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{{#seo:

{{#seo:

|title=Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya

|title=Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya

|titlemode=append

|titlemode=append

|keywords=Adana kala, seasonal diet and lifestyle, regimen, ritu(season), satmya(adaptability), seasonal regimen, bala, strength in seasons, immunity, visarga kala,ecology,bio-physical environment

|keywords=Adana kala, seasonal diet and lifestyle, regimen, ritu(season), satmya(adaptability), seasonal regimen, bala, strength in seasons, immunity, visarga kala,ecology,bio-physical environment, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 6. Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 6. Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle

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}}

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 6. Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle '''</big>

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 6. Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle '''</big>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title = Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya

|title = Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

 

}}

}}

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

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A person who has the knowledge of appropriate food articles and activities applicable to specific seasons and also the discipline and inclination to practice them (in accordance with those seasons) stays healthy. Whereas a person without knowledge (or with limited knowledge) of wholesome regimen for different seasons or without the discipline or temperament of following these seasonal practices is likely to suffer from various diseases. Seeking this objective, the chapter describes [[ahara]] (diet) and [[vihara]] (lifestyle) to be followed in different seasons. The way we eat, exercise, rest, sleep, think, plan, carry out our routine work, and behave with others - are collectively termed 'Lifestyle'.  In Indian subcontinent, there are six seasons in the year on the basis of the position of the Sun with respect to the Earth. The qualities of different seasons need to be understood in three aspects viz. [[masa]] (month), [[rashi]] (stellar constellations) and characteristic features pertaining to the season. While prescribing regimen for different seasons, importance should be given first to the appearance of characteristic features in the prevailing season, then to the [[rashi]] and finally to the [[masa]].   

A person who has the knowledge of appropriate food articles and activities applicable to specific seasons and also the discipline and inclination to practice them (in accordance with those seasons) stays healthy. Whereas a person without knowledge (or with limited knowledge) of wholesome regimen for different seasons or without the discipline or temperament of following these seasonal practices is likely to suffer from various diseases. Seeking this objective, the chapter describes [[ahara]] (diet) and [[vihara]] (lifestyle) to be followed in different seasons. The way we eat, exercise, rest, sleep, think, plan, carry out our routine work, and behave with others - are collectively termed 'Lifestyle'.  In Indian subcontinent, there are six seasons in the year on the basis of the position of the Sun with respect to the Earth. The qualities of different seasons need to be understood in three aspects viz. [[masa]] (month), [[rashi]] (stellar constellations) and characteristic features pertaining to the season. While prescribing regimen for different seasons, importance should be given first to the appearance of characteristic features in the prevailing season, then to the [[rashi]] and finally to the [[masa]].   

Health is a state of dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment. The moment this [[Loka-Purusha Samya]] gets disturbed, [[dosha]] get imbalanced to cause diseases. The basic concept of prevention and cure of diseases is based on the [[tridosha]] (collective term for [[vata]], [[pitta]], and [[kapha]] [[dosha]]) theory. A particular rhythmic pattern of the three [[dosha]] i.e. [[sanchaya]] (accumulation), [[prakopa]] (aggravation) and [[prashama]] (alleviation) occur in relation to six seasons, when the Sun changes from one [[rashi]] to the other. Six different [[rasa]] present in our food have direct effect on three [[dosha]]. [[Ritusatmya]] (seasonal adaptation) is described under [[ritucharya]] (seasonal regimen), which is the variation in [[ahara]] and [[vihara]] to balance rhythmic seasonal variations of [[dosha]], [[bala]], [[agni]], and [[rasa]] etc. through the concept of [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]]. Knowledge and regular observance of suitable [[ritucharya]] ([[ahara]] and [[vihara]] for different seasons) is mainly for the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases. For diseased persons [[ritucharya]] need to be modified accordingly.  

