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Line 1: + − + + + + − − − <big>'''Abstract'''</big> − − <div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter describes seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle for preservation of health. The year is divided into seasons based upon the changes in environmental conditions, temperature, day-night cycle and circadian rhythm. Being an integral unit of the nature, these seasonal changes in nature affect human physiology too. Therefore, one must follow the specific regimen for maintaining the equilibrium of body components in harmony with nature. The seasonal regimen is designed on the basis of changes in the [[dosha]], [[bala]] (strength), and [[agni]] (digestive power). This chapter continues the study of dietary regimen from the preceding chapters by adding the dimension of time and seasonal variations to it. </div> − − '''Keywords''': [[Adana kala]], seasonal diet and lifestyle, regimen, [[ritu]](season), [[satmya]](adaptability), seasonal regimen, [[bala]], strength in seasons, immunity, [[visarga kala]],ecology,bio-physical environment. − </div> − Line 30:
Line 25: − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − === Introduction ===+ + + Line 39:
Line 49: − + − + Line 49:
Line 59: − === Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation ===+ Line 60:
Line 70: − + Line 77:
Line 87: − A person who knows the [[ritusatmya]] (seasonal adaptations), i.e., getting accustomed to suitable changes in diet and lifestyle according to seasons, and practices such habits accordingly, and whose diet consists of various types of food articles (with properties such as [[ashita]] ,[[khadita]], [[pita]] and [[lidha]]), has his strength and lustre enhanced, and he leads a healthy, long life.[3]+ + − ==== Six seasons according to (the position of the) Sun ====+ Line 95:
Line 106: − + − + − ===== [[Adana kala]] (the period with lesser strength) and [[visarga kala]] (the period with good strength) =====+ Line 114:
Line 125: − + − + − ===== Effect of [[adana kala]] =====+ Line 134:
Line 145: − ===== Effect of [[visarga kala]] =====+ Line 150:
Line 161: − ===== Seasonal variation in strength =====+ Line 171:
Line 182: − ==== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[Hemanta]] [[ritu]] (Winter season) ====+ − =====Status of [[agni]] =====+ Line 202:
Line 213: − =====Diet and beverages in winter season=====+ + Line 240:
Line 252: − =====Lifestyle in winter season=====+ + Line 269:
Line 282: − =====Guidelines for sexual health=====+ + Line 293:
Line 307: − =====Contra-indications in winter season=====+ + Line 308:
Line 323: − ==== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[shishira]] [[ritu]] (late winter) ====+ − ===== Characteristics of [[shishira]] [[ritu]] =====+ + + Line 324:
Line 341: − ===== Additional care in late winter season=====+ + Line 339:
Line 357: − =====Contra-indication in late winter =====+ + Line 355:
Line 374: − ==== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[vasanta]] [[ritu]] (spring season) ====+ − =====Status of [[agni]] in spring=====+ + Line 371:
Line 391: − =====Indications and contra-indications in spring=====+ + Line 429:
Line 450: − ==== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[grishma]] [[ritu]] (summer season) ====+ − =====Effect of excess Sun-heat in summer =====+ + Line 445:
Line 467: − =====Diet and beverages in summer=====+ + Line 460:
Line 483: − =====Contra-indications in summer=====+ + Line 475:
Line 499: − =====Lifestyle in summer=====+ + Line 519:
Line 544: − ==== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[Varsha]] [[ritu]] (rainy season) ====+ − =====Status of [[agni]] in rainy season=====+ + Line 549:
Line 575: − =====Indications and contra-indications in rainy season=====+ + Line 574:
Line 601: − =====Specific diet in rainy season=====+ + Line 617:
Line 645: − =====Lifestyle in rainy season=====+ + Line 633:
Line 662: − ==== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[sharada]] [[ritu]] (autumn season) ====+ − =====Status of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] in autumn season=====+ + Line 650:
Line 680: − =====Specific diet for pacification of [[pitta]] [[dosha]]=====+ Line 694:
Line 724: − =====Contra-indications in autumn season=====+ Line 710:
Line 740: − =====[[Hamsodaka]] (pure water)=====+ Line 736:
Line 766: − =====Lifestyle during autumn season=====+ Line 752:
Line 782: − ==== [[Okasatmya]](acquired adaptation or habituation) ====+ Line 784:
Line 814: − ==== Summary ====+ Line 814:
Line 844: − === Tattva Vimarsha / Fundamental Principles ===+ Line 887:
Line 917: − === Vidhi vimarsha / Applied Inferences ===+ − ==== Division of [[samvatsara]] (year) and [[ritu]] ====+ Line 897:
Line 927: − ===== Division of year, [[ayana]], months, [[rashi]] =====+ Line 904:
