवनीतेन मूर्च्छितम् |
पिप्पलीं नागरं क्षारं नवनीतेन मूर्च्छितम् |
कफे भिषगुदीर्णे तु विदध्यात्प्रतिसारणम् ||१८९||
कफे भिषगुदीर्णे तु विदध्यात्प्रतिसारणम् ||१८९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
pippalīṁ nāgaraṁ [1] kṣāraṁ navanītēna mūrcchitam|
pippalīṁ nāgaraṁ [1] kṣāraṁ navanītēna mūrcchitam|
kaphe bhiShagudIrNe tu vidadhyAtpratisAraNam ||189||
kaphe bhiShagudIrNe tu vidadhyAtpratisAraNam ||189||
</div></div>
''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''yavakshara'' (Yavakshara (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare) mixed with fresh ''navaneeta'' (butter) should be painted on the site if there is aggravation of ''kapha dosha''. [189]
''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''yavakshara'' (Yavakshara (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare) mixed with fresh ''navaneeta'' (butter) should be painted on the site if there is aggravation of [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. [189]
=== Various formulations ===
==== ''Mamsyadi'' formulation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मांसीकुङ्कुमपत्रत्वग्रजनीनतचन्दनैः |
मांसीकुङ्कुमपत्रत्वग्रजनीनतचन्दनैः |
पाननस्याञ्जनालेपाः सर्वशोथविषापहाः |
पाननस्याञ्जनालेपाः सर्वशोथविषापहाः |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
māṁsīkuṅkumapatratvagrajanīnatacandanaiḥ|
māṁsīkuṅkumapatratvagrajanīnatacandanaiḥ|
pAnanasyA~jjanAlepAH sarvashothaviShApahAH |
pAnanasyA~jjanAlepAH sarvashothaviShApahAH |
</div></div>
''Mamsi'' (Nordostachys jatamansi), ''kumkuma'' (Crocus sativus), ''patra'' (Abies webbiana), ''twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''tagara'', (Valeneria wallichii), ''chandana'' (Pterocarpus santalinus), ''manashila'' (Arsenic disulphide), ''vyagranakha'' (tiger nails), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) pounded with water and used for internal administration (''pana''), in snuff, collyrium and paste counteracts all poisonous edema.[190]
''Mamsi'' (Nordostachys jatamansi), ''kumkuma'' (Crocus sativus), ''patra'' (Abies webbiana), ''twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''tagara'', (Valeneria wallichii), ''chandana'' (Pterocarpus santalinus), ''manashila'' (Arsenic disulphide), ''vyagranakha'' (tiger nails), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) pounded with water and used for internal administration (''pana''), in snuff, collyrium and paste counteracts all poisonous edema.[190]
==== ''Chandanadi'' formulation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
चन्दनं तगरं कुष्ठं हरिद्रे द्वे त्वगेव च ||१९१||
चन्दनं तगरं कुष्ठं हरिद्रे द्वे त्वगेव च ||१९१||
हन्ति सर्वविषाण्येव वज्रिवज्रमिवासुरान् |
हन्ति सर्वविषाण्येव वज्रिवज्रमिवासुरान् |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
candanaṁ tagaraṁ kuṣṭhaṁ haridrē dvē tvagēva ca||191||
candanaṁ tagaraṁ kuṣṭhaṁ haridrē dvē tvagēva ca||191||
hanti sarvaviShANyeva vajrivajramivAsurAn |
hanti sarvaviShANyeva vajrivajramivAsurAn |
</div></div>
''Chandana'' (Santalum album), ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum), ''manashila'' (realgar (Arsenic disulphide), ''tamala'' (Nicotiana tabacum), juice of ''nagakesara'' (Mesua ferrea) and ''shardoolanakha'' (nail of a jackal) pounded with rice water destroys all poisons as Indra’s thunderbolt kills the demons.[191-192]
''Chandana'' (Santalum album), ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum), ''manashila'' (realgar (Arsenic disulphide), ''tamala'' (Nicotiana tabacum), juice of ''nagakesara'' (Mesua ferrea) and ''shardoolanakha'' (nail of a jackal) pounded with rice water destroys all poisons as Indra’s thunderbolt kills the demons.[191-192]
==== ''Shirishadi nasya'' and ''anjana'' ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
रसे शिरीषपुष्पस्य सप्ताहं मरिचं सितम् ||१९३||
रसे शिरीषपुष्पस्य सप्ताहं मरिचं सितम् ||१९३||
भावितं सर्पदष्टानां नस्यपानाञ्जने हितम् |
भावितं सर्पदष्टानां नस्यपानाञ्जने हितम् |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
rasē śirīṣapuṣpasya saptāhaṁ maricaṁ sitam||193||
rasē śirīṣapuṣpasya saptāhaṁ maricaṁ sitam||193||
bhAvitaM sarpadaShTAnAM nasyapAnA~jjane hitam |
bhAvitaM sarpadaShTAnAM nasyapAnA~jjane hitam |
</div></div>
White ''maricha'' (decorticated) impregnated with the juice of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) flowers for a week is efficacious in snake bite as snuff, ''pana'' (internal administration) and collyrium.[193]
White ''maricha'' (decorticated) impregnated with the juice of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) flowers for a week is efficacious in snake bite as snuff, ''pana'' (internal administration) and collyrium.[193]
==== ''Nata-Kushtha'' formulation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
द्विपलं नतकुष्ठाभ्यां घृतक्षौद्रचतुष्पलम् ||१९४||
द्विपलं नतकुष्ठाभ्यां घृतक्षौद्रचतुष्पलम् ||१९४||
अपि तक्षकदष्टानां पानमेतत् सुखप्रदम् |
अपि तक्षकदष्टानां पानमेतत् सुखप्रदम् |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dvipalaṁ natakuṣṭhābhyāṁ ghr̥takṣaudracatuṣpalam||194||
dvipalaṁ natakuṣṭhābhyāṁ ghr̥takṣaudracatuṣpalam||194||
api takShakadaShTAnAM pAnametat sukhapradam |
api takShakadaShTAnAM pAnametat sukhapradam |
</div></div>
''Tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii ) and ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa )- 80gms, ghee and honey- 160gms – this potion renders relief even in bites by ''takshaka'' (king of snakes).[194]
''Tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii ) and ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa )- 80gms, ghee and honey- 160gms – this potion renders relief even in bites by ''takshaka'' (king of snakes).[194]
=== Treatment of ''darvikara'' snake bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सिन्धुवारस्य मूलं च श्वेता च गिरिकर्णिका ||१९५||
सिन्धुवारस्य मूलं च श्वेता च गिरिकर्णिका ||१९५||
पानं दर्वीकरैर्दष्टे नस्यं समधु पाकलम् |
पानं दर्वीकरैर्दष्टे नस्यं समधु पाकलम् |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
sindhuvārasya mūlaṁ ca śvētā ca girikarṇikā||195||
sindhuvārasya mūlaṁ ca śvētā ca girikarṇikā||195||
pAnaM darvIkarairdaShTe nasyaM samadhu pAkalam |
pAnaM darvIkarairdaShTe nasyaM samadhu pAkalam |
</div></div>
''Sinduvara'' root (Vitex negundo), ''shweta'' (Clitoria ternatia) and ''girikarnika'' (Variety of Clitoria ternatia ) this is a liquid remedy for the bite by ''darveekara'' type of snake along with snuffing with ''kushta'' mixed with honey.[195]
''Sinduvara'' root (Vitex negundo), ''shweta'' (Clitoria ternatia) and ''girikarnika'' (Variety of Clitoria ternatia ) this is a liquid remedy for the bite by ''darveekara'' type of snake along with snuffing with ''kushta'' mixed with honey.[195]
=== Treatment of ''mandali'' snake bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मञ्जिष्ठा मधुयष्टी च जीवकर्षभकौ सिता ||१९६||
मञ्जिष्ठा मधुयष्टी च जीवकर्षभकौ सिता ||१९६||
काश्मर्यं वटशुङ्गानि पानं मण्डलिनां विषे |
काश्मर्यं वटशुङ्गानि पानं मण्डलिनां विषे |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
mañjiṣṭhā madhuyaṣṭī ca jīvakarṣabhakau sitā||196||
mañjiṣṭhā madhuyaṣṭī ca jīvakarṣabhakau sitā||196||
kAshmaryaM vaTashu~ggAni pAnaM maNDalinAM viShe |
kAshmaryaM vaTashu~ggAni pAnaM maNDalinAM viShe |
</div></div>
''Manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''madhuyashti'' (Glycyrrhia glabra), ''jeevaka'' (Microstylis musifera), ''rishabaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''sita, kashmarya,'' leaf buds of ''vata'' (Ficus bengalensis) - this is the potion for the bite by ''mandali'' (viper) type of snake.[196]
''Manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''madhuyashti'' (Glycyrrhia glabra), ''jeevaka'' (Microstylis musifera), ''rishabaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''sita, kashmarya,'' leaf buds of ''vata'' (Ficus bengalensis) - this is the potion for the bite by ''mandali'' (viper) type of snake.[196]
=== Treatment of ''rajimana'' snake bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
व्योषं सातिविषं कुष्ठं गृहधूमो हरेणुका ||१९७||
व्योषं सातिविषं कुष्ठं गृहधूमो हरेणुका ||१९७||
तगरं कटुका क्षौद्रं हन्ति राजीमतां विषम् |
तगरं कटुका क्षौद्रं हन्ति राजीमतां विषम् |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vyōṣaṁ sātiviṣaṁ kuṣṭhaṁ gr̥hadhūmō harēṇukā||197||
vyōṣaṁ sātiviṣaṁ kuṣṭhaṁ gr̥hadhūmō harēṇukā||197||
tagaraM kaTukA kShaudraM hanti rAjImatAM viSham |
tagaraM kaTukA kShaudraM hanti rAjImatAM viSham |
</div></div>
''Trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum hetrophylum), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''soot, harenuka'' (Vitex negundo), ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii), ''katuka'' (Picrorhiza kurrora)- powder of all these mixed with honey destroys the poison of ''rajimana'' type of snake.[197]
''Trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum hetrophylum), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''soot, harenuka'' (Vitex negundo), ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii), ''katuka'' (Picrorhiza kurrora)- powder of all these mixed with honey destroys the poison of ''rajimana'' type of snake.[197]
=== ''Grihadhumadi'' formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
गृहधूमं हरिद्रे द्वे समूलं तण्डुलीयकम् ||१९८||
गृहधूमं हरिद्रे द्वे समूलं तण्डुलीयकम् ||१९८||
अपि वासुकिना दष्टः पिबेन्मधुघृताप्लुतम् |१९९|
अपि वासुकिना दष्टः पिबेन्मधुघृताप्लुतम् |१९९|
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
gr̥hadhūmaṁ haridrē dvē samūlaṁ taṇḍulīyakam||198||
gr̥hadhūmaṁ haridrē dvē samūlaṁ taṇḍulīyakam||198||
api vAsukinA daShTaH pibenmadhughRutAplutam |199|
api vAsukinA daShTaH pibenmadhughRutAplutam |199|
</div></div>
''Grihadhooma'' (soot), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) all with root mixed with ''tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus blitum) and plenty of honey and ghee can be taken by a person bitten even by a ''vasuki''.[198]
''Grihadhooma'' (soot), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) all with root mixed with ''tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus blitum) and plenty of honey and ghee can be taken by a person bitten even by a ''vasuki''.[198]
=== External application in insect bite ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
क्षीरिवृक्षत्वगालेपः शुद्धे कीटविषापहः ||१९९||
क्षीरिवृक्षत्वगालेपः शुद्धे कीटविषापहः ||१९९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kṣīrivr̥kṣatvagālēpaḥ śuddhē kīṭaviṣāpahaḥ||199||
kṣīrivr̥kṣatvagālēpaḥ śuddhē kīṭaviṣāpahaḥ||199||
kShIrivRukShatvagAlepaH shuddhe kITaviShApahaH ||199||
kShIrivRukShatvagAlepaH shuddhe kITaviShApahaH ||199||
</div></div>
After evacuating the patient of insect poisoning, paste of the bark of the latex bearing trees should be applied which acts as antipoison. [199]
After evacuating the patient of insect poisoning, paste of the bark of the latex bearing trees should be applied which acts as antipoison. [199]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मुक्तालेपो वरः शोथदाहतोदज्वरापहः |
मुक्तालेपो वरः शोथदाहतोदज्वरापहः |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
muktālēpō varaḥ śōthadāhatōdajvarāpahaḥ|
muktālēpō varaḥ śōthadāhatōdajvarāpahaḥ|
muktAlepo varaH shothadAhatodajvarApahaH |
muktAlepo varaH shothadAhatodajvarApahaH |
</div></div>
The paste of ''mukta'' is good for alleviating swelling, burning sensation, piercing pain and fever.[200]
The paste of ''mukta'' is good for alleviating swelling, burning sensation, piercing pain and fever.[200]
=== Treatment of spider poison ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
चन्दनं पद्मकोशीरं शिरीषः सिन्धुवारिका ||२००||
चन्दनं पद्मकोशीरं शिरीषः सिन्धुवारिका ||२००||
(यथायोगं प्रयोक्तव्यः समीक्ष्यालेपनादिषु) |
(यथायोगं प्रयोक्तव्यः समीक्ष्यालेपनादिषु) |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
candanaṁ padmakōśīraṁ śirīṣaḥ sindhuvārikā||200||
candanaṁ padmakōśīraṁ śirīṣaḥ sindhuvārikā||200||
(yathAyogaM prayoktavyaH samIkShyAlepanAdiShu) |
(yathAyogaM prayoktavyaH samIkShyAlepanAdiShu) |
</div></div>
''Chandana'' (Pterocarpus santalinus), ''padmaka'' (Prunus cerasoides), ''usheera'' (Vetiveria zizanoidis), ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''sinduvarika'' (Vitex nergundo), ''ksheerashukla'' (Pueraria tuberose), ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolens), ''udeechya'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''sariva'' (Hemidesmus indicus)- all these pounded together with the juice of ''sleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma ) make an irreversible application for the spider poison.