Health is a state of dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment ([[Loka-Purusha Samya]]). The moment this equilibrium gets disturbed, [[dosha]] get imbalanced to cause diseases. The basic concept of prevention and cure of diseases is based on the [[tridosha]] (collective term for [[vata]], [[pitta]], and [[kapha]] [[dosha]]) theory. A particular rhythmic pattern of the three [[dosha]] i.e. accumulation ([[sanchaya]]), aggravation ([[prakopa]]) and alleviation ([[prashama]]) occur in relation to six seasons, when the Sun changes from one [[rashi]] to the other. Six different taste[[rasa]] present in our food have direct effect on three [[dosha]]. Seasonal adaptation ([[Ritusatmya]]) is described under seasonal regimen ([[ritucharya]]), which is the variation in diet ([[ahara]]) and lifestyle ([[vihara]]) to balance rhythmic seasonal variations of [[dosha]], [[bala]], [[agni]], and [[rasa]] etc. through the concept of [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]]. Knowledge and regular observance of suitable [[ritucharya]] ([[ahara]] and [[vihara]] for different seasons) is mainly for the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases. For diseased persons [[ritucharya]] need to be modified accordingly.  

[[Adana kala]] or [[uttarayana]] (northward movement of the Sun) includes [[shishira]] (late winter), [[vasanta]] (spring) and [[grishma]] (summer) seasons . [[visarga kala]] or [[dakshinayana]] (southward movement of the Sun) includes [[varsha]] (rainy), [[sharad]] (autumn) and [[hemanta]] (early winter) seasons. In these seasons,  there are specific changes in atmospheric conditions which influence changes in [[dosha]], [[bala]] (strength) and [[agni]] (digestive power). These atmospheric changes affect all living beings in the universe. Due to changes in the external environment, the [[tridosha]] pass through three different phases i.e. [[sanchaya]] (accumulation), [[prakopa]] (aggravation) and [[prashama]] (alleviation). The period of change in season is termed as [[ritusandhi]]. In this period, gradual decrease in diet and lifestyle of earlier season and gradual adaptation of the diet and lifestyle regimen of next season is advised to prevent the disorders due to change in season.  

Northward movement of the Sun ([[Adana kala]] or [[uttarayana]]) includes, late winter ([[shishira]]), spring ([[vasanta]]) and summer ([[grishma]]) seasons . Southward movement of the Sun ([[visarga kala]] or [[dakshinayana]]) includes rainy ([[varsha]]), autumn ([[sharad]]) and early winter ([[hemanta]]) seasons. In these seasons,  there are specific changes in atmospheric conditions which influence changes in [[dosha]], [[bala]] (strength) and [[agni]] (digestive power). These atmospheric changes affect all living beings in the universe. Due to changes in the external environment, the [[tridosha]] pass through three different phases i.e. [[sanchaya]] (accumulation), [[prakopa]] (aggravation) and [[prashama]] (alleviation). The period of change in season is termed as [[ritusandhi]]. In this period, gradual decrease in diet and lifestyle of earlier season and gradual adaptation of the diet and lifestyle regimen of next season is advised to prevent the disorders due to change in season.  

The concepts of [[satmya]] and [[okasatmya]] have been explained with respect to the adaptability. Any naturally suitable food or behavior beneficial to the self is considered as [[satmya]]. [[Okasatmya]] is anything unnatural, unacceptable and acquired habituation to food and lifestyle. Even though, it has become a habit, it should be stopped gradually.

The concepts of [[satmya]] and [[okasatmya]] have been explained with respect to the adaptability. Any naturally suitable food or behavior beneficial to the self is considered as [[satmya]]. [[Okasatmya]] is anything unnatural, unacceptable and acquired habituation to food and lifestyle. Even though, it has become a habit, it should be stopped gradually.