Line 934: − + Line 920:
Line 950: − + Line 938:
Line 968: − ===== Formation of Seasons =====+ Line 948:
Line 978: − ===== Qualities of seasons =====+ − + − ==== Importance of [[ritucharya]](seasonal regimen) ====+ − + − + − + − ===== Basic principles of [[ritucharya]] =====+ Line 974:
Line 1,004: − ===== Concept of [[ritu sandhi]] =====+ − + − =====[[Yamadamshtra]] (period of increased mortality) =====+ − + + + − ==== Concept of [[satmya]] and [[okasatmya]] ====+ − + Line 994:
Line 1,026: − ==== Seasonal Regimens ====+ Line 1,012:
Line 1,044: − ===== [[Shishira]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Late winter) =====+ − ===== [[Vasanta]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Spring) =====+ Line 1,033:
Line 1,065: − ===== [[Grishma]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Summer) =====+ Line 1,049:
Line 1,081: − ===== [[Varsha]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Rainy season) =====+ Line 1,066:
Line 1,098: − ===== [[Sharada]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Autumn) =====+ Line 1,084:
Line 1,116: − ====Common diseases due to non-observance of [[ritucharya]]====+ − + − + − + Line 1,102:
Line 1,134: − + − + − + − + − + − + − ==== Effect of seasonal changes on health ====+ Line 1,119:
Line 1,151: − + Line 1,130:
Line 1,162: − === References ===+ + +
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{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya
|title=Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Adana kala, seasonal diet and lifestyle, regimen, ritu(season), satmya(adaptability), seasonal regimen, bala, strength in seasons, immunity, visarga kala,ecology,bio-physical environment
|keywords=Adana kala, seasonal diet and lifestyle, regimen, ritu(season), satmya(adaptability), seasonal regimen, bala, strength in seasons, immunity, visarga kala,ecology,bio-physical environment, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 6. Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 6. Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 6. Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle '''</big>
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 6. Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle '''</big>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya
|title = Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Nathani N.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Reddy P.S.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Reddy P.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.008 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.008]
}}
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter describes seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle for preservation of health. The year is divided into seasons based upon the changes in environmental conditions, temperature, day-night cycle and circadian rhythm. Being an integral unit of the nature, these seasonal changes in nature affect human physiology too. Therefore, one must follow the specific regimen for maintaining the equilibrium of body components in harmony with nature. The seasonal regimen is designed on the basis of changes in the [[dosha]], [[bala]] (strength), and [[agni]] (digestive power). This chapter continues the study of dietary regimen from the preceding chapters by adding the dimension of time and seasonal variations to it. </br>
'''Keywords''': [[Adana kala]], seasonal diet and lifestyle, regimen, [[ritu]](season), [[satmya]](adaptability), seasonal regimen, [[bala]], strength in seasons, immunity, [[visarga kala]],ecology,bio-physical environment.
</p>
== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The primary objective of [[Ayurveda]] is to maintain good health. [[Ahara]] (diet) is the main basis of life, which should be taken in proper quantity and quality to maintain equilibrium and to promote strength, lustre and healthy long life. It has been observed that a person taking food even in proper quantity may suffer from diseases in different seasons. This implies that apart from the quantity of [[ahara]] (diet), the knowledge of regimen for different seasons also plays a significant role in the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases.
The primary objective of [[Ayurveda]] is to maintain good health. [[Ahara]] (diet) is the main basis of life, which should be taken in proper quantity and quality to maintain equilibrium and to promote strength, lustre and healthy long life. It has been observed that a person taking food even in proper quantity may suffer from diseases in different seasons. This implies that apart from the quantity of [[ahara]] (diet), the knowledge of regimen for different seasons also plays a significant role in the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases.