''Chandana'' (Pterocarpus santalinus), ''padmaka'' (Prunus cerasoides), ''usheera'' (Vetiveria zizanoidis), ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''sinduvarika'' (Vitex nergundo), ''ksheerashukla'' (Pueraria tuberose), ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolens), ''udeechya'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''sariva'' (Hemidesmus indicus)- all these pounded together with the juice of ''sleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma ) make an irreversible application for the spider poison.
This may be applied as a paste.[200-201]
This may be applied as a paste.[200-201]
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मधूकं मधुकं कुष्ठं शिरीषोदीच्यपाटलाः |
मधूकं मधुकं कुष्ठं शिरीषोदीच्यपाटलाः |
सनिम्बसारिवाक्षौद्राः पानं लूताविषापहम् ||२०२||
सनिम्बसारिवाक्षौद्राः पानं लूताविषापहम् ||२०२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
madhūkaṁ madhukaṁ kuṣṭhaṁ śirīṣōdīcyapāṭalāḥ|
madhūkaṁ madhukaṁ kuṣṭhaṁ śirīṣōdīcyapāṭalāḥ|
sanimbasArivAkShaudrAH pAnaM lUtAviShApaham ||202||
sanimbasArivAkShaudrAH pAnaM lUtAviShApaham ||202||
</div></div>
''Madhooka'' (Madhuca longifolia), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''udichya, patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolens), ''nimbi'' (Azadiracta indica), ''sariva'' (Hemidesmus indicus ) and honey- this is taken as potion to destroy spider poison.[201-202]
''Madhooka'' (Madhuca longifolia), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''udichya, patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolens), ''nimbi'' (Azadiracta indica), ''sariva'' (Hemidesmus indicus ) and honey- this is taken as potion to destroy spider poison.[201-202]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कुसुम्भपुष्पं गोदन्तः स्वर्णक्षीरी कपोतविट् |
कुसुम्भपुष्पं गोदन्तः स्वर्णक्षीरी कपोतविट् |
दन्ती त्रिवृत्सैन्धवं च कर्णिकापातनं तयोः ||२०३||
दन्ती त्रिवृत्सैन्धवं च कर्णिकापातनं तयोः ||२०३||
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kusumbhapuṣpaṁ gōdantaḥ svarṇakṣīrī kapōtaviṭ|
kusumbhapuṣpaṁ gōdantaḥ svarṇakṣīrī kapōtaviṭ|
dantI trivRutsaindhavaM ca karNikApAtanaM tayoH ||203||
dantI trivRutsaindhavaM ca karNikApAtanaM tayoH ||203||
</div></div>
''Kusumbha'' flowers (Carthamus tinctorius), cow teeth, ''svarnakshiri'' (Argemone Mexicana), faecus of pigeon, ''danti'' (Baliospermum montanum), ''trivrit'' (Operculina turpethum), and ''saindhava'' (rock salt) – this is applied to destroy the growth on the site of insect bite and spider poisoning.[203]
''Kusumbha'' flowers (Carthamus tinctorius), cow teeth, ''svarnakshiri'' (Argemone Mexicana), faecus of pigeon, ''danti'' (Baliospermum montanum), ''trivrit'' (Operculina turpethum), and ''saindhava'' (rock salt) – this is applied to destroy the growth on the site of insect bite and spider poisoning.[203]
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कटभ्यर्जुनशैरीषशेलुक्षीरिद्रुमत्वचः |
कटभ्यर्जुनशैरीषशेलुक्षीरिद्रुमत्वचः |
कषायकल्कचूर्णाः स्युः कीटलूताव्रणापहाः ||२०४||
कषायकल्कचूर्णाः स्युः कीटलूताव्रणापहाः ||२०४||
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kaṭabhyarjunaśairīṣaśēlukṣīridrumatvacaḥ|
kaṭabhyarjunaśairīṣaśēlukṣīridrumatvacaḥ|
kaShAyakalkacUrNAH syuH kITalUtAvraNApahAH ||204||
kaShAyakalkacUrNAH syuH kITalUtAvraNApahAH ||204||
</div></div>
Bark of ''katabhy'' (Albizzia procera), ''arjuna'' (Terminalia arjuna), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''shleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma) and bark of ''kshiridruma'' (Ficus bengalensis, Ficus recemosa, Ficus lacor, Thespesia poulnea, Ficus religiosa) used as decoction, paste and powder destroy the wounds caused by insects and spiders.[204]
Bark of ''katabhy'' (Albizzia procera), ''arjuna'' (Terminalia arjuna), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''shleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma) and bark of ''kshiridruma'' (Ficus bengalensis, Ficus recemosa, Ficus lacor, Thespesia poulnea, Ficus religiosa) used as decoction, paste and powder destroy the wounds caused by insects and spiders.[204]
=== Treatment of rat bite ===
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त्वचं च नागरं चैव समांशं श्लक्ष्णपेषितम् |
त्वचं च नागरं चैव समांशं श्लक्ष्णपेषितम् |
पेयमुष्णाम्बुना सर्वं मूषिकाणां विषापहम् ||२०५||
पेयमुष्णाम्बुना सर्वं मूषिकाणां विषापहम् ||२०५||
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tvacaṁ ca nāgaraṁ caiva samāṁśaṁ ślakṣṇapēṣitam|
tvacaṁ ca nāgaraṁ caiva samāṁśaṁ ślakṣṇapēṣitam|
peyamuShNAmbunA sarvaM mUShikANAM viShApaham ||205||
peyamuShNAmbunA sarvaM mUShikANAM viShApaham ||205||
</div></div>
''Twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum) and ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale) in equal quantity pounded finely should be taken with hot water. It destroys poison of all sorts of rats.[205]
''Twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum) and ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale) in equal quantity pounded finely should be taken with hot water. It destroys poison of all sorts of rats.[205]
=== ''Kutajadi'' formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कुटजस्य फलं पिष्टं तगरं जालमालिनी |
कुटजस्य फलं पिष्टं तगरं जालमालिनी |
समानो ह्यमृतेनायं गराजीर्णं च नाशयेत् ||२०७||
समानो ह्यमृतेनायं गराजीर्णं च नाशयेत् ||२०७||
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kuṭajasya phalaṁ piṣṭaṁ tagaraṁ jālamālinī|
kuṭajasya phalaṁ piṣṭaṁ tagaraṁ jālamālinī|
samAno hyamRutenAyaM garAjIrNaM ca nAshayet ||207||
samAno hyamRutenAyaM garAjIrNaM ca nAshayet ||207||
</div></div>
''Indrayava'' (Holarrhena antidysenterica), ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii), ''jaalamalini'' (Luffa echinata), bitter ''ikshwaku'' (Langanaria siceraria) this formulation used as potion, nasal blowing etc alleviates poison of scorpion, rats, spider and snake. It is like nectar and destroys the long standing ''gara visha''.[206-207]
''Indrayava'' (Holarrhena antidysenterica), ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii), ''jaalamalini'' (Luffa echinata), bitter ''ikshwaku'' (Langanaria siceraria) this formulation used as potion, nasal blowing etc alleviates poison of scorpion, rats, spider and snake. It is like nectar and destroys the long standing ''gara visha''.[206-207]
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सर्वेऽगदा यथादोषं प्रयोज्याः स्युः कृकण्टके |
सर्वेऽगदा यथादोषं प्रयोज्याः स्युः कृकण्टके |
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sarvē'gadā yathādōṣaṁ prayōjyāḥ syuḥ kr̥kaṇṭakē|
sarvē'gadā yathādōṣaṁ prayōjyāḥ syuḥ kr̥kaṇṭakē|
sarve~agadA yathAdoShaM prayojyAH syuH kRukaNTake |
sarve~agadA yathAdoShaM prayojyAH syuH kRukaNTake |
</div></div>
All these anti-poison formulations may be used in chameleon poisoning according to ''dosha''.[208]
All these anti-poison formulations may be used in chameleon poisoning according to [[dosha]].[208]
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कपोतविण्मातुलुङ्गं शिरीषकुसुमाद्रसः ||२०८||
कपोतविण्मातुलुङ्गं शिरीषकुसुमाद्रसः ||२०८||
शङ्खिन्यार्कं पयः शुण्ठी करञ्जो मधु वार्श्चिके |
शङ्खिन्यार्कं पयः शुण्ठी करञ्जो मधु वार्श्चिके |
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kapōtaviṇmātuluṅgaṁ śirīṣakusumādrasaḥ||208||
kapōtaviṇmātuluṅgaṁ śirīṣakusumādrasaḥ||208||
sha~gkhinyArkaM payaH shuNThI kara~jjo madhu vArshcike |
sha~gkhinyArkaM payaH shuNThI kara~jjo madhu vArshcike |
</div></div>
Pigeon excrement, ''matulunga'' (Citrus medica), juice of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) flowers, ''shankini'' (Colonyction muricatum), latex of ''arka'' (Calotropis procera), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata) and honey- this should be taken in scorpion sting.[208]
Pigeon excrement, ''matulunga'' (Citrus medica), juice of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) flowers, ''shankini'' (Colonyction muricatum), latex of ''arka'' (Calotropis procera), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata) and honey- this should be taken in scorpion sting.[208]
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शिरीषस्य फलं पिष्टं स्नुहीक्षीरेण दार्दुरे ||२०९||
शिरीषस्य फलं पिष्टं स्नुहीक्षीरेण दार्दुरे ||२०९||
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śirīṣasya phalaṁ piṣṭaṁ snuhīkṣīrēṇa dārdurē||209||
śirīṣasya phalaṁ piṣṭaṁ snuhīkṣīrēṇa dārdurē||209||
shirIShasya phalaM piShTaM snuhIkShIreNa dArdure ||209||
shirIShasya phalaM piShTaM snuhIkShIreNa dArdure ||209||
</div></div>
''Shireesha'' seeds (Albizzia lebbeck ) pounded with ''snuhi'' (Euphorbia nerifolia) latex should be taken in frog poisoning.[209]
''Shireesha'' seeds (Albizzia lebbeck ) pounded with ''snuhi'' (Euphorbia nerifolia) latex should be taken in frog poisoning.[209]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मूलानि श्वेतभण्डीनां व्योषं सर्पिश्च मत्स्यजे |
मूलानि श्वेतभण्डीनां व्योषं सर्पिश्च मत्स्यजे |
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mūlāni śvētabhaṇḍīnāṁ vyōṣaṁ sarpiśca matsyajē|
mūlāni śvētabhaṇḍīnāṁ vyōṣaṁ sarpiśca matsyajē|
mUlAni shvetabhaNDInAM vyoShaM sarpishca matsyaje |
mUlAni shvetabhaNDInAM vyoShaM sarpishca matsyaje |
</div></div>
Roots of ''shwetha bhandi'' (Clitoria turnatea), ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum ) and ghee are useful in fish poisoning.[210]
Roots of ''shwetha bhandi'' (Clitoria turnatea), ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum ) and ghee are useful in fish poisoning.[210]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कीटदष्टक्रियाः सर्वाः समानाः स्युर्जलौकसाम् ||२१०||
कीटदष्टक्रियाः सर्वाः समानाः स्युर्जलौकसाम् ||२१०||
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kīṭadaṣṭakriyāḥ sarvāḥ samānāḥ syurjalaukasām||210||
kīṭadaṣṭakriyāḥ sarvāḥ samānāḥ syurjalaukasām||210||
kITadaShTakriyAH sarvAH samAnAH syurjalaukasAm ||210||
kITadaShTakriyAH sarvAH samAnAH syurjalaukasAm ||210||