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A person who knows the [[ritusatmya]] (seasonal adaptations), i.e., getting accustomed to suitable changes in diet and lifestyle according to seasons, and practices such habits accordingly, and whose diet consists of various types of food articles (with properties such as [[ashita]] ,[[khadita]], [[pita]] and [[lidha]]),  has his strength and lustre enhanced, and he leads a healthy, long life.[3]

 

The vigor and complexion is promoted in a man who knows and follows seasonal dietary and lifestyle regimen. The dietary includes various types of food articles which are eatable([[ashita]]), chewable ([[khadita]]), drinkable ([[pita]]) and lickable ([[lidha]]).[3]

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A year ([[samvatsara]]) is divided into six parts (by seasons). Among them, when the Sun is in a position of [[uttarayana]] (northward to the Earth), that part of the year is called [[adana kala]] and includes three [[ritu]] starting from [[shishira]] to [[grishma]] ([[shishira]], [[vasanta]] and [[grishma]]).  

A year ([[samvatsara]]) is divided into six parts by seasons. Among them, when the Sun is in northward position to the Earth, that part of the year is called [[adana kala]] and includes three [[ritu]] starting from [[shishira]], [[vasanta]] and [[grishma]].  

When the Sun is in a position of [[dakshinayana]] (southwards of the Earth), the period is called [[visarga kala]] and includes three [[ritu]] starting from [[varsha]] to [[hemanta]] ([[varsha]], [[sharad]] and [[hemanta]]). This segmentation of the year (by seasons) is for the purpose of [[swasthavritta]] (healthy regimen) in different seasons.[4]

When the Sun is in a position of southwards of the Earth, the period is called [[visarga kala]] and includes three [[ritu]] starting from [[varsha]], [[sharad]] and [[hemanta]]. This segmentation of the year (by seasons) is for the purpose of [[swasthavritta]] (healthy regimen) in different seasons.[4]

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In [[visarga kala]] (period of emission) the wind is not as dry as it is in [[adana kala]]. In this [[visarga kala]] the power of moon is dominant (as it is nearer to the earth), and it continuously replenishes/delights the world with its cooling rays. Hence, [[visarga kala]] is inherently [[saumya]] (soothing).

In [[visarga kala]] (period of emission) the wind is not as dry as it is in [[adana kala]]. In this [[visarga kala]] the power of moon is dominant (as it is nearer to the earth), and it continuously replenishes/delights the world with its cooling rays. Hence, [[visarga kala]] is inherently soothing ([[saumya]]).

Contrary to this, [[adana kala]] is inherently [[agneya]] (heating). The Sun, wind and the Moon all are governed by time, and the path they follow in a year is responsible for different variations of [[kala]] (time), [[ritu]] (seasons), [[rasa]] (tastes), [[dosha]] and [[deha]] [[bala]] (body strength).[5]

Contrary to this, [[adana kala]] is inherently hot ([[agneya]]). The Sun, wind and the Moon all are governed by time, and the path they follow in a year is responsible for different variations of [[kala]] (time), [[ritu]] (seasons), [[rasa]] (tastes), [[dosha]] and [[deha]] [[bala]] (body strength).[5]

==== Effect of [[adana kala]] ====

==== Effect of [[adana kala]] ====

|-

|-

| rowspan="6" | [[Samvatsara]]

| rowspan="6" | [[Samvatsara]]

| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Uttarayana]] [[Adana Kala]] [[Bala]]-Less

| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Uttarayana]] [[Adana kala]] [[Bala]]-Less

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shishira]] (Late Winter)

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shishira]] (Late Winter)

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Magha]](Tapa) and [[Phalguna]](Tapasya)

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Magha]](Tapa) and [[Phalguna]](Tapasya)

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-May to Mid-July

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-May to Mid-July

|-

|-

| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Dakshinayana]] [[Visarga Kala]] [[Bala]]-Good

| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Dakshinayana]] [[Visarga kala]] [[Bala]]-Good

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Varsha]] (Rainy Season)

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Varsha]] (Rainy Season)

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shravana]](Nabha) and [[Bhadrapada]](Nabhasya)

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shravana]](Nabha) and [[Bhadrapada]](Nabhasya)

The qualities of different seasons are to be understood in three aspects viz. [[masa]] (month), [[rashi]] (stellar constellations) and [[svarupa]] (characteristic features). The regimen prescribed for each season should be followed in mild, moderate or full degree in the succeeding order of strength of seasons. Importance is given first to the appearance of [[svarupa]] in reckoning season, then to the [[rashi]] and last to the [[masa]]. The regimen prescribed for the season should be mild or part, if only [[masa]] has commenced without commencement of [[rashi]] or [[svarupa]]; it should be moderate, if [[rashi]] has commenced, but [[svarupa]] has not yet; and regimen should in full measure if [[svarupa]] has commenced ever without [[rashi]].

