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Line 10: − − <big>'''Abstract'''</big> − − <div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are aptopadesha (authoritative instructions), pratyaksha (direct observation) and anumana (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </div> − − '''Keywords''': ''Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana,'' Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools. − </div> − Line 29:
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Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana (view source)
Revision as of 11:01, 19 July 2021
, 11:01, 19 July 2021→Updates from Ayurveda texts
|title=Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana
|title=Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana, Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools
|keywords=Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana, Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Vimana Sthana Chapter 4. Three methods for knowledge of disease
|description=Vimana Sthana Chapter 4. Three methods for knowledge of disease
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
|type=article
<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 4. Three methods for knowledge of disease '''</big>
<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 4. Three methods for knowledge of disease '''</big>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana
|title = Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Dwivedi R.B., Gujarathi R.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Paliwal M., Sapra U.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Pol A., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.005 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.005]
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are aptopadesha (authoritative instructions), pratyaksha (direct observation) and anumana (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </div>
'''Keywords''': ''Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana,'' Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools.
</div>
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
==== Gustatory examinations can be inferred by following observations ====
==== Gustatory examinations can be inferred by following observations ====
Taste of the various tissues in the body of the patient are undoubtedly the objects of the gustatory sense organ and can be ascertained by inference and not by direct observation. Therefore, the taste in the mouth of the patient should be ascertained by interrogation. For example, sweet taste of the body can be inferred when flies are attracted towards the body. In the case of bleeding from the body, if there is a doubt about the nature of the blood, it should be resolved by giving the blood to dogs and crow to taste. Intake of the blood by dogs and crows is indicative of its purity and rejection by these animals indicates that the blood is vitiated by ''pitta'', i.e. the patient is suffering from ''raktapitta''. Similarly, other tastes in the patient’s body can be inferred.
Taste of the various tissues in the body of the patient are undoubtedly the objects of the gustatory sense organ and can be ascertained by inference and not by direct observation. Therefore, the taste in the mouth of the patient should be ascertained by interrogation. For example, sweet taste of the body can be inferred when flies are attracted towards the body. In the case of bleeding from the body, if there is a doubt about the nature of the blood, it should be resolved by giving the blood to dogs and crow to taste. Intake of the blood by dogs and crows is indicative of its purity and rejection by these animals indicates that the blood is vitiated by [[pitta]], i.e. the patient is suffering from ''raktapitta''. Similarly, other tastes in the patient’s body can be inferred.
</div>
</div>
==== By olfactory examinations ====
==== By olfactory examinations ====
* ''Sangya namgrahanena''- mental awakening instantaneous identification
* ''Sangya namgrahanena''- mental awakening instantaneous identification
* ''Smriti smarnena''- memory by recalling ability
* [[Smriti]] smarnena- memory by recalling ability
* ''Hriyam apatrapnena''- shy by drooping of eyelids.
* ''Hriyam apatrapnena''- shy by drooping of eyelids.
* ''Bhakti deshen''- liking a place, person and surroundings with opportunistic intentions.
* ''Bhakti deshen''- liking a place, person and surroundings with opportunistic intentions.
* ''Satmya upshayena''- habituation by suitability
* [[Satmya]] upshayena- habituation by suitability
* ''Vyadhi vedanaya''- diseases by symptomatology
* ''Vyadhi vedanaya''- diseases by symptomatology
* ''Goodha linga vyadhi''- mysterious diseases by therapeutic measures
* ''Goodha linga vyadhi''- mysterious diseases by therapeutic measures
* ''Dosha pramana''- quantity of morbidity by potential causative factors
* [[Dosha]] pramana- quantity of morbidity by potential causative factors
* ''Aysha kshaya''- near death signs of imminent death (''Arishta'')
* ''Aysha kshaya''- near death signs of imminent death (''Arishta'')
* ''Granyastu mridu darunatwam''- abdominal comforts and discomforts by sleep quality and by interrogations. [8]
* ''Granyastu mridu darunatwam''- abdominal comforts and discomforts by sleep quality and by interrogations. [8]
</div>
</div>
=== Importance of three fold examination ===
=== Importance of three fold examination ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In other texts of Ayurveda, various references of one type, two types, three types, four types, six types, eight types, ten types, eleven types, and twelve types of examination of the patient are described. Some important are as given below:
In other texts of Ayurveda, various references of one type, two types, three types, four types, six types, eight types, ten types, eleven types, and twelve types of examination of the patient are described. Some important are as given below:
i)In Sushruta samhita,three fold like inspection(darshana), palpation (sparshana) and interrogation (prashana) are described. Six fold examination (5 sense (indriya) and interrogation (prashana pareeksha)) is also described.
i)In Sushruta samhita,three fold like inspection(darshana), palpation (sparshana) and interrogation (prashana) are described. Six fold examination (5 sense ([[indriya]]) and interrogation (prashana pareeksha)) is also described.
ii)Yogaratnakar text describes eight fold examination viz. pulse(nadi), bowel habit/stool examination (mala), urine examination (mutra), tongue (jihwa), sound (shabda), touch (sparsha), sight (drik) and features (akriti). This is widely used in general examination of the patient.
ii)Yogaratnakar text describes eight fold examination viz. pulse(nadi), bowel habit/stool examination ([[mala]]), urine examination ([[mutra]]), tongue (jihwa), sound (shabda), touch (sparsha), sight (drik) and features (akriti). This is widely used in general examination of the patient.
=== Contemporary methods ===
=== Contemporary methods ===