</div></div>
In poisoning by leeches, the measures mentioned in the treatment of insect bite are applied. [210]
In poisoning by leeches, the measures mentioned in the treatment of insect bite are applied. [210]
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वातपित्तहरी चापि क्रिया प्रायः प्रशस्यते |
वातपित्तहरी चापि क्रिया प्रायः प्रशस्यते |
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vātapittaharī cāpi kriyā prāyaḥ praśasyatē|
vātapittaharī cāpi kriyā prāyaḥ praśasyatē|
vAtapittaharI cApi kriyA prAyaH prashasyate |
vAtapittaharI cApi kriyA prAyaH prashasyate |
</div></div>
Moreover mostly the measures alleviating ''vata'' and ''pitta'' are prescribed.[211]
Moreover mostly the measures alleviating [[vata]] and [[pitta]] are prescribed.[211]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
वार्श्चिको ह्युच्चिटिङ्गस्य कणभस्यौन्दुरोऽगदः ||२११||
वार्श्चिको ह्युच्चिटिङ्गस्य कणभस्यौन्दुरोऽगदः ||२११||
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vārścikō hyucciṭiṅgasya kaṇabhasyaundurō'gadaḥ [1] ||211||
vārścikō hyucciṭiṅgasya kaṇabhasyaundurō'gadaḥ [1] ||211||
vArshciko hyucciTi~ggasya kaNabhasyaunduro~agadaH ||211||
vArshciko hyucciTi~ggasya kaNabhasyaunduro~agadaH ||211||
</div></div>
In case of poisoning by ''ucchitinga'' and ''kanabha'' remedies applicable to that by scorpion and rat are prescribed respectively.[211]
In case of poisoning by ''ucchitinga'' and ''kanabha'' remedies applicable to that by scorpion and rat are prescribed respectively.[211]
=== Best ''agada'' ===
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वचां वंशत्वचं पाठां नतं सुरसमञ्जरीम् |
वचां वंशत्वचं पाठां नतं सुरसमञ्जरीम् |
नस्याञ्जनादिलेपेषु हितो विश्वम्भरादिषु ||२१४||
नस्याञ्जनादिलेपेषु हितो विश्वम्भरादिषु ||२१४||
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vacāṁ vaṁśatvacaṁ pāṭhāṁ nataṁ surasamañjarīm|
vacāṁ vaṁśatvacaṁ pāṭhāṁ nataṁ surasamañjarīm|
nasyA~jjanAdilepeShu hito vishvambharAdiShu ||214||
nasyA~jjanAdilepeShu hito vishvambharAdiShu ||214||
</div></div>
''Vacha'' (Acorus Calamus), ''vamsha'' bark (Bambusa arundinacea), ''patha'' (Cissambelos Pereira), ''nata'' (Valeneria wallichii), flower stalk of ''tulasi'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia), ''atibala'' (Abutilon indicum), ''nakuli'' (Alpinia galangal), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''guha'' (''krishnaparni'' - Uraria picta), ''atiguha'' (''shalaparni'' - Desmodium gangeticum), ''shveta'' (Clitoria ternacia), ''ajagandha'' (Carum roxburghianum), ''shilajatu, kattruna'' (Cymbopogon citrates), ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''yava kshara'' ((obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''grihadhuma'' (soot), ''manahshila'' (Arsenic disulphide) are pounded with bile of ''rohita'' fish. This is an excellent anti-poison efficacious in bite of insects like ''vishwambara,'' etc when used as snuff, collyrium and paste.[212-214]
''Vacha'' (Acorus Calamus), ''vamsha'' bark (Bambusa arundinacea), ''patha'' (Cissambelos Pereira), ''nata'' (Valeneria wallichii), flower stalk of ''tulasi'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia), ''atibala'' (Abutilon indicum), ''nakuli'' (Alpinia galangal), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''guha'' (''krishnaparni'' - Uraria picta), ''atiguha'' (''shalaparni'' - Desmodium gangeticum), ''shveta'' (Clitoria ternacia), ''ajagandha'' (Carum roxburghianum), ''shilajatu, kattruna'' (Cymbopogon citrates), ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''yava kshara'' ((obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''grihadhuma'' (soot), ''manahshila'' (Arsenic disulphide) are pounded with bile of ''rohita'' fish. This is an excellent anti-poison efficacious in bite of insects like ''vishwambara,'' etc when used as snuff, collyrium and paste.[212-214]
=== Treatment of centipede poison ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
स्वर्जिकाऽजशकृत्क्षारः सुरसाऽथाक्षिपीडकः |
स्वर्जिकाऽजशकृत्क्षारः सुरसाऽथाक्षिपीडकः |
मदिरामण्डसंयुक्तो हितः शतपदीविषे ||२१५||
मदिरामण्डसंयुक्तो हितः शतपदीविषे ||२१५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
svarjikā'jaśakr̥tkṣāraḥ surasā'thākṣipīḍakaḥ [1] |
svarjikā'jaśakr̥tkṣāraḥ surasā'thākṣipīḍakaḥ [1] |
madirAmaNDasaMyukto hitaH shatapadIviShe ||215||
madirAmaNDasaMyukto hitaH shatapadIviShe ||215||
</div></div>
''Swarjika,'' excrements of goat, ''yavakshara'' (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''akshipeedaka''- this taken with wine scum is efficacious in centipede poisoning.[215]
''Swarjika,'' excrements of goat, ''yavakshara'' (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''akshipeedaka''- this taken with wine scum is efficacious in centipede poisoning.[215]
=== Treatment of house lizard poison ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कपित्थमक्षिपीडोऽर्कबीजं त्रिकटुकं तथा |
कपित्थमक्षिपीडोऽर्कबीजं त्रिकटुकं तथा |
करञ्जो द्वे हरिद्रे च गृहगोधाविषं जयेत् ||२१६||
करञ्जो द्वे हरिद्रे च गृहगोधाविषं जयेत् ||२१६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kapitthamakṣipīḍō'rkabījaṁ trikaṭukaṁ tathā|
kapitthamakṣipīḍō'rkabījaṁ trikaṭukaṁ tathā|
kara~jjo dve haridre ca gRuhagodhAviShaM jayet ||216||
kara~jjo dve haridre ca gRuhagodhAviShaM jayet ||216||
</div></div>
''Kapittha'' (Feronia limonia), ''akshipeeda'' (Phaseolus lunactus), ''arka'' seeds (Calotropis procera), ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa) and ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) – this formulation counteracts the poisoning by house lizard.[216]
''Kapittha'' (Feronia limonia), ''akshipeeda'' (Phaseolus lunactus), ''arka'' seeds (Calotropis procera), ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa) and ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) – this formulation counteracts the poisoning by house lizard.[216]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
काकाण्डरससंयुक्तो विषाणां तण्डुलीयकः |
काकाण्डरससंयुक्तो विषाणां तण्डुलीयकः |
प्रधानो बर्हिपित्तेन तद्वद्वायसपीलुकः ||२१७||
प्रधानो बर्हिपित्तेन तद्वद्वायसपीलुकः ||२१७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kākāṇḍarasasaṁyuktō [3] viṣāṇāṁ taṇḍulīyakaḥ|
kākāṇḍarasasaṁyuktō [3] viṣāṇāṁ taṇḍulīyakaḥ|
pradhAno barhipittena tadvadvAyasapIlukaH ||217||
pradhAno barhipittena tadvadvAyasapIlukaH ||217||
</div></div>
''Tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus blitum) mixed with the juice of ''kaakanda'' (Mucuna prurita) is the prominent one among the anti poisonous and so is ''kakapiluka'' mixed with peacock's bile.[217]
''Tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus blitum) mixed with the juice of ''kaakanda'' (Mucuna prurita) is the prominent one among the anti poisonous and so is ''kakapiluka'' mixed with peacock's bile.[217]
=== ''Pancha shirisha agada'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शिरीषफलमूलत्वक्पुष्पपत्रैः समैर्धृतैः |
शिरीषफलमूलत्वक्पुष्पपत्रैः समैर्धृतैः |
इति पञ्चशिरीषोऽगदः |
इति पञ्चशिरीषोऽगदः |
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śirīṣaphalamūlatvakpuṣpapatraiḥ samairdhr̥taiḥ|
śirīṣaphalamūlatvakpuṣpapatraiḥ samairdhr̥taiḥ|
iti pa~jcashirISho~agadaH |
iti pa~jcashirISho~agadaH |
</div></div>
The five parts- root, fruit, bark, flower and leaf of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) taken together in equal quantity is known as ''panchashireesha agada'' which is the best one for destroying the poison.[218]
The five parts- root, fruit, bark, flower and leaf of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) taken together in equal quantity is known as ''panchashireesha agada'' which is the best one for destroying the poison.[218]
=== Treatment of nail or teeth bite of animals ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
चतुष्पद्भिर्द्विपद्भिर्वा नखदन्तक्षतं तु यत् |
चतुष्पद्भिर्द्विपद्भिर्वा नखदन्तक्षतं तु यत् |
रजन्यौ गैरिकं लेपो नखदन्तविषापहः ||२२०||
रजन्यौ गैरिकं लेपो नखदन्तविषापहः ||२२०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
catuṣpadbhirdvipadbhirvā nakhadantakṣataṁ tu yat|
catuṣpadbhirdvipadbhirvā nakhadantakṣataṁ tu yat|
rajanyau gairikaM lepo nakhadantaviShApahaH ||220||
rajanyau gairikaM lepo nakhadantaviShApahaH ||220||
</div></div>
If the wound caused by the nails of teeth of quadrupeds or bipeds is swollen, inflamed and oozing and associated with fever, the paste of ''somavalka'' (Acacia catechu), ''ashwakarna'' (Dipterocarpus alatus), ''gojivha'' (Onosma bracteatum), ''hamsapaadi'' (Adiantum lunulatum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''gairika'' (red ochre) should be applied. It alleviates poisoning due to nails and teeth.[219-220]
If the wound caused by the nails of teeth of quadrupeds or bipeds is swollen, inflamed and oozing and associated with fever, the paste of ''somavalka'' (Acacia catechu), ''ashwakarna'' (Dipterocarpus alatus), ''gojivha'' (Onosma bracteatum), ''hamsapaadi'' (Adiantum lunulatum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''gairika'' (red ochre) should be applied. It alleviates poisoning due to nails and teeth.[219-220]
=== ''Shanka visha'' (pseudo poisoning) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
दुरन्धकारे विद्धस्य केनचिद्विषशङ्कया |
दुरन्धकारे विद्धस्य केनचिद्विषशङ्कया |
पानं समन्त्रपूताम्बु प्रोक्षणं सान्त्वहर्षणम् ||२२३||
पानं समन्त्रपूताम्बु प्रोक्षणं सान्त्वहर्षणम् ||२२३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
durandhakārē viddhasya [1] kēnacidviṣaśaṅkayā|
durandhakārē viddhasya [1] kēnacidviṣaśaṅkayā|
pAnaM samantrapUtAmbu prokShaNaM sAntvaharShaNam ||223||
pAnaM samantrapUtAmbu prokShaNaM sAntvaharShaNam ||223||
</div></div>
In case one is pierced by something in the darkness which creates suspicion of snake bite due to poisoning like agitation fever, vomiting, fainting, burning sensation malaise, mental confusion and diarrhea may appear. This is known as ''shanka visha''.