The qualities of different seasons are to be understood in three aspects viz. [[masa]] (month), [[rashi]] (stellar constellations) and [[svarupa]] (characteristic features). The regimen prescribed for each season should be followed in mild, moderate or full degree in the succeeding order of strength of seasons. Importance is given first to the appearance of [[svarupa]] in reckoning season, then to the [[rashi]] and last to the [[masa]]. The regimen prescribed for the season should be mild or part, if only [[masa]] has commenced without commencement of [[rashi]] or [[svarupa]]; it should be moderate, if [[rashi]] has commenced, but [[svarupa]] has not yet; and regimen should in full measure if [[svarupa]] has commenced ever without [[rashi]].

The characteristics of normal seasons have been described in terms of various environmental factors. Knowledge of these characteristics is important to differentiate between deranged (abnormal) and normal seasons so that precautions can be taken to prevent the adverse effect of abnormal season.<ref> Sushruta Samhita Chapter 6 </ref>

The characteristics of normal seasons have been described in terms of various environmental factors. Knowledge of these characteristics is important to differentiate between deranged (abnormal) and normal seasons so that precautions can be taken to prevent the adverse effect of abnormal season. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana Chapter 6]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>

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=== Importance of [[ritucharya]](seasonal regimen) ===

=== Importance of [[ritucharya]](seasonal regimen) ===

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One’s various type of diet leads to promotion of strength and luster only when he knows the wholesomeness according to different seasons dependent on behavior and diet.(Cha.Su.6/3)

One’s various type of diet leads to promotion of strength and luster only when he knows the wholesomeness according to different seasons dependent on behavior and diet.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/3]

If one follows the regimen as described for different seasons, he never suffers from diseases due to the aggravated [[dosha]] under the seasonal impact.<ref> Sushuta Samhita. Uttar tantra. 64/55 </ref> <ref> Bhava Prakasha 5/356 </ref>

If one follows the regimen as described for different seasons, he never suffers from diseases due to the aggravated [[dosha]] under the seasonal impact. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/55]<ref name=Susruta/> [B.P Purvakhanda 5/356]<ref name=Bhavaprakash>Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha -Volume I. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas academy;2000</ref>

A man always becomes healthy only when he properly follows [[dinacharya]] (daily regimen), [[nishacharya]] (night regimen) and [[ritucharya]] (seasonal regimen), otherwise he will have disease.<ref> Bhava Prakasha 5/13 </ref>

A man always becomes healthy only when he properly follows [[dinacharya]] (daily regimen), [[nishacharya]] (night regimen) and [[ritucharya]] (seasonal regimen), otherwise he will have disease. [B.P Purvakhanda 5/13]<ref name=Bhavaprakash/>

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==== Concept of [[ritu sandhi]] ====

==== Concept of [[ritusandhi]] ====

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The last seven days of preceding [[ritu]] and first seven days of following [[ritu]] are together known as [[ritusandhi]] (meeting of two seasons). During this period the regimen of the previous season should be discontinued gradually and those of the succeeding season adopted slowly. Particular [[padamshika krama]] (sequential regimen) has to be adopted i.e. Unhealthy things which one has become accustomed should be discontinued gradually. Similarly healthy things (food etc.) should be made use of (gradually) with intervals of one, two or three days.(Cha.Su. 7/36-37) On the other hand, if they are discontinued or adopted suddenly, diseases due to unaccustomed foods and activities develop.<ref> Ashtanga Samgraha Sutra Sthana 4/61 </ref> It is a significant advice, as the changeover of external environment from one season to other is very rapid, but our endogenous system needs some time for smooth change over.

