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iti pratyakShato~anumAnAdupadeshatashca  parIkShaNamuktam||7||

iti pratyakShato~anumAnAdupadeshatashca  parIkShaNamuktam||7||

A physician who wants to examine the patient and diagnose the disease through pratyaksha (direct observations) method of examination should examine with his own senses (all senses except the one relating to the gustatory organ, i.e., taste), in the body of the patient.  

A physician who wants to examine the patient and diagnose the disease through ''pratyaksha'' (direct observations) method of examination should examine with his own senses (all senses except the one relating to the gustatory organ, i.e., taste), in the body of the patient.  

===== The following should be examined by auscultation =====

===== The following should be examined by auscultation =====

* Antrakoojanam: Gurgling sound in the intestine indicating sound of movement;

* ''Antrakoojanam'': Gurgling sound in the intestine indicating sound of movement;

* Sandhisphutanam: Crackling sound in the joints including those in the fingers;

* ''Sandhisphutanam'': Crackling sound in the joints including those in the fingers;

===== The following are perceived by auditory measures =====

===== The following are perceived by auditory measures =====

* Swara visheshana: Voice patterns of the patient; and

* ''Swara visheshana'': Voice patterns of the patient; and

* Shabda:  Such other sounds in the body of the patient which are normally found in the human body like respiratory and cardiovascular sounds and also the sounds which are produced through percussion and auscultation etc.

* ''Shabda'':  Such other sounds in the body of the patient which are normally found in the human body like respiratory and cardiovascular sounds and also the sounds which are produced through percussion and auscultation etc.

===== By tactile perceptions =====

===== By tactile perceptions =====

The physician should touch various body parts of the patients, and examine signs of abnormality in terms of the body temperature, skin texture (rough- unctuous), presence of moisture (dry-wet), eruptions, pitting, tenderness, etc.

The physician should touch various body parts of the patients, and examine signs of abnormality in terms of the body temperature, skin texture (rough- unctuous), presence of moisture (dry-wet), eruptions, pitting, tenderness, etc.

===== By visual examination =====

===== By visual examination =====

===== Gustatory examinations can be inferred by following observations =====

===== Gustatory examinations can be inferred by following observations =====

Taste of the various tissues in the body of the patient are undoubtedly the objects of the gustatory sense organ and can be ascertained by inference and not by direct observation. Therefore, the taste in the mouth of the patient should be ascertained by interrogation. For example, sweet taste of the body can be inferred when flies are attracted towards the body. In the case of bleeding from the body, if there is a doubt about the nature of the blood, it should be resolved by giving the blood to dogs and crow to taste. Intake of the blood by dogs and crows is indicative of its purity and rejection by these animals indicates that the blood is vitiated by pitta, i.e. the patient is suffering from raktapitta. Similarly, other tastes in the patient’s body can be inferred.

Taste of the various tissues in the body of the patient are undoubtedly the objects of the gustatory sense organ and can be ascertained by inference and not by direct observation. Therefore, the taste in the mouth of the patient should be ascertained by interrogation. For example, sweet taste of the body can be inferred when flies are attracted towards the body. In the case of bleeding from the body, if there is a doubt about the nature of the blood, it should be resolved by giving the blood to dogs and crow to taste. Intake of the blood by dogs and crows is indicative of its purity and rejection by these animals indicates that the blood is vitiated by ''pitta'', i.e. the patient is suffering from ''raktapitta''. Similarly, other tastes in the patient’s body can be inferred.

===== By olfactory examinations =====

===== By olfactory examinations =====

tadyathA- agniM jaraNashaktyA parIkSheta, balaM vyAyAmashaktyA, shrotrAdInishabdAdyarthagrahaNena, mano~arthAvyabhicaraNena, vij~jAnaM vyavasAyena, rajaHsa~ggena,mohamavij~jAnena, krodhamabhidroheNa, shokaM dainyena, harShamAmodena, prItiM toSheNa, bhayaMviShAdena, dhairyamaviShAdena, vIryamutthAnena  , avasthAnamavibhrameNa,shraddhAmabhiprAyeNa, medhAM grahaNena, sa~jj~jAM nAmagrahaNena, smRutiM smaraNena,hriyamapatrapaNena, shIlamanushIlanena, dveShaM pratiShedhena, upadhimanubandhena [3] ,dhRutimalaulyena, vashyatAM vidheyatayA, vayobhaktisAtmyavyAdhisamutthAnAnikAladeshopashayavedanAvisheSheNa, gUDhali~ggaM vyAdhimupashayAnupashayAbhyAM,doShapramANavisheShamapacAravisheSheNa, AyuShaH kShayamariShTaiH, upasthitashreyastvaMkalyANAbhiniveshena, amalaM sattvamavikAreNa, grahaNyAstu mRududAruNatvaMsvapnadarshanamabhiprAyaM dviShTeShTasukhaduHkhAni [4] cAturapariprashnenaiva vidyAditi||8||