In case one is pierced by something in the darkness which creates suspicion of snake bite due to poisoning like agitation fever, vomiting, fainting, burning sensation malaise, mental confusion and diarrhea may appear. This is known as ''shanka visha''.
The wise physician should console the patient and administer the portion of ''sharkara'' (sugar candy), ''saugandhika'' (Nymphaea alba), ''draksha'' (Vitis vinifera), ''payasya'' (Ipomea dioitata), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and honey. At the same time the body should be sponged with water purified with incantations besides consoling and exhilarating measures.[221-223]
The wise physician should console the patient and administer the portion of ''sharkara'' (sugar candy), ''saugandhika'' (Nymphaea alba), ''draksha'' (Vitis vinifera), ''payasya'' (Ipomea dioitata), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and honey. At the same time the body should be sponged with water purified with incantations besides consoling and exhilarating measures.[221-223]
=== Suitable diet in treatment of poisoning ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शालयः षष्टिकाश्चैव कोरदूषाः प्रियङ्गवः |
शालयः षष्टिकाश्चैव कोरदूषाः प्रियङ्गवः |
भोजनार्थे प्रशस्यन्ते लवणार्थे च सैन्धवम् ||२२४||
भोजनार्थे प्रशस्यन्ते लवणार्थे च सैन्धवम् ||२२४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śālayaḥ ṣaṣṭikāścaiva kōradūṣāḥ priyaṅgavaḥ|
śālayaḥ ṣaṣṭikāścaiva kōradūṣāḥ priyaṅgavaḥ|
bhojanArthe prashasyante lavaNArthe ca saindhavam ||224||
bhojanArthe prashasyante lavaNArthe ca saindhavam ||224||
</div></div>
''Shali'' rice (Foeniculum vulgare), ''shashtika'' rice (Oriza sativa), common millet and Indian millet are recommended as diet and rock salt for salting purpose.[224]
''Shali'' rice (Foeniculum vulgare), ''shashtika'' rice (Oriza sativa), common millet and Indian millet are recommended as diet and rock salt for salting purpose.[224]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तण्डुलीयकजीवन्तीवार्ताकसुनिषण्णकाः |
तण्डुलीयकजीवन्तीवार्ताकसुनिषण्णकाः |
चुच्चूर्मण्डूकपर्णी च शाकं च कुलकं हितम् ||२२५||
चुच्चूर्मण्डूकपर्णी च शाकं च कुलकं हितम् ||२२५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
taṇḍulīyakajīvantīvārtākasuniṣaṇṇakāḥ|
taṇḍulīyakajīvantīvārtākasuniṣaṇṇakāḥ|
cuccUrmaNDUkaparNI ca shAkaM ca kulakaM hitam ||225||
cuccUrmaNDUkaparNI ca shAkaM ca kulakaM hitam ||225||
</div></div>
''Tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus spinosus), ''jeevanti'' (Leptadenia reticulate), ''vartaka'' (Solanum melongena), ''sunishannaka'' (Solanum melongena), ''cuccur'' (Corchorus aestuans) , ''mandukaparni'' (Centella asiatica), ''shaka'' and ''kulaka'' (Trichosanthus dioica) are wholesome as vegetables.[225]
''Tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus spinosus), ''jeevanti'' (Leptadenia reticulate), ''vartaka'' (Solanum melongena), ''sunishannaka'' (Solanum melongena), ''cuccur'' (Corchorus aestuans) , ''mandukaparni'' (Centella asiatica), ''shaka'' and ''kulaka'' (Trichosanthus dioica) are wholesome as vegetables.[225]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
धात्री दाडिममम्लार्थे यूषा मुद्गहरेणुभिः |
धात्री दाडिममम्लार्थे यूषा मुद्गहरेणुभिः |
रसाश्चैणशिखिश्वाविल्लावतैत्तिरपार्षताः ||२२६||
रसाश्चैणशिखिश्वाविल्लावतैत्तिरपार्षताः ||२२६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dhātrī dāḍimamamlārthē yūṣā mudgaharēṇubhiḥ|
dhātrī dāḍimamamlārthē yūṣā mudgaharēṇubhiḥ|
rasAshcaiNashikhishvAvillAvataittirapArShatAH ||226||
rasAshcaiNashikhishvAvillAvataittirapArShatAH ||226||
</div></div>
To cause sourness in food-''dhatri'' (Emblica officinalis), ''dadima'' (Punica granatum) should be used. Soup should be prepared using ''mudga'' (Phaseolus mungo) and ''harenu'' (Vitex negundo). ''mamsa rasa'' of ''ina'' (antelope), ''shikhi'' (peacock), ''avi'' (porcupine), ''lava'' (common quail), ''taittira'' (partridge), ''parsha'' (spotted deer) are the remedies in cases of poison.[226]
To cause sourness in food-''dhatri'' (Emblica officinalis), ''dadima'' (Punica granatum) should be used. Soup should be prepared using ''mudga'' (Phaseolus mungo) and ''harenu'' (Vitex negundo). ''mamsa rasa'' of ''ina'' (antelope), ''shikhi'' (peacock), ''avi'' (porcupine), ''lava'' (common quail), ''taittira'' (partridge), ''parsha'' (spotted deer) are the remedies in cases of poison.[226]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
विषघ्नौषधसंयुक्ता रसा यूषाश्च संस्कृताः |
विषघ्नौषधसंयुक्ता रसा यूषाश्च संस्कृताः |
अविदाहीनि चान्नानि विषार्तानां भिषग्जितम् ||२२७||
अविदाहीनि चान्नानि विषार्तानां भिषग्जितम् ||२२७||
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viṣaghnauṣadhasaṁyuktā rasā yūṣāśca saṁskr̥tāḥ|
viṣaghnauṣadhasaṁyuktā rasā yūṣāśca saṁskr̥tāḥ|
avidAhIni cAnnAni viShArtAnAM bhiShagjitam ||227||
avidAhIni cAnnAni viShArtAnAM bhiShagjitam ||227||
</div></div>
Soups and meat juices prepared with drugs curative of poisons and the food which is non irritant are the remedies in cases of poison.[227]
Soups and meat juices prepared with drugs curative of poisons and the food which is non irritant are the remedies in cases of poison.[227]
=== Unsuitable diet and lifestyle ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
विरुद्धाध्यशनक्रोधक्षुद्भयायासमैथुनम् |
विरुद्धाध्यशनक्रोधक्षुद्भयायासमैथुनम् |
वर्जयेद्विषमुक्तोऽपि दिवास्वप्नं विशेषतः ||२२८||
वर्जयेद्विषमुक्तोऽपि दिवास्वप्नं विशेषतः ||२२८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
viruddhādhyaśanakrōdhakṣudbhayāyāsamaithunam|
viruddhādhyaśanakrōdhakṣudbhayāyāsamaithunam|
varjayedviShamukto~api divAsvapnaM visheShataH ||228||
varjayedviShamukto~api divAsvapnaM visheShataH ||228||
</div></div>
The person though cured of poison should avoid antagonistic diet, over feeding, anger, fear, exertion and sexual intercourse and day sleep particularly.[228]
The person though cured of poison should avoid antagonistic diet, over feeding, anger, fear, exertion and sexual intercourse and day sleep particularly.[228]
=== Signs of poisoning in quadruped animals ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मुहुर्मुहुः शिरोन्यासः शोथः स्रस्तौष्ठकर्णाता |
मुहुर्मुहुः शिरोन्यासः शोथः स्रस्तौष्ठकर्णाता |
चतुष्पदां भवत्येतद्दष्टानामिह लक्षणम् ||२३०||
चतुष्पदां भवत्येतद्दष्टानामिह लक्षणम् ||२३०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
muhurmuhuḥ śirōnyāsaḥ śōthaḥ srastauṣṭhakarṇātā [1] |
muhurmuhuḥ śirōnyāsaḥ śōthaḥ srastauṣṭhakarṇātā [1] |
catuShpadAM bhavatyetaddaShTAnAmiha lakShaNam ||230||
catuShpadAM bhavatyetaddaShTAnAmiha lakShaNam ||230||
</div></div>
Repeated jerks of the head, edema, drooping of the lips and the ears, fever, rigidity of the eyes and limbs, tremors of the jaw, contortions of the body, falling of hair, exhaustion, depression, trembling, and circumambulation are the symptoms in quadrupeds bitten by poisonous creatures.[229-230]
Repeated jerks of the head, edema, drooping of the lips and the ears, fever, rigidity of the eyes and limbs, tremors of the jaw, contortions of the body, falling of hair, exhaustion, depression, trembling, and circumambulation are the symptoms in quadrupeds bitten by poisonous creatures.[229-230]
=== Treatment of poisoning in animals ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
देवदारु हरिद्रे द्वे सरलं चन्दनागुरु |
देवदारु हरिद्रे द्वे सरलं चन्दनागुरु |
चतुष्पदानां दष्टानामगदः सार्वकार्मिकः ||२३२||
चतुष्पदानां दष्टानामगदः सार्वकार्मिकः ||२३२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dēvadāru haridrē dvē saralaṁ [2] candanāguru|
dēvadāru haridrē dvē saralaṁ [2] candanāguru|
catuShpadAnAM daShTAnAmagadaH sArvakArmikaH ||232||
catuShpadAnAM daShTAnAmagadaH sArvakArmikaH ||232||
</div></div>
''Devadaru'' (Cedrus deoda), ''haridra,'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''sarala'' (Pinus longifolia), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''aguru'' (Aqualaria agallocha), ''rasna'' (Alpinio officinarum), ''gorochana'' (Bile of cow), ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), ''guggulu'' (Commiphora mukul), ''ikshurasa'' (Saccharum officinarum), ''nata churna, saindhava'' (rock salt), ''ananta'' along with cows bile and honey makes a universal remedy for poisonous bites in the quadrupeds.[231-232]
''Devadaru'' (Cedrus deoda), ''haridra,'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''sarala'' (Pinus longifolia), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''aguru'' (Aqualaria agallocha), ''rasna'' (Alpinio officinarum), ''gorochana'' (Bile of cow), ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), ''guggulu'' (Commiphora mukul), ''ikshurasa'' (Saccharum officinarum), ''nata churna, saindhava'' (rock salt), ''ananta'' along with cows bile and honey makes a universal remedy for poisonous bites in the quadrupeds.[231-232]
=== ''Gara visha'' (slow acting artificial poison) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सौभाग्यार्थं स्त्रियः स्वेदरजोनानाङ्गजान्मलान् |
सौभाग्यार्थं स्त्रियः स्वेदरजोनानाङ्गजान्मलान् |
शत्रुप्रयुक्तांश्च गरान् प्रयच्छन्त्यन्नमिश्रितान् ||२३३||
शत्रुप्रयुक्तांश्च गरान् प्रयच्छन्त्यन्नमिश्रितान् ||२३३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
saubhAgyArthaM striyaH svedarajonAnA~ggajAnmalAn |
saubhAgyArthaM striyaH svedarajonAnA~ggajAnmalAn |
śatruprayuktāṁśca garān prayacchantyannamiśritān||233||
śatruprayuktāṁśca garān prayacchantyannamiśritān||233||
</div></div>
With the view to gain the favor of their husbands, women administer to them their sweat, menstrual discharge, saliva and excreta from other parts of the body and also the ''gara'' or artificial poison prepared by enemies, mixing these with the food.[233]
With the view to gain the favor of their husbands, women administer to them their sweat, menstrual discharge, saliva and excreta from other parts of the body and also the ''gara'' or artificial poison prepared by enemies, mixing these with the food.[233]
=== Effects of ''gara visha'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तैः स्यात् पाण्डुः कृशोऽल्पाग्निर्गरश्चास्योपजायते |
तैः स्यात् पाण्डुः कृशोऽल्पाग्निर्गरश्चास्योपजायते |
विकर्णनासिकं वाऽपि प्रपश्येद्विहतेन्द्रियः ||२३७||
विकर्णनासिकं वाऽपि प्रपश्येद्विहतेन्द्रियः ||२३७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
taiḥ syāt pāṇḍuḥ kr̥śō'lpāgnirgaraścāsyōpajāyatē|
taiḥ syāt pāṇḍuḥ kr̥śō'lpāgnirgaraścāsyōpajāyatē|
vikarNanAsikaM vA~api prapashyedvihatendriyaH ||237||
vikarNanAsikaM vA~api prapashyedvihatendriyaH ||237||
</div></div>
As a result of such administration of poison, the person will show symptoms of anemia, emaciation, weakness of the digestive power, palpitation of the heart, distension of the abdomen and edema of hands and feet, abdominal diseases, assimilation disorders, ''gulma,'' depletion of ''dhatus'', fever and similar other disorders. He perceives in his dreams generally cats, jackals, cruel animals, mangoose and monkey, dried up rivers or other sources of water and withered trees. If he be of dark complexion, he sees himself as bright in dreams and vice versa. He also sees himself in dreams without ears and nose or injured in his sense organs.[234-237]
As a result of such administration of poison, the person will show symptoms of anemia, emaciation, weakness of the digestive power, palpitation of the heart, distension of the abdomen and edema of hands and feet, abdominal diseases, assimilation disorders, ''gulma,'' depletion of ''dhatus'', fever and similar other disorders. He perceives in his dreams generally cats, jackals, cruel animals, mangoose and monkey, dried up rivers or other sources of water and withered trees. If he be of dark complexion, he sees himself as bright in dreams and vice versa. He also sees himself in dreams without ears and nose or injured in his sense organs.[234-237]