The last seven days of preceding [[ritu]] and first seven days of following [[ritu]] are together known as [[ritusandhi]] (meeting of two seasons). During this period the regimen of the previous season should be discontinued gradually and those of the succeeding season adopted slowly. Particular [[padamshika krama]] (sequential regimen) has to be adopted i.e. Unhealthy things which one has become accustomed should be discontinued gradually. Similarly healthy things (food etc.) should be made use of (gradually) with intervals of one, two or three days.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/36-37] On the other hand, if they are discontinued or adopted suddenly, diseases due to unaccustomed foods and activities develop.<ref> Vridha Vagbhata. Sutra Sthana, Cha.4 Ritucharya Adhyaya verse 21. In: Shivaprasad sharma, Editor. Ashtanga Sangraha. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012</ref> It is a significant advice, as the changeover of external environment from one season to other is very rapid, but our endogenous system needs some time for smooth change over.

====[[Yamadamshtra]] (period of increased mortality) ====

====[[Yamadamshtra]] (period of increased mortality) ====

The duration of last eight days of [[Kartika]] month and first eight days of [[Margashirsha]] month is termed as [[yamadamshtra]]. It is advised to take little food during this period for healthy living otherwise it may be fatal.<ref> Sharangadhar Purva khanda 2/30 </ref>

The duration of last eight days of [[Kartika]] month and first eight days of [[Margashirsha]] month is termed as [[yamadamshtra]]. It is advised to take little food during this period for healthy living otherwise it may be fatal.<ref> Parasuram Shasthri, Sharangadhara Samhita, Purva Khand,Chap. 2, Bhaishajyakhyanakam, verse 30,  In: Parasuram Shasthri, Editor. Sharangadhara Samhita.3rd ed. Varanasi: Choukhamba Orientalia;1983. </ref>

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#''Prakritisatmya''

#''Prakritisatmya''

#''Abhyasasatmya''

#''Abhyasasatmya''

##''Prakritisatmya'' is also called as ''ajanmasatmya''<ref> Ashtanga Hridaya Sutra Sthana 10 </ref> i.e. the [[satmya]] since birth, like [[madhura]] [[rasa]].

##''Prakritisatmya'' is also called as ''ajanmasatmya''<ref> Arunadatta, Vagbhata. Sutra Sthana, Cha.10 Rasabediya Adhyaya verse 7. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> i.e. the [[satmya]] since birth, like [[madhura]] [[rasa]].

##''Abhyasasatmya'' includes four types of [[satmya]], i.e. vyadhisatmya, deshasatmya, okasatmya'' and ''ritusatmya''.

##''Abhyasasatmya'' includes four types of [[satmya]], i.e. vyadhisatmya, deshasatmya, okasatmya'' and ''ritusatmya''.

###''Vyadhisatmya'': Adaptation to a disease. There are things which cannot be taken in normal health but have to be tolerated during the period when a person falls sick. It is also called ''amayasatmya'' or ''rogasatmya''.

###''Vyadhisatmya'': Adaptation to a disease. There are things which cannot be taken in normal health but have to be tolerated during the period when a person falls sick. It is also called ''amayasatmya'' or ''rogasatmya''.

Many diseases described in [[Ayurveda]] have their own peculiar causes to develop in particular season, like [[jwara]], [[tamaka shvasa]], [[pratishyaya]], [[amlapitta]], [[shirahshula]], [[sandhi-shula]], [[atisara]], [[sheetapitta]], [[kushtha]] etc.  

Many diseases described in [[Ayurveda]] have their own peculiar causes to develop in particular season, like [[jwara]], [[tamaka shvasa]], [[pratishyaya]], [[amlapitta]], [[shirahshula]], [[sandhi-shula]], [[atisara]], [[sheetapitta]], [[kushtha]] etc.  