A person who has the knowledge of appropriate food articles and activities applicable to specific seasons and also the discipline and inclination to practice them (in accordance with those seasons) stays healthy. Whereas a person without knowledge (or with limited knowledge) of wholesome regimen for different seasons or without the discipline or temperament of following these seasonal practices is likely to suffer from various diseases. Seeking this objective, the chapter describes [[ahara]] (diet) and [[vihara]] (lifestyle) to be followed in different seasons. The way we eat, exercise, rest, sleep, think, plan, carry out our routine work, and behave with others - are collectively termed 'Lifestyle'. In Indian subcontinent, there are six seasons in the year on the basis of the position of the Sun with respect to the Earth. The qualities of different seasons need to be understood in three aspects viz. [[masa]] (month), [[rashi]] (stellar constellations) and characteristic features pertaining to the season. While prescribing regimen for different seasons, importance should be given first to the appearance of characteristic features in the prevailing season, then to the [[rashi]] and finally to the [[masa]].
A person who has the knowledge of appropriate food articles and activities applicable to specific seasons and also the discipline and inclination to practice them (in accordance with those seasons) stays healthy. Whereas a person without knowledge (or with limited knowledge) of wholesome regimen for different seasons or without the discipline or temperament of following these seasonal practices is likely to suffer from various diseases. Seeking this objective, the chapter describes [[ahara]] (diet) and [[vihara]] (lifestyle) to be followed in different seasons. The way we eat, exercise, rest, sleep, think, plan, carry out our routine work, and behave with others - are collectively termed 'Lifestyle'. In Indian subcontinent, there are six seasons in the year on the basis of the position of the Sun with respect to the Earth. The qualities of different seasons need to be understood in three aspects viz. [[masa]] (month), [[rashi]] (stellar constellations) and characteristic features pertaining to the season. While prescribing regimen for different seasons, importance should be given first to the appearance of characteristic features in the prevailing season, then to the [[rashi]] and finally to the [[masa]].
Health is a state of dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment. The moment this [[Loka-Purusha Samya]] gets disturbed, [[dosha]] get imbalanced to cause diseases. The basic concept of prevention and cure of diseases is based on the [[tridosha]] (collective term for [[vata]], [[pitta]], and [[kapha]] [[dosha]]) theory. A particular rhythmic pattern of the three [[dosha]] i.e. [[sanchaya]] (accumulation), [[prakopa]] (aggravation) and [[prashama]] (alleviation) occur in relation to six seasons, when the Sun changes from one [[rashi]] to the other. Six different [[rasa]] present in our food have direct effect on three [[dosha]]. [[Ritusatmya]] (seasonal adaptation) is described under [[ritucharya]] (seasonal regimen), which is the variation in [[ahara]] and [[vihara]] to balance rhythmic seasonal variations of [[dosha]], [[bala]], [[agni]], and [[rasa]] etc. through the concept of [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]]. Knowledge and regular observance of suitable [[ritucharya]] ([[ahara]] and [[vihara]] for different seasons) is mainly for the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases. For diseased persons [[ritucharya]] need to be modified accordingly.
Health is a state of dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment ([[Loka-Purusha Samya]]). The moment this equilibrium gets disturbed, [[dosha]] get imbalanced to cause diseases. The basic concept of prevention and cure of diseases is based on the [[tridosha]] (collective term for [[vata]], [[pitta]], and [[kapha]] [[dosha]]) theory. A particular rhythmic pattern of the three [[dosha]] i.e. accumulation ([[sanchaya]]), aggravation ([[prakopa]]) and alleviation ([[prashama]]) occur in relation to six seasons, when the Sun changes from one [[rashi]] to the other. Six different taste[[rasa]] present in our food have direct effect on three [[dosha]]. Seasonal adaptation ([[Ritusatmya]]) is described under seasonal regimen ([[ritucharya]]), which is the variation in diet ([[ahara]]) and lifestyle ([[vihara]]) to balance rhythmic seasonal variations of [[dosha]], [[bala]], [[agni]], and [[rasa]] etc. through the concept of [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]]. Knowledge and regular observance of suitable [[ritucharya]] ([[ahara]] and [[vihara]] for different seasons) is mainly for the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases. For diseased persons [[ritucharya]] need to be modified accordingly.