=== Treatment of ''gara visha'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तमवेक्ष्य भिषक् प्राज्ञाः पृच्छेत् किं कैः कदा सह |
तमवेक्ष्य भिषक् प्राज्ञाः पृच्छेत् किं कैः कदा सह |
जग्धमित्यवगम्याशु प्रदद्याद्वमनं भिषक् ||२३८||
जग्धमित्यवगम्याशु प्रदद्याद्वमनं भिषक् ||२३८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
tamavēkṣya bhiṣak prājñāḥ pr̥cchēt kiṁ kaiḥ kadā saha|
tamavēkṣya bhiṣak prājñāḥ pr̥cchēt kiṁ kaiḥ kadā saha|
jagdhamityavagamyAshu pradadyAdvamanaM bhiShak ||238||
jagdhamityavagamyAshu pradadyAdvamanaM bhiShak ||238||
</div></div>
Seeing such a person, the intelligent physician should ask what kind of food, when and in whose company he had eaten and thus ascertain the cause of ''gara'' so that it can be avoided. Later he should be administered with emesis therapy.[238]
Seeing such a person, the intelligent physician should ask what kind of food, when and in whose company he had eaten and thus ascertain the cause of ''gara'' so that it can be avoided. Later he should be administered with emesis therapy.[238]
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सूक्ष्मं ताम्ररजस्तस्मै सक्षौद्रं हृद्विशोधनम् |
सूक्ष्मं ताम्ररजस्तस्मै सक्षौद्रं हृद्विशोधनम् |
न सज्जते हेमपाङ्गे विषं पद्मदलेऽम्बुवत् ||२४०||
न सज्जते हेमपाङ्गे विषं पद्मदलेऽम्बुवत् ||२४०||
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sūkṣmaṁ tāmrarajastasmai sakṣaudraṁ hr̥dviśōdhanam|
sūkṣmaṁ tāmrarajastasmai sakṣaudraṁ hr̥dviśōdhanam|
na sajjate hemapA~gge viShaM padmadale~ambuvat ||240||
na sajjate hemapA~gge viShaM padmadale~ambuvat ||240||
</div></div>
Fine powder of copper mixed with honey is shall be administered first for ''hrid shodhana''. or ''hridayaavarana''. This induces emesis. He should then be administered with ''shana matra'' (three grams )of ''suvarna bhasma''. Gold quickly destroys all poisons even ''gara visha''. Just as water fallen on lotus leaves cannot wet it, ''visha'' cannot destroy a person who is administered with ''swarna bhasma''.[239-240]
Fine powder of copper mixed with honey is shall be administered first for ''hrid shodhana''. or ''hridayaavarana''. This induces emesis. He should then be administered with ''shana matra'' (three grams )of ''suvarna bhasma''. Gold quickly destroys all poisons even ''gara visha''. Just as water fallen on lotus leaves cannot wet it, ''visha'' cannot destroy a person who is administered with ''swarna bhasma''.[239-240]
=== ''Nagadantyadi'' ghee ===
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नागदन्तीत्रिवृद्दन्तीद्रवन्तीस्नुक्पयःफलैः |
नागदन्तीत्रिवृद्दन्तीद्रवन्तीस्नुक्पयःफलैः |
सर्पकीटविषार्तानां गरार्तानां च शान्तये |२४२|
सर्पकीटविषार्तानां गरार्तानां च शान्तये |२४२|
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nāgadantītrivr̥ddantīdravantīsnukpayaḥphalaiḥ|
nāgadantītrivr̥ddantīdravantīsnukpayaḥphalaiḥ|
sarpakITaviShArtAnAM garArtAnAM ca shAntaye |242|
sarpakITaviShArtAnAM garArtAnAM ca shAntaye |242|
</div></div>
Ghee obtained from buffalo’s milk and processed with ''nagadanti'' (Croton oblongifolius), ''trivrit'' (Operculina turpethum), ''danti, dravanti'' (Balliospermum montanum), ''snukpaya, madanaphala'' and one ''adhaka'' of cow's urine is an effective remedy in case of poison due to snake and insect bite and in ''gara visha''.[241-242]
Ghee obtained from buffalo’s milk and processed with ''nagadanti'' (Croton oblongifolius), ''trivrit'' (Operculina turpethum), ''danti, dravanti'' (Balliospermum montanum), ''snukpaya, madanaphala'' and one ''adhaka'' of cow's urine is an effective remedy in case of poison due to snake and insect bite and in ''gara visha''.[241-242]
=== ''Amrita'' Ghee ===
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शिरीषत्वक् त्रिकटुकं त्रिफलां चन्दनोत्पले ||२४२||
शिरीषत्वक् त्रिकटुकं त्रिफलां चन्दनोत्पले ||२४२||
इत्यमृतघृतम् |
इत्यमृतघृतम् |
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śirīṣatvak trikaṭukaṁ triphalāṁ candanōtpalē||242||
śirīṣatvak trikaṭukaṁ triphalāṁ candanōtpalē||242||
ityamRutaghRutam |
ityamRutaghRutam |
</div></div>
One ''adhaka'' of ghee cooked by adding the paste of one ''aksha'' each of bark of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalia, Terminalia bellerica), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''utpala'' (Nelumbo nucifera), ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia), ''atibala'' (Abutilon indicum), ''sariva'' (Hemidismus indicus), ''asphota'' (Semicarpus anacardium), ''surabhi, nimbi'' (Azardirachta indica), ''patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolens), ''bandhujiva'' (Pentopetes phoenicea), ''adhaki'' (Cajanus cajan), ''murva'' (Marsdenia tenacissima), ''vasa'' (Adathoda vasica), ''surasa'' (Occimum sanctum), ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena antidysentrica), ''patha'' (Cissambelos Pereira), ''ankola'' (Alangium saufolium), ''ashvagandha'' (Withania somnifera), ''arkamula'' (Calotropis procera), ''yashtimadhu'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''padmaka'' (Prunus cerasoides), ''vishala'' (Trichosanthes bracteata), ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''laksha, kovidara'' (Bauhninia variegate), ''shatavari'' (Asparagus recemosa), ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''danti'' (Maliospermum montanum), ''apamarga'' (Achyranthus aspera), ''prushniparni rasanjjana'' (Extracts of Berberis aristata), ''shvetabhanda'' (Albizzia procera), ''ashvakhuraka'' (Clitoria ternatea), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''daru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''priyangu'' (Calicarpa macrophylla), ''vidari'' (Puraria tuberose), ''madhuka sara'' (Glycerrhiza glabra) , ''karanja'' fruit (Pongamia pinnata), bark ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''lodhra'' (Symplocos racemosa), two ''adhaka'' of water, three ''adhaka'' of cows urine and goats urine each. This recipe cures poison, epilepsy, depletion of ''dhatus'', insanity, ''gara, udara,'' anemia, parasitic infestation, ''gulma,'' splenic disorders, stiffness of thighs, jaundice, stiffness of jaws and shoulders, etc. when used in the form of drink, massage and inhalation therapy. It helps in the revival of persons who appear to be dead due to poisons and hanging. This combination is called as ''amrita ghrita'' and is best suited in all cases of poisoning.[242-249]
One ''adhaka'' of ghee cooked by adding the paste of one ''aksha'' each of bark of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalia, Terminalia bellerica), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''utpala'' (Nelumbo nucifera), ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia), ''atibala'' (Abutilon indicum), ''sariva'' (Hemidismus indicus), ''asphota'' (Semicarpus anacardium), ''surabhi, nimbi'' (Azardirachta indica), ''patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolens), ''bandhujiva'' (Pentopetes phoenicea), ''adhaki'' (Cajanus cajan), ''murva'' (Marsdenia tenacissima), ''vasa'' (Adathoda vasica), ''surasa'' (Occimum sanctum), ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena antidysentrica), ''patha'' (Cissambelos Pereira), ''ankola'' (Alangium saufolium), ''ashvagandha'' (Withania somnifera), ''arkamula'' (Calotropis procera), ''yashtimadhu'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''padmaka'' (Prunus cerasoides), ''vishala'' (Trichosanthes bracteata), ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''laksha, kovidara'' (Bauhninia variegate), ''shatavari'' (Asparagus recemosa), ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''danti'' (Maliospermum montanum), ''apamarga'' (Achyranthus aspera), ''prushniparni rasanjjana'' (Extracts of Berberis aristata), ''shvetabhanda'' (Albizzia procera), ''ashvakhuraka'' (Clitoria ternatea), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''daru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''priyangu'' (Calicarpa macrophylla), ''vidari'' (Puraria tuberose), ''madhuka sara'' (Glycerrhiza glabra) , ''karanja'' fruit (Pongamia pinnata), bark ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''lodhra'' (Symplocos racemosa), two ''adhaka'' of water, three ''adhaka'' of cows urine and goats urine each. This recipe cures poison, epilepsy, depletion of ''dhatus'', insanity, ''gara, udara,'' anemia, parasitic infestation, ''gulma,'' splenic disorders, stiffness of thighs, jaundice, stiffness of jaws and shoulders, etc. when used in the form of drink, massage and inhalation therapy. It helps in the revival of persons who appear to be dead due to poisons and hanging. This combination is called as ''amrita ghrita'' and is best suited in all cases of poisoning.[242-249]
=== Lifestyle to avoid snake bite ===
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भवन्ति चात्र-
भवन्ति चात्र-
तच्छायाशब्दवित्रस्ताः प्रणश्यन्त्याशु पन्नगाः ||२५०||
तच्छायाशब्दवित्रस्ताः प्रणश्यन्त्याशु पन्नगाः ||२५०||
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bhavanti cātra-
bhavanti cātra-
tacchAyAshabdavitrastAH praNashyantyAshu pannagAH ||250||
tacchAyAshabdavitrastAH praNashyantyAshu pannagAH ||250||
</div></div>
One should move about with an umbrella in day time and with a rattling stick in hand at night so that with their shade and sound respectively the snakes get frightened and go away. [250]
One should move about with an umbrella in day time and with a rattling stick in hand at night so that with their shade and sound respectively the snakes get frightened and go away. [250]
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दष्टमात्रो दशेदाशु तं सर्पं लोष्टमेव वा |
दष्टमात्रो दशेदाशु तं सर्पं लोष्टमेव वा |
उपर्यरिष्टां बध्नीयाद्दंशं छिन्द्याद्दहेत्तथा ||२५१||
उपर्यरिष्टां बध्नीयाद्दंशं छिन्द्याद्दहेत्तथा ||२५१||
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daṣṭamātrō daśēdāśu taṁ sarpaṁ lōṣṭamēva vā|
daṣṭamātrō daśēdāśu taṁ sarpaṁ lōṣṭamēva vā|
uparyariShTAM badhnIyAddaMshaM chindyAddahettathA ||251||
uparyariShTAM badhnIyAddaMshaM chindyAddahettathA ||251||
</div></div>
Immediately after a snake bite, the person should bite the snake itself if possible or otherwise bite a clod of earth. Thereafter a tourniquet should be tied above the site of bite and the place of bite should be incised as well as cauterized.[251]
Immediately after a snake bite, the person should bite the snake itself if possible or otherwise bite a clod of earth. Thereafter a tourniquet should be tied above the site of bite and the place of bite should be incised as well as cauterized.[251]
=== Wearing gems for preventing poisonous effects ===
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वज्रं मरकतः सारः पिचुको विषमूषिका |
वज्रं मरकतः सारः पिचुको विषमूषिका |
खगाश्च शारिकाक्रौञ्चशिखिहंसशुकादयः ||२५३||
खगाश्च शारिकाक्रौञ्चशिखिहंसशुकादयः ||२५३||
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vajraṁ marakataḥ sāraḥ picukō viṣamūṣikā|
vajraṁ marakataḥ sāraḥ picukō viṣamūṣikā|
khagAshca shArikAkrau~jcashikhihaMsashukAdayaH ||253||
khagAshca shArikAkrau~jcashikhihaMsashukAdayaH ||253||
</div></div>
Wearing of diamond, emerald, and other precious gems gives immunity against poisons. Keeping or domesticating different birds is also useful to overcome poisons.[252-253]
Wearing of diamond, emerald, and other precious gems gives immunity against poisons. Keeping or domesticating different birds is also useful to overcome poisons.[252-253]
=== Summary ===
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तत्र श्लोकः-
तत्र श्लोकः-
अधीत्य विज्ञाय तथा प्रयोजयन् व्रजेद्विषाणामविषह्यतां बुधः ||२५४||
अधीत्य विज्ञाय तथा प्रयोजयन् व्रजेद्विषाणामविषह्यतां बुधः ||२५४||
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tatra ślōkaḥ-
tatra ślōkaḥ-
