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→Tattva Vimarsha
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
*''Visha'' (poison) is of two categories viz. ''jangama'' (animal origin) and ''sthavara'' (earthen and plant origin).
*''Visha'' originated from water element; it is (hot and sharply acting) like fire. Its action is manifested in 8 stages. It has 10 properties and can be cured by 24 categories of therapeutic measures.
*Inappropriate combination of various substances leads to formation of ''gara-visha''. It produces various diseases. Since it takes time to get metabolized and to produce its toxic effects, it does not cause instantaneous death of a person. It has gradual onset and chronic features.
*The action of animal poison is manly in lower gastrointestinal tract, while the action of plant poison is mainly in upper gastrointestinal tract. The clinical features are well differentiated in both cases. Therefore, the animal poison is used in treatment of poisoning by vegetable-poison and vice versa.
*The effect of ''visha'' in humans can be assessed clinically in eight stages. The severity increases as per stage, finally leading to death.
*The poisonous effect depends upon site of ''dosha, prakriti'' of patient and nature of poison.
*''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), k''itibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts all ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.
*Due to power of poison, vitiated blood transudes to obstruct srotas (channels) leading to death of the patient. If the poison is taken orally, it stays in heart ( generalized affect) and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow (local affect), it gets lodged in the place of bite.
*Immediate treatment should be done to prevent spread of poison in the body through circulation. Application of tourniquet at the site of bite and suction are first measures.
*''Rakta dhatu'' is abode of ''visha'' and circulates ''visha'' all over the body. Hence bloodletting shall be done in various modalities at site of bite.
*The treatment shall be administered after assessment of stage of poisoning and condition of the patient.
*The treatment of ''visha'' includes twenty four modalities that are categorized under emergency treatments and conservative treatments. viz. Recitation of mantras; ''Arishta'' (tying an amulet impregnated with ''mantra'' or tying a bandage above the place of bite); ''Utkartana'' (excision of the part afflicted with the poisonous bite); ''Nishpidana'' (squeezing out blood from the place of the bite); ''Chushana'' (sucking out the poison from the place of the bite); ''Agni'' (cauterization); ''Parisheka'' (affusion); ''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water); ''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting); ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis); ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation); ''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp); ''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart); ''Anjana'' (application of collyrium); ''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.); ''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy); ''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking); ''Aushadha'' (administration of anti-toxic drugs or wearing as an amulet); ''Prashamana'' (sedatives); ''Pratisarana'' (application of alkalies); ''Prativisha'' (administration of poisons as medicines to counteract the original poison); ''Sanjna-samsthapana'' (administration of medicines for the restoration of consciousness); ''Lepa'' (application of medicines in the form of a paste or ointment); and ''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).
*''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of mantras. At first ''dosha'', where ''visha'' is lodged should be treated.
*If, ''visha'' is located in ''vata sthana'' then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.
*If, ''visha'' is located in pitta sthana then the patient should be administered with ghee (clarified butter), honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given avagaha and parisheka (types of fomentation therapies).
• If, visha is located in kapha sthana (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ksharagada (..), swedana (fomentation therapy) and siravydhana (bloodletting).
• If, visha is located in kapha sthana (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ksharagada (..), swedana (fomentation therapy) and siravydhana (bloodletting).
• If, visha is located in rakta sthana or if the patient is afflicted with dooshivisha (..) then the patient should be administered with siravyadhana (bloodletting) and panchakarma (5 types of elimination therapies).
• If, visha is located in rakta sthana or if the patient is afflicted with dooshivisha (..) then the patient should be administered with siravyadhana (bloodletting) and panchakarma (5 types of elimination therapies).