#[[Jwara]] (fever) is of two types, viz., [[prakrita]] (natural) and [[vaikrita]] (unnatural) based on prognosis. On the basis of [[prakriti]] (basic constitution) of time the fever is termed as [[prakrita]] (natural). [[Kaphaja jwara]] occurs in [[vasanta]] and [[pitta]] dominant in [[sharada]] (autumn), are known as [[prakrita'' (normal) and are easily curable, while [[vata]] dominant [[jwara]] in [[prakrita]] season ([[pravrita]]) is not easily curable. Fever occurs in seasons other than that responsible for vitiation of the concerned [[dosha]] is known as [[Vaikrita]] (unnatural) which is troublesome. (Cha.Chi. 3/42)

# [[Jwara]] (fever) is of two types, viz., [[prakrita]] (natural) and [[vaikrita]] (unnatural) based on prognosis. On the basis of [[prakriti]] (basic constitution) of time the fever is termed as [[prakrita]] (natural). [[Kaphaja jwara]] occurs in [[vasanta]] and [[pitta]] dominant in [[sharada]] (autumn), are known as [[prakrita]]'' (normal) and are easily curable, while [[vata]] dominant [[jwara]] in [[prakrita]] season ([[pravrita]]) is not easily curable. Fever occurs in seasons other than that responsible for vitiation of the concerned [[dosha]] is known as [[Vaikrita]] (unnatural) which is troublesome. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/42]

#[[Tamaka shvasa]] (bronchial asthma) is aggravated by cloudy, cold, rainy weather and easterly wind and [[kapha]] increasing factors. On the other hand warmth relieves the symptoms.

#[[Tamaka shvasa]] (bronchial asthma) is aggravated by cloudy, cold, rainy weather and easterly wind and [[kapha]] increasing factors. On the other hand warmth relieves the symptoms.

#[[Pratishyaya]] (rhinitis): Seasonal irregularity is one of the causative factors of [[pratishyaya]].(Cha.Chi. 26/104) Thus [[pratishyaya]] can occur in any season if we do not follow seasonal regimen and especially in exposure to too much of cold.

#[[Pratishyaya]] (rhinitis): Seasonal irregularity is one of the causative factors of [[pratishyaya]].[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/104] Thus [[pratishyaya]] can occur in any season if we do not follow seasonal regimen and especially in exposure to too much of cold.

#[[Amlapitta]] (acid peptic disorder) is prevalent in rainy season because of natural accumulation of [[pitta]] in rainy season. Indulgence in foods which are incompatible, spoiled, very sour, causing burning sensation in epigastrium cause increase of [[pitta]] to produce [[amlapitta]], in persons in whom [[pitta]] has already increased.<ref> Madhav Nidana 51/1 </ref>

#[[Amlapitta]] (acid peptic disorder) is prevalent in rainy season because of natural accumulation of [[pitta]] in rainy season. Indulgence in foods which are incompatible, spoiled, very sour, causing burning sensation in epigastrium cause increase of [[pitta]] to produce [[amlapitta]], in persons in whom [[pitta]] has already increased. [M.N 51/1]<ref name=Madava>Madhavakara. Madhava Nidanam (Roga vinischaya). Translated from Sanskrit by K. R. Srikantha Murthy. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2007</ref>

#[[Shirahshula]] (headache) is a common feature of all types of [[shiroroga]] and is of three types:  

#[[Shirahshula]] (headache) is a common feature of all types of [[shiroroga]] and is of three types:  

##[[Vata]] dominant [[shiroroga]]:

##[[Vata]] dominant [[shiroroga]]:

###Relieving factors: Hot season

###Relieving factors: Hot season

#[[Shula]] (pain)

#[[Shula]] (pain)

##[[Vata]] dominant [[shula]]: [[Vata]] dominant [[shula]] especially gets exacerbated after digestion of food, in the evening time, at the end of night, during cloudy and rainy days, in cold climate, and due to direct and eastern wind exposure.<ref> Madhav Nidana 26/4 </ref>  <ref>  Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana 21/20 </ref> It gets relieved by [[swedana]](sudation), [[abhyanga]](oil massage), [[mardana]](massage), unctuous, and hot food items. On the basis of site of the [[vata]], the different sites are affected.  