adhItya vij~jAya tathA prayojayan vrajedviShANAmaviShahyatAM budhaH ||254||
adhItya vij~jAya tathA prayojayan vrajedviShANAmaviShahyatAM budhaH ||254||
</div></div>
To sum up, details of two categories of poisons along with several types of medicine to cure the ailments caused by these poisons are described in this chapter. The intelligent physician who studies and knows the objectives of these remedies can overcome these poisons by the application of his knowledge and experience.[254]
To sum up, details of two categories of poisons along with several types of medicine to cure the ailments caused by these poisons are described in this chapter. The intelligent physician who studies and knows the objectives of these remedies can overcome these poisons by the application of his knowledge and experience.[254]
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इत्यग्निवेशकृते तन्त्रे चरकप्रतिसंस्कृते चिकित्सास्थाने
इत्यग्निवेशकृते तन्त्रे चरकप्रतिसंस्कृते चिकित्सास्थाने
विषचिकित्सितं नाम त्रयोविंशोऽध्या यः ||२३||
विषचिकित्सितं नाम त्रयोविंशोऽध्या यः ||२३||
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ityagnivēśakr̥tē tantrē carakapratisaṁskr̥tē cikitsāsthānē
ityagnivēśakr̥tē tantrē carakapratisaṁskr̥tē cikitsāsthānē
viShacikitsitaM nAma trayoviMsho~adhyAyaH ||23||
viShacikitsitaM nAma trayoviMsho~adhyAyaH ||23||
</div></div>
Thus ends the twenty third chapter of the [[Chikitsa Sthana]] dealing with the treatment of poisons of Agnivesha’s work as redacted by Charaka.[23]
Thus ends the twenty third chapter of the [[Chikitsa Sthana]] dealing with the treatment of poisons of Agnivesha’s work as redacted by Charak.[23]
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
*''Visha'' (poison) is of two categories viz. ''jangama'' (animal origin) and ''sthavara'' (earthen and plant origin).
*''Visha'' (poison) is of two categories viz. ''jangama'' (animal origin) and ''sthavara'' (earthen and plant origin).
*The action of animal poison is manly in lower gastrointestinal tract, while the action of plant poison is mainly in upper gastrointestinal tract. The clinical features are well differentiated in both cases. Therefore, the animal poison is used in treatment of poisoning by vegetable-poison and vice versa.
*The action of animal poison is manly in lower gastrointestinal tract, while the action of plant poison is mainly in upper gastrointestinal tract. The clinical features are well differentiated in both cases. Therefore, the animal poison is used in treatment of poisoning by vegetable-poison and vice versa.
*The effect of ''visha'' in humans can be assessed clinically in eight stages. The severity increases as per stage, finally leading to death.
*The effect of ''visha'' in humans can be assessed clinically in eight stages. The severity increases as per stage, finally leading to death.
*The poisonous effect depends upon site of ''dosha, prakriti'' of patient and nature of poison.
*The poisonous effect depends upon site of [[dosha]], [[Prakriti]] of patient and nature of poison.
*''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), k''itibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts all ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.
*''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), kitibha (psoriasis) and kotha (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts all ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.
*Due to power of poison, vitiated blood transudes to obstruct srotas (channels) leading to death of the patient. If the poison is taken orally, it stays in heart ( generalized affect) and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow (local affect), it gets lodged in the place of bite.
*Due to power of poison, vitiated blood transudes to obstruct srotas (channels) leading to death of the patient. If the poison is taken orally, it stays in heart ( generalized affect) and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow (local affect), it gets lodged in the place of bite.
*Immediate treatment should be done to prevent spread of poison in the body through circulation. Application of tourniquet at the site of bite and suction are first measures.
*Immediate treatment should be done to prevent spread of poison in the body through circulation. Application of tourniquet at the site of bite and suction are first measures.
*''Rakta dhatu'' is abode of ''visha'' and circulates ''visha'' all over the body. Hence bloodletting shall be done in various modalities at site of bite.
*''Rakta dhatu'' is abode of ''visha'' and circulates ''visha'' all over the body. Hence bloodletting shall be done in various modalities at site of bite.
*The treatment shall be administered after assessment of stage of poisoning and condition of the patient.
*The treatment shall be administered after assessment of stage of poisoning and condition of the patient.
*The treatment of ''visha'' includes twenty four modalities that are categorized under emergency treatments and conservative treatments. viz. Recitation of mantras; ''Arishta'' (tying an amulet impregnated with ''mantra'' or tying a bandage above the place of bite); ''Utkartana'' (excision of the part afflicted with the poisonous bite); ''Nishpidana'' (squeezing out blood from the place of the bite); ''Chushana'' (sucking out the poison from the place of the bite); ''Agni'' (cauterization); ''Parisheka'' (affusion); ''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water); ''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting); ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis); ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation); ''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp); ''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart); ''Anjana'' (application of collyrium); ''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.); ''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy); ''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking); ''Aushadha'' (administration of anti-toxic drugs or wearing as an amulet); ''Prashamana'' (sedatives); ''Pratisarana'' (application of alkalies); ''Prativisha'' (administration of poisons as medicines to counteract the original poison); ''Sanjna-samsthapana'' (administration of medicines for the restoration of consciousness); ''Lepa'' (application of medicines in the form of a paste or ointment); and ''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).
*The treatment of ''visha'' includes twenty four modalities that are categorized under emergency treatments and conservative treatments. viz. Recitation of mantras; ''Arishta'' (tying an amulet impregnated with ''mantra'' or tying a bandage above the place of bite); ''Utkartana'' (excision of the part afflicted with the poisonous bite); ''Nishpidana'' (squeezing out blood from the place of the bite); ''Chushana'' (sucking out the poison from the place of the bite); [[Agni]] (cauterization); ''Parisheka'' (affusion); ''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water); ''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting); [[Vamana]] (therapeutic emesis); [[Virechana]] (therapeutic purgation); ''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp); ''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart); ''Anjana'' (application of collyrium); ''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.); ''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy); ''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking); ''Aushadha'' (administration of anti-toxic drugs or wearing as an amulet); ''Prashamana'' (sedatives); ''Pratisarana'' (application of alkalies); ''Prativisha'' (administration of poisons as medicines to counteract the original poison); ''Sanjna-samsthapana'' (administration of medicines for the restoration of consciousness); ''Lepa'' (application of medicines in the form of a paste or ointment); and ''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).
*''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of mantras. At first ''dosha'', where ''visha'' is lodged should be treated.
*''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of mantras. At first [[dosha]], where ''visha'' is lodged should be treated.
*If, ''visha'' is located in ''vata sthana'' then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.
*If, ''visha'' is located in [[vata]] sthana then the patient should be administered with [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.
*If, ''visha'' is located in ''pitta sthana'' then the patient should be administered with ghee (clarified butter), honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).
*If, ''visha'' is located in [[pitta]] sthana then the patient should be administered with ghee (clarified butter), honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).
*If, ''visha'' is located in ''kapha sthana'' (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada'' (..), ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).
*If, ''visha'' is located in [[kapha]] sthana (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada'' (..), [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).
*If, ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' (..) then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (5 types of elimination therapies).
*If, ''visha'' is located in [[rakta]] sthana or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' (..) then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (5 types of elimination therapies).
*Fumigation with herbs is useful in cleaning the atmosphere in home, things of daily use like bed, seats, cloths.
*Fumigation with herbs is useful in cleaning the atmosphere in home, things of daily use like bed, seats, cloths.
*If the poison has reached the stomach, then first principle is to administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the ''doshas'' and the strength of the patient.
*If the poison has reached the stomach, then first principle is to administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the [[dosha]] and the strength of the patient.
*Effect of poison gets aggravated in person who is afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.
*Effect of poison gets aggravated in person who is afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.
*Assessment of ''dosha'' dominance shall be done first for diagnosis. Then the poisoning cases shall be treated as per ''dosha'' dominance.
*Assessment of [[dosha]] dominance shall be done first for diagnosis. Then the poisoning cases shall be treated as per [[dosha]] dominance.
*The case of ''vatika'' poisoning, person should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.
*The case of ''vatika'' poisoning, person should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.
*''Paittika'' poisoning should be treated with very cold sprinkling and anointments.
*''Paittika'' poisoning should be treated with very cold sprinkling and anointments.
*''Kaphaja'' poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting.
*[[Kapha]]ja poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting.
*In poisoning with systemic symptoms, mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).
*In poisoning with systemic symptoms, mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
=== Similes in historical origin ===
As per the historical origin, the appearance of ''visha'' can be interpreted as follows. ''Deeptha teja'' denotes very strong nature of poison, ''chaturdamshtro'' denote the fangs of a snake, ''hari/ harith kesha'' (''pingala varna kesha'') depicting the color of the venom which is straw colored, ''analekshana'' denotes to the potency or ''taikshnya'' of the ''visha''.