tadyathA- agniM jaraNashaktyA parIkSheta, balaM vyAyAmashaktyA, shrotrAdInishabdAdyarthagrahaNena, mano~arthAvyabhicaraNena, vij~jAnaM vyavasAyena, rajaHsa~ggena,mohamavij~jAnena, krodhamabhidroheNa, shokaM dainyena, harShamAmodena, prItiM toSheNa, bhayaMviShAdena, dhairyamaviShAdena, vIryamutthAnena  , avasthAnamavibhrameNa,shraddhAmabhiprAyeNa, medhAM grahaNena, sa~jj~jAM nAmagrahaNena, smRutiM smaraNena,hriyamapatrapaNena, shIlamanushIlanena, dveShaM pratiShedhena, upadhimanubandhena [3] ,dhRutimalaulyena, vashyatAM vidheyatayA, vayobhaktisAtmyavyAdhisamutthAnAnikAladeshopashayavedanAvisheSheNa, gUDhali~ggaM vyAdhimupashayAnupashayAbhyAM,doShapramANavisheShamapacAravisheSheNa, AyuShaH kShayamariShTaiH, upasthitashreyastvaMkalyANAbhiniveshena, amalaM sattvamavikAreNa, grahaNyAstu mRududAruNatvaMsvapnadarshanamabhiprAyaM dviShTeShTasukhaduHkhAni [4] cAturapariprashnenaiva vidyAditi||8||

Charaka observed that the objects known by direct perceptions are very limited, whereas the range of inference is fairly vast in areas that are not known by our means of perception, i.e., sense organs. Here, reasoning and logic already stated in scriptures need to be used. The following subjects could be understood through anumana (inference):

Charaka observed that the objects known by direct perceptions are very limited, whereas the range of inference is fairly vast in areas that are not known by our means of perception, i.e., sense organs. Here, reasoning and logic already stated in scriptures need to be used. The following subjects could be understood through ''anumana'' (inference):

* Agnim jaran shaktya- Digestion by quality and quantity of food taken and digested or not digested.

* ''Agnim jaran shaktya''- Digestion by quality and quantity of food taken and digested or not digested.

* Balam vyayam shaktya- Physical strength of the person to be examined with the performance of the exercise or the physical work.  

* ''Balam vyayam shaktya''- Physical strength of the person to be examined with the performance of the exercise or the physical work.  

* Shrotradeeni- shabdadi artha grahanena:-The  sensory ability with clarity and accuracy of perception of their respective objects.

* ''Shrotradeeni- shabdadi artha grahanena''-The  sensory ability with clarity and accuracy of perception of their respective objects.

* Mano- avyabhicharnena - Inappropriate mental perceptions, even in the presence of all other senses along with their respective objects. Absence or altered perception  indicates dissociation of mind with senses.

* ''Mano- avyabhicharnena'' - Inappropriate mental perceptions, even in the presence of all other senses along with their respective objects. Absence or altered perception  indicates dissociation of mind with senses.

   

   

* Vigyanam vyavsayena:- skills can be judged by one’s occupation.  

* ''Vigyanam vyavsayena''- skills can be judged by one’s occupation.  

* Rajah sangena: - attachments by involvement  

* ''Rajah sangena'' - attachments by involvement  

* Moham avigyanena:- ignorance, has no skills, without occupation, remains idol.

* ''Moham avigyanena''- ignorance, has no skills, without occupation, remains idol.

* Krodham abhidrohena: anger by choosing measures for revenge

* ''Krodham abhidrohena''- anger by choosing measures for revenge

* Shokam dainyena:- grief by poverty of thinking  

* ''Shokam dainyena''- grief by poverty of thinking  

* Harsham aamoden: pleasure by way of celebrations.

* ''Harsham aamoden''- pleasure by way of celebrations.

* Preetim Toshena:- affection by satisfaction.

* ''Preetim Toshena''- affection by satisfaction.

* Bhayam vishadena:- fear by duration and severity of anxiety.

* Bhayam vishadena:- fear by duration and severity of anxiety.

* Granyastu mridu darunatwam:- abdominal comforts and discomforts by sleep quality and by interrogations. [8]

* Granyastu mridu darunatwam:- abdominal comforts and discomforts by sleep quality and by interrogations. [8]

 

==== Summary ====

==== Summary ====