##[[Vata]] dominant [[shula]]: [[Vata]] dominant [[shula]] especially gets exacerbated after digestion of food, in the evening time, at the end of night, during cloudy and rainy days, in cold climate, and due to direct and eastern wind exposure.[M.N 26/4]<ref name=Madava/>  [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/20]<ref name=Susruta/> It gets relieved by [[swedana]](sudation), [[abhyanga]](oil massage), [[mardana]](massage), unctuous, and hot food items. On the basis of site of the [[vata]], the different sites are affected.  

##[[Pitta]] dominant [[shula]]: It gets exacerbated during mid day, mid night, at the time of digestion of food, and during [[sharada]] [[ritu]]. It gets relieved by cold season, cold and [[madhura]] food.<ref> Madhav Nidana 26/8 </ref>

##[[Pitta]] dominant [[shula]]: It gets exacerbated during mid day, mid night, at the time of digestion of food, and during [[sharada]] [[ritu]]. It gets relieved by cold season, cold and [[madhura]] food. [M.N 26/8]<ref name=Madava/>

##[[Kapha]] dominant [[shula]]: This type of pain gets exacerbated just after intake of food, during early morning, at the beginning of night, and during [[shishira]] and [[vasanta]] seasons.<ref> Madhav Nidana 26/10 </ref>

##[[Kapha]] dominant [[shula]]: This type of pain gets exacerbated just after intake of food, during early morning, at the beginning of night, and during [[shishira]] and [[vasanta]] seasons. [M.N 26/10]<ref name=Madava/>

#[[Atisara]] (diarrhea): [[Rituviparyaya]] (any deviation from seasonal regimen) is an important cause of [[atisara]] .<ref> Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra 40/4 </ref>  

#[[Atisara]] (diarrhea): [[Rituviparyaya]] (any deviation from seasonal regimen) is an important cause of [[atisara]] .[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 40/4]<ref name=Susruta/>

#[[Sheetapitta]] (urticaria): Exposure to cold air aggravates [[kapha]] and [[vata]] [[dosha]], and along with [[pitta]] cause [[sheetapitta]]. It increases during rainy and winter seasons and especially in [[shishira]] [[ritu]].<ref> Madhav Nidana 50/1 </ref>

#[[Sheetapitta]] (urticaria): Exposure to cold air aggravates [[kapha]] and [[vata]] [[dosha]], and along with [[pitta]] cause [[sheetapitta]]. It increases during rainy and winter seasons and especially in [[shishira]] [[ritu]]. [M.N 50/1]<ref name=Madava/>

#[[Kushtha]] (skin diseases): The first important cause of [[kushtha]] is [[viruddha anna-pana]] (intake of antagonistic food), which includes [[kala viruddha]] also for e.g. during hot season intake of [[katu]] and hot variety of foods and during cold season [[ruksha]] (rough) and [[sheeta]] (cold) foods are [[kala]] [[viruddha]].<ref> Cha. Chi. 7/4-8 </ref>

#[[Kushtha]] (skin diseases): The first important cause of [[kushtha]] is [[viruddha anna-pana]] (intake of antagonistic food), which includes [[kala viruddha]] also for e.g. during hot season intake of [[katu]] and hot variety of foods and during cold season [[ruksha]] (rough) and [[sheeta]] (cold) foods are [[kala]] [[viruddha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/4-8]

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*Weather has an important influence on morbidity in the winter because cold, dry air leads to excessive dehydration of nasal passages and upper respiratory tract, and increased chance of microbial and viral infection. In general, total mortality is about 15% higher on an average winter day than on an average summer day, according to National Center for Health Statistics, 1978.

*Weather has an important influence on morbidity in the winter because cold, dry air leads to excessive dehydration of nasal passages and upper respiratory tract, and increased chance of microbial and viral infection. In general, total mortality is about 15% higher on an average winter day than on an average summer day, according to National Center for Health Statistics, 1978.