As per the historical origin, the appearance of ''visha'' can be interpreted as follows. ''Deeptha teja'' denotes very strong nature of poison, ''chaturdamshtro'' denote the fangs of a snake, ''hari/ harith kesha'' (''pingala varna kesha'') depicting the color of the venom which is straw colored, ''analekshana'' denotes to the potency or ''taikshnya'' of the ''visha''.
Therefore, the effects of poison become milder after the rains are over. Similarly, poison becomes more virulent and persons afflicted with ''dushi visha'' become worse, during this season.
Therefore, the effects of poison become milder after the rains are over. Similarly, poison becomes more virulent and persons afflicted with ''dushi visha'' become worse, during this season.
=== ''Gara visha'' (artificial poison) ===
The third category of poison that may affect the man is called ''samyogaja visha'' and it is said to be inducted deliberately to cause harm. Chakrapanidatta mentions two types in it. One is named as ''gara'' which is a combination of non poisonous substances and the second one is ''kritrima'' (artificial) which is a combination of poisonous substances.
The third category of poison that may affect the man is called ''samyogaja visha'' and it is said to be inducted deliberately to cause harm. Chakrapanidatta mentions two types in it. One is named as ''gara'' which is a combination of non poisonous substances and the second one is ''kritrima'' (artificial) which is a combination of poisonous substances.
The same things are mentioned by the other authors also with a little difference or without any sub classification in it. It was one of the major practices in olden days. Today the practitioners have a common opinion that it is only a psychological aspect of some disorders and no such toxin can be seen as such which acts as explained in ''gara''. In Ashtanga Hridaya and Sushruta Samhita, detailed symptomatology which can be clearly demarcated on the basis of those which are related to the body and those which affect the mind. In conditions like ''shopha'' (inflammation), ''udara'' (ascitis) and ''pleeha'' (spleenomegaly) show the involvement of the hepatic system predominantly and also metabolic disorders.
The same things are mentioned by the other authors also with a little difference or without any sub classification in it. It was one of the major practices in olden days. Today the practitioners have a common opinion that it is only a psychological aspect of some disorders and no such toxin can be seen as such which acts as explained in ''gara''. In Ashtanga Hridaya and Sushruta Samhita, detailed symptomatology which can be clearly demarcated on the basis of those which are related to the body and those which affect the mind. In conditions like ''shopha'' (inflammation), ''udara'' (ascitis) and ''pleeha'' (spleenomegaly) show the involvement of the hepatic system predominantly and also metabolic disorders.
=== Properties and affects ===
The ten [[guna]] of ''visha'' with their impact on the [[dosha]] and the body are dealt in this section. Some [[guna]] can be interpreted as follows: Sookshma [[guna]] has a property of ''vivarana'' i.e.; to spread which makes the [[rakta]] to spread all over and make the ''visha'' reach all over the body. [[Kapha]] and ''visha'' have the same origin from ''jala'' (water) and also the ''avyakta rasata'' leads to intrude into the ''anna rasa'' and spreads fast. Vyavayi [[guna]] is responsible for the quick spreading of ''visha'' as like a drop of oil spreads on water surface. ''Taikshnya'' is responsible for ''marmaghna'' effect. Basically ''marma'' is ''saumya'' in nature. The ''vishada guna'' of ''visha'' makes it unsticky and there by not allowing getting it adhered at single place. The teekshna [[guna]] of ''visha'' destroys it and causes the ''marmaghna'' effect. It is very difficult to keep a ''laghu dravya'' stagnant. It keeps on changing its form or function. So it becomes very difficult to treat ''visha'' that is ''laghu'' and constantly changing its site of action in the body. Sushruta has also attributed the effect of poisons corresponding to its [[guna]]. The illustration is precise and understandable.<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.2 Sthavaravishavijnaneeya Kalpa Adhyaya verse 3. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1 </ref>
=== Treatment modalities ===
''Visha'' is managed by the above said 24 fold treatment principles. Any of the above said methods can be implemented in the treatment. They can be classified in to two as per the usage. One is emergency management and the other is conservative and [[rasayana]] treatment. The procedures like ''mantra, arishta, utkartana, nishpeedana, aachooshana, agni, parisheka, avagaha, raktamokshana'' are all emergencies as they will arrest the spread of ''visha''. The [[vamana]], [[virechana]], samjna sthapana (restoration of consciousness) etc are helpful in the removal of the absorbed poison. The set of treatments like ''prashamana'' (pacification), ''aushadha'' etc. are self explanatory. ''Mrita sanjeevana'' (restoring life in about to die or apprantly dead person) acts as a life saving and [[rasayana]]. To say, [[rasayana]] has an inverse relation with ''visha''. This is told very clearly by Vagbhata while explaining the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]]. [[Rasayana]] comes next to ''visha'' in the chronology. [[Visha Chikitsa]] completes only after [[rasayana]] prayoga as it rejuvenates the damaged cells and tissues. The one which stands separate is ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is a trump card management in [[Visha Chikitsa]] when all other treatments fail. In olden days of practice it was very much used by various ''vaidyas''. Now it is restricted only to a limited area like Kerala. There are still some incidents of life saved by this procedure. Smilar references about the line of management in cases of poisoning can be cross referred in Sushruta Samhita & Ashtanga Samgraha. <ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.5 Sarpadashtavisha Chikitsitakalpa Adhyaya verse 3-4. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1</ref> <ref>Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, Uttara Sthana, 42, Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya. Verse 8 translated to English by Prof. Murthy KR, 9 th edition, Varanasi,Chaukhambha Orientalia Publisher, 2005; 229.</ref> <ref>Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, Uttara Sthana, 42, Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya. Verse 19-23 translated to English by Prof. Murthy KR, 9 th edition, Varanasi,Chaukhambha Orientalia Publisher, 2005; 229.</ref>
=== First aid or immediate treatment after bite ===
Application of tourniquet should be to such an extent that the pressure exerted thereby should allow the passing of the little finger underneath it and above the skin. It remains always a matter of debate whether to incise the bite site or not. One school of thought combat the procedure as there are chances of infection of the wound created thereby. It may also get worsen especially in cases of viper bites as the open injuries get necrosed due to vasculotoxic effect of the venom ultimately results in amputation of the organ involved.
Application of tourniquet should be to such an extent that the pressure exerted thereby should allow the passing of the little finger underneath it and above the skin. It remains always a matter of debate whether to incise the bite site or not. One school of thought combat the procedure as there are chances of infection of the wound created thereby. It may also get worsen especially in cases of viper bites as the open injuries get necrosed due to vasculotoxic effect of the venom ultimately results in amputation of the organ involved.
''Chushana'' (sucking) may also be done after putting ''gomaya'' (dried cowdung) ''agada churnas'', or ''bhasma'' in mouth. (A.H.U.36/46-47)
''Chushana'' (sucking) may also be done after putting ''gomaya'' (dried cowdung) ''agada churnas'', or ''bhasma'' in mouth.<ref>Vagbhata. Uttara Sthana, Cha.36 Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya verse 46-47. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref>
=== ''Agnikarma'' and its contraindications ===
''Agnikarma'' was performed with the help of ''shalaka'' (rod) made up of ''hema'' (gold) or ''lauha'' (iron). Nowadays a rod made up of ''pancha dhatu'' (mixture of five metals) is utilized for the purpose. The procedure is contra-indicated in ''mandali'' (viper) bites. (A.H.U.36/45)
''Agnikarma'' was performed with the help of ''shalaka'' (rod) made up of ''hema'' (gold) or ''lauha'' (iron). Nowadays a rod made up of ''pancha dhatu'' (mixture of five metals) is utilized for the purpose. The procedure is contra-indicated in ''mandali'' (viper) bites. <ref>Vagbhata. Uttara Sthana, Cha.36 Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya verse 45. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref>
=== Importance of protection of heart ===
''Hridayavarana'' (covering heart area with external local application of specific medicines) should be performed first before applying any treatment as it is the most vital organ in case of poisoning. ''Hridayavarana'' is to be done daily (Sushruta). It was specifically intended to the Kings as they were constantly under threat from various external factors. If done daily the person will not get affected by the poison. It has to be followed by ''vamana'' as the procedure causes ''kapha vriddhi'' i.e. ''shleshma upachaya''. It is directed to administer ''ghrita'', combination of ''ghrita'' and ''madhu'' (honey), or ''agada'' with ''ghrita''. It is also indicated some other drugs like ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), ''krishna mrid'' (black soil) etc. (A.S.U.42/15-16)
''Hridayavarana'' (covering heart area with external local application of specific medicines) should be performed first before applying any treatment as it is the most vital organ in case of poisoning. ''Hridayavarana'' is to be done daily (Sushruta). It was specifically intended to the Kings as they were constantly under threat from various external factors. If done daily the person will not get affected by the poison. It has to be followed by [[vamana]] as the procedure causes [[kapha]] vriddhi i.e. ''shleshma upachaya''. It is directed to administer ''ghrita'', combination of ''ghrita'' and ''madhu'' (honey), or ''agada'' with ''ghrita''. It is also indicated some other drugs like ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), ''krishna mrid'' (black soil) etc.<ref>Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, Uttara Sthana, 42, Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya. Verse 15-16 translated to English by Prof. Murthy KR, 9 th edition, Varanasi,Chaukhambha Orientalia Publisher, 2005; 229</ref>
=== Stage wise treatment of poisoning ===
It can be interpreted that the treatments mentioned are in chronological order and can be used as per the stage in which the patient has been brought to the ''vaidya''. As the complication is increased the treatment methodology has to be changed from simple local techniques to highly evolved methods like the ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is mentioned in some of the Malayalam texts of toxicology that when ''visha'' enters the body it starts hunting the ''prana''/life of the person and the chase begins where the ''visha'' is after the ''prana''. It is the amount of poison and the strength of the person together with the rapidity of the action of the drugs given which decides the prognosis. There is also a concept called ''visha kala'' and ''amritha kala'' which says that there are 15 vital points in the body and the poison affected to any one of these points on the days as per the ''tithi'' mentioned in the Indian calendar decides the prognosis and the intensity of the treatment required. Similar is the concept of ''kalavanchana'' where the poison in its total virulence in the body is nullified by the treatment methods aptly adopted.
It can be interpreted that the treatments mentioned are in chronological order and can be used as per the stage in which the patient has been brought to the ''vaidya''. As the complication is increased the treatment methodology has to be changed from simple local techniques to highly evolved methods like the ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is mentioned in some of the Malayalam texts of toxicology that when ''visha'' enters the body it starts hunting the ''prana''/life of the person and the chase begins where the ''visha'' is after the ''prana''. It is the amount of poison and the strength of the person together with the rapidity of the action of the drugs given which decides the prognosis. There is also a concept called ''visha kala'' and ''amritha kala'' which says that there are 15 vital points in the body and the poison affected to any one of these points on the days as per the ''tithi'' mentioned in the Indian calendar decides the prognosis and the intensity of the treatment required. Similar is the concept of ''kalavanchana'' where the poison in its total virulence in the body is nullified by the treatment methods aptly adopted.
=== ''Mahagandhahasti agada'' ===
This ''agada'' is said to be very effective in all the modes of induction. It has the effect of ''vishahara'' and at the same time it acts as a good prophylactic drug with a ''rasayana'' property. The ''agada'' is not available now and also not practised by any of the ''visha vaidyas'' in Kerala.
This ''agada'' is said to be very effective in all the modes of induction. It has the effect of ''vishahara'' and at the same time it acts as a good prophylactic drug with a [[rasayana]] property. The ''agada'' is not available now and also not practised by any of the ''visha vaidyas'' in Kerala.
=== Various formulations ===
The ''agada yogas'' help in managing the complications due to the ''sthavara visha''. The Ashtanga Samgraha specifically mentions sixteen ''lakshanas'' as the ''upadravas'' of ''visha''. If we see the above reference we can come across a few of the features like ''jwara, kasa, shwasa, hikka,'' and ''swayathu''. The drugs dealt above like ''nalada'' (Vetiveria zinzanioides), ''jeevaka'' (M. musifera), ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''bharangi'' (Clerodendrum serratum) are also effective in [[Visha Chikitsa]] which makes us understand that the selection of drug is an important factor in treating the complication in ''visha'' and the conventional drugs have to be replaced.