*Mortality rate during heat waves increases with age.<ref> Oechsli et al, 1970 </ref> <ref> Buechley et al, 1972 </ref> The elderly seem to suffer from impaired physiological responses and often are unable to increase their cardiac output sufficiently during extremely hot weather.<ref> Sprung C.L., 1979  </ref>

*Mortality rate during heat waves increases with age.<ref> Oechsli et al, 1970 </ref> <ref> Buechley et al, 1972 </ref> The elderly seem to suffer from impaired physiological responses and often are unable to increase their cardiac output sufficiently during extremely hot weather.<ref> Sprung C.L., 1979  </ref>

*It was noted that men who had taken bath in 15oC water for one-half hour over nine consecutive days before a trip to the Arctic showed less signs of cold-induced stress than non-treated men. It indicates that adaptation to cold temperatures can occur through repeated exposures. <ref> Radomski and Boutelier, 1982 </ref>

*It was noted that men who had taken bath in 15 degree Celcius water for one-half hour over nine consecutive days before a trip to the Arctic showed less signs of cold-induced stress than non-treated men. It indicates that adaptation to cold temperatures can occur through repeated exposures. <ref> Radomski MW, Boutelier C. Hormone response of normal and intermittent cold-preadapted humans to continuous cold. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982;53(3):610‐616. doi:10.1152/jappl.1982.53.3.610 </ref>

*To a great extent, the seasonal changes in the immune system are controlled by changes in the levels of various hormones, particularly melatonin. Serum levels of melatonin were found to be highest in the winter months in both normal individuals and SLE patients.<ref> Nelson et al., 2000 </ref> There is natural increase in ''bala'' (strength/immunity) of individuals during winter i.e. [[hemanta]] and [[shishira]] [[ritu]].

*To a great extent, the seasonal changes in the immune system are controlled by changes in the levels of various hormones, particularly melatonin. Serum levels of melatonin were found to be highest in the winter months in both normal individuals and SLE patients.<ref> Nelson et al., 2000 </ref> There is natural increase in ''bala'' (strength/immunity) of individuals during winter i.e. [[hemanta]] and [[shishira]] [[ritu]].

*Striking seasonal variations have been demonstrated in the plasma and saliva levels of the glucocorticoid, cortisol, which promotes carbohydrate metabolism. The lowest levels of cortisol were found in healthy individuals during spring and summer, while the highest levels were found during autumn and winter seasons.<ref>  Walker et al, 1997 </ref>

*Striking seasonal variations have been demonstrated in the plasma and saliva levels of the glucocorticoid, cortisol, which promotes carbohydrate metabolism. The lowest levels of cortisol were found in healthy individuals during spring and summer, while the highest levels were found during autumn and winter seasons.<ref>  Walker et al, 1997 </ref>

*Nathani et al, 2013, in a clinical research<ref> Nathani Neeru et al, 2013 </ref> found that maximum number of patients of [[tamaka shvasa]] (bronchial asthma) were registered in winter seasons ([[hemanta]] and [[shishira]]), [[vasanta]] and [[varsha]]. These seasons were the predominant period of asthma attack in majority of cases. In maximum number of cases the attack of [[tamaka shvasa]] gets precipitated by intake of [[kapha]] and [[vata]] vitiating [[sheeta]], [[guru]], [[madhura]] and [[amla]] [[rasa]] predominant [[ahara]] like ice-cream, cold drink, cold water, fruit juices, curd, sweets, rice, pickle, salad with lemon etc. in all seasons.  

*Nathani et al, 2013, in a clinical research<ref> Nathani Neeru et al, 2013 </ref> found that maximum number of patients of [[tamaka shvasa]] (bronchial asthma) were registered in winter seasons ([[hemanta]] and [[shishira]]), [[vasanta]] and [[varsha]]. These seasons were the predominant period of asthma attack in majority of cases. In maximum number of cases the attack of [[tamaka shvasa]] gets precipitated by intake of [[kapha]] and [[vata]] vitiating [[sheeta]], [[guru]], [[madhura]] and [[amla]] [[rasa]] predominant [[ahara]] like ice-cream, cold drink, cold water, fruit juices, curd, sweets, rice, pickle, salad with lemon etc. in all seasons.  

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== References ==

== References ==