The ''agada yogas'' help in managing the complications due to the ''sthavara visha''. The Ashtanga Samgraha specifically mentions sixteen ''lakshanas'' as the ''upadravas'' of ''visha''. If we see the above reference we can come across a few of the features like ''jwara, kasa, shwasa, hikka,'' and ''swayathu''. The drugs dealt above like ''nalada'' (Vetiveria zinzanioides), ''jeevaka'' (M. musifera), ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''bharangi'' (Clerodendrum serratum) are also effective in [[Visha Chikitsa]] which makes us understand that the selection of drug is an important factor in treating the complication in ''visha'' and the conventional drugs have to be replaced.
==== ''Ksharagada'' ====
The site of affliction of ''visha'' explains the site of action and the mode of action of the ''agada''. If we go through the indications of the ''agada'', we can easily come to a conclusion that the drug has a GIT level action (where there is ''grathitha kapha''), very specifically in conditions of ''garavisha'' with a ''nidana'' and ''samprapti'' of the ''udara'' (''dooshyodara'') and ''shotha''. It also has a role in the management of disorders of the “acute or chronic” pattern like ''dooshivishaja'' origin.
The site of affliction of ''visha'' explains the site of action and the mode of action of the ''agada''. If we go through the indications of the ''agada'', we can easily come to a conclusion that the drug has a GIT level action (where there is ''grathitha kapha''), very specifically in conditions of ''garavisha'' with a ''nidana'' and ''samprapti'' of the ''udara'' (''dooshyodara'') and ''shotha''. It also has a role in the management of disorders of the “acute or chronic” pattern like ''dooshivishaja'' origin.
=== Characteristics of poisonous food ===
There are the methods to detect the poisons present in various foods provided. The characteristics of person giving poison and poisonous food are described in the text. It signifies the relevance of a good forensic lab to detect the toxicities in food.
There are the methods to detect the poisons present in various foods provided. The characteristics of person giving poison and poisonous food are described in the text. It signifies the relevance of a good forensic lab to detect the toxicities in food.
Probably this is the oldest reference we get regarding the forensic lab. Other than this we can get ample references regarding this in the ''artha shastra'' of Kautilya. Similar explanation is seen in Sushruta Samiha regarding the testing of food before consuming if suspected to be poisoned. (S.K. 1/28-33)
Probably this is the oldest reference we get regarding the forensic lab. Other than this we can get ample references regarding this in the ''artha shastra'' of Kautilya. Similar explanation is seen in Sushruta Samiha regarding the testing of food before consuming if suspected to be poisoned. <ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.1 Annapanaraksha Adhyaya verse 28-33. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>
=== Identification and types of snakes ===
Based on the appearance the poisonous snakes available in India, till date, can be characterized into three varieties- the ones with hood, the ones which possess rounded marks on their body and the ones with streaks on its body.
Based on the appearance the poisonous snakes available in India, till date, can be characterized into three varieties- the ones with hood, the ones which possess rounded marks on their body and the ones with streaks on its body.
The hooded snakes include the cobra and the king cobra, the ones with rounded marks include the vipers- different varieties of viper: Russels viper, pit vipers and saw scaled vipers and the ones with streaks includes the two varieties of krait- the common krait and banded krait.
The hooded snakes include the cobra and the king cobra, the ones with rounded marks include the vipers- different varieties of viper: Russels viper, pit vipers and saw scaled vipers and the ones with streaks includes the two varieties of krait- the common krait and banded krait.
Acharya Sushruta has explained other classification of snakes which includes the above three under ''savisha'' variety, ''nirvisha'' snakes and ''vaikaranja'' or hybrid snakes (Su.Ka.4/9-10) He has further sub classified each of these three snakes into several varieties. (Su.Ka.4/34).
Acharya Sushruta has explained other classification of snakes which includes the above three under ''savisha'' variety, ''nirvisha'' snakes and ''vaikaranja'' or hybrid snakes<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.4 Sarpadashtavishavijnaaneeya Adhyaya verse 9-10. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>. He has further sub classified each of these three snakes into several varieties.<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.4 Sarpadashtavishavijnaaneeya Adhyaya verse 34. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>
==== ''Darveekara'' snake – comparison: King cobra and cobra ====
==== Cobra ====
Spectacled cobra is the most common and found all throughout India. It is often seen in or near agricultural fields, human habitations and granaries in search of rats. It commonly moves during evenings and early mornings. It is in different shades of brown, yellow, grey or black. It is about 3- 7 ft in length.When provoked, the cobra will raise its forebody spread it as a hood and may hiss. Its distinctive mark is the spectacle on rear of the hood. Undersides of the hood are broad faint stripes, above these are 2 dark spots surrounded by white borders.
Spectacled cobra is the most common and found all throughout India. It is often seen in or near agricultural fields, human habitations and granaries in search of rats. It commonly moves during evenings and early mornings. It is in different shades of brown, yellow, grey or black. It is about 3- 7 ft in length.When provoked, the cobra will raise its forebody spread it as a hood and may hiss. Its distinctive mark is the spectacle on rear of the hood. Undersides of the hood are broad faint stripes, above these are 2 dark spots surrounded by white borders.
File:Visha3.jpg|Fig 3. Central Asian Cobra (''Naja Oxiana'')
File:Visha3.jpg|Fig 3. Central Asian Cobra (''Naja Oxiana'')
File:Visha4.jpg|Fig 4. Andaman Cobra (''Naja Sagittifera'')
File:Visha4.jpg|Fig 4. Andaman Cobra (''Naja Sagittifera'')
</gallery>
</gallery>
==== King cobra: Ophiophagus hennah ====
It is common in Western Ghats. Its average length is 10 ft, max-15 ft. It is the longest venomous snake, stout bodied, black, grey, dark olive green or yellowish brown. It has white or yellowish cross bands over entire length of the body.
It is common in Western Ghats. Its average length is 10 ft, max-15 ft. It is the longest venomous snake, stout bodied, black, grey, dark olive green or yellowish brown. It has white or yellowish cross bands over entire length of the body.
</gallery>
</gallery>
==== ''Mandali sarpa'': Comparision- Russell's viper, pit vipers, saw scaled vipers ====
==== Russell’s viper (Daboia russelli) ====
Is the most beautiful of all snakes, average 3 ft. stout with 3 longitudinal series of conspicuous, large, brown or black oval marks on brown or yellowish brown body. Its head is flat, triangular with a ‘V’ shaped mark on it, pointed end towards the front. Its tail is short and thin. Its head is covered by small scales.
Is the most beautiful of all snakes, average 3 ft. stout with 3 longitudinal series of conspicuous, large, brown or black oval marks on brown or yellowish brown body. Its head is flat, triangular with a ‘V’ shaped mark on it, pointed end towards the front. Its tail is short and thin. Its head is covered by small scales.
==== Saw scaled viper ====
It is small and thin snake with 1-1.5 ft in length. Has a triangular head and possesses small scales on the top of head. Has a short and thin tail. Is brown/ brick red/ gray/sand coloured with zig-zag patterns on the back. Head has arrow shaped mark over it.
It is small and thin snake with 1-1.5 ft in length. Has a triangular head and possesses small scales on the top of head. Has a short and thin tail. Is brown/ brick red/ gray/sand coloured with zig-zag patterns on the back. Head has arrow shaped mark over it.
==== Pit vipers ====
20 species of pit vipers found in India all in Viperidae, different genus. They are so called because of pit located between nostril and eye.The membrane in the pit is extremely sensitive to heat- this helps the snake to locate its warm blooded prey even in pitch darkness. Usually found in forest areas and plantations.1-3.5 ft.Has a triangular head broader than the neck. All have vertical pupils. It is venomous, anyhow out of 20 species in India- fatalities less reported.
20 species of pit vipers found in India all in Viperidae, different genus. They are so called because of pit located between nostril and eye.The membrane in the pit is extremely sensitive to heat- this helps the snake to locate its warm blooded prey even in pitch darkness. Usually found in forest areas and plantations.1-3.5 ft.Has a triangular head broader than the neck. All have vertical pupils. It is venomous, anyhow out of 20 species in India- fatalities less reported.
</gallery>
</gallery>
==== ''Rajiman Sarpa''- Comparision- Common and Banded Krait ====
==== Common Krait: Bungarus caeruleus ====
This snake is seen in fields, jungle, in vicinity of human habitation, inside houses also. It is about 3-5ft. Steel blue, bluish grey, glossy black, brownish black with cross bands of narrow white colour. Fore body may sometimes be free from cross bands.Is nocturnal.Is shy in day, active at night.
This snake is seen in fields, jungle, in vicinity of human habitation, inside houses also. It is about 3-5ft. Steel blue, bluish grey, glossy black, brownish black with cross bands of narrow white colour. Fore body may sometimes be free from cross bands.Is nocturnal.Is shy in day, active at night.
==== Banded krait: Bungarus fasciatus ====
Has limited distribution in India. Found in south, west or north east India.Is about 5 ft.Its body is triangular in cross section with a prominent raised vertebral ridge.Uppermost row of scales on the back is very large and 6 sided.Moves in night.
Has limited distribution in India. Found in south, west or north east India.Is about 5 ft.Its body is triangular in cross section with a prominent raised vertebral ridge.Uppermost row of scales on the back is very large and 6 sided.Moves in night.
==== Gender wise classification of snakes ====
The gender wise classification of snakes is based on several features. The same is explained in Sushruta samhita.(Su.Sam.Ka.4/35). Presently the classification of a snake based on the sex can be made only after proper examination of the sex organs or by popping probing ( methods used to confirm the sex of a snake). Apart from this, the sexual dimorphism is also explained based on body size etc which stimulates the above mentioned description.
The gender wise classification of snakes is based on several features. The same is explained in Sushruta samhita.<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.4 Sarpadashtavishavijnaaneeya Adhyaya verse 35 In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>. Presently the classification of a snake based on the sex can be made only after proper examination of the sex organs or by popping probing ( methods used to confirm the sex of a snake). Apart from this, the sexual dimorphism is also explained based on body size etc which stimulates the above mentioned description.
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Visha11.jpg|Fig 11. Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus)
File:Visha11.jpg|Fig 11. Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus)
File:Visha12.png|Fig 12. Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus)
File:Visha12.png|Fig 12. Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus)
File:Visha13.jpg|Fig 13. Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus)
File:Visha13.png|Fig 13. Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus)
File:Visha14.jpg|Fig 14. Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus)
File:Visha14.png|Fig 14. Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus)
</gallery>
</gallery>
==== ''Godha'' (monitor) ====
The same description of ''godha'' has been explained in Ashtanga Hridaya. (A.H.U.36/7). Though there is no such cross breed between a snake and a lizard, in the process of evolution, the snakes are derived from the lizards and both have several features in common. Some lizards can even spread out their upper neck stimulating a cobra or ''Darveekara Sarpa''.(animals.pawnation.com/characteristics-lizards-snakes-have-8612.html) may be such varieties are explained as ''gaudheyaka''.
The same description of ''godha'' has been explained in Ashtanga Hridaya. <ref>Vagbhata. Uttara Sthana, Cha.36 Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya verse 7. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref> Though there is no such cross breed between a snake and a lizard, in the process of evolution, the snakes are derived from the lizards and both have several features in common. Some lizards can even spread out their upper neck stimulating a cobra or ''Darveekara Sarpa''.(animals.pawnation.com/characteristics-lizards-snakes-have-8612.html) may be such varieties are explained as ''gaudheyaka''.
=== Drugs to be identified ===
#बन्धुजीव
#बन्धुजीव
#कपित्थ
#कपित्थ
#चुञ्चु
#चुञ्चु
#गोरोचना
#गोरोचना
==== Glossary to be made for the following words ====
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==References==
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