[[Adana kala]] or [[uttarayana]] (northward movement of the Sun) includes [[shishira]] (late winter), [[vasanta]] (spring) and [[grishma]] (summer) seasons . [[visarga kala]] or [[dakshinayana]] (southward movement of the Sun) includes [[varsha]] (rainy), [[sharad]] (autumn) and [[hemanta]] (early winter) seasons. In these seasons, there are specific changes in atmospheric conditions which influence changes in [[dosha]], [[bala]] (strength) and [[agni]] (digestive power). These atmospheric changes affect all living beings in the universe. Due to changes in the external environment, the [[tridosha]] pass through three different phases i.e. [[sanchaya]] (accumulation), [[prakopa]] (aggravation) and [[prashama]] (alleviation). The period of change in season is termed as [[ritusandhi]]. In this period, gradual decrease in diet and lifestyle of earlier season and gradual adaptation of the diet and lifestyle regimen of next season is advised to prevent the disorders due to change in season.
Northward movement of the Sun ([[Adana kala]] or [[uttarayana]]) includes, late winter ([[shishira]]), spring ([[vasanta]]) and summer ([[grishma]]) seasons . Southward movement of the Sun ([[visarga kala]] or [[dakshinayana]]) includes rainy ([[varsha]]), autumn ([[sharad]]) and early winter ([[hemanta]]) seasons. In these seasons, there are specific changes in atmospheric conditions which influence changes in [[dosha]], [[bala]] (strength) and [[agni]] (digestive power). These atmospheric changes affect all living beings in the universe. Due to changes in the external environment, the [[tridosha]] pass through three different phases i.e. [[sanchaya]] (accumulation), [[prakopa]] (aggravation) and [[prashama]] (alleviation). The period of change in season is termed as [[ritusandhi]]. In this period, gradual decrease in diet and lifestyle of earlier season and gradual adaptation of the diet and lifestyle regimen of next season is advised to prevent the disorders due to change in season.
The concepts of [[satmya]] and [[okasatmya]] have been explained with respect to the adaptability. Any naturally suitable food or behavior beneficial to the self is considered as [[satmya]]. [[Okasatmya]] is anything unnatural, unacceptable and acquired habituation to food and lifestyle. Even though, it has become a habit, it should be stopped gradually.
The concepts of [[satmya]] and [[okasatmya]] have been explained with respect to the adaptability. Any naturally suitable food or behavior beneficial to the self is considered as [[satmya]]. [[Okasatmya]] is anything unnatural, unacceptable and acquired habituation to food and lifestyle. Even though, it has become a habit, it should be stopped gradually.
</div>
</div>
== Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation ==
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Now I shall expound the chapter on Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle. Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
Now we shall expound the chapter "Tasyashiteeya" (Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
==== Benefits of following seasonal regimen ====
==== Benefits of following seasonal regimen ====
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The vigor and complexion is promoted in a man who knows and follows seasonal dietary and lifestyle regimen. The dietary includes various types of food articles which are eatable([[ashita]]), chewable ([[khadita]]), drinkable ([[pita]]) and lickable ([[lidha]]).[3]
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=== Six seasons according to (the position of the) Sun ===
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A year ([[samvatsara]]) is divided into six parts (by seasons). Among them, when the Sun is in a position of [[uttarayana]] (northward to the Earth), that part of the year is called [[adana kala]] and includes three [[ritu]] starting from [[shishira]] to [[grishma]] ([[shishira]], [[vasanta]] and [[grishma]]).
A year ([[samvatsara]]) is divided into six parts by seasons. Among them, when the Sun is in northward position to the Earth, that part of the year is called [[adana kala]] and includes three [[ritu]] starting from [[shishira]], [[vasanta]] and [[grishma]].
When the Sun is in a position of [[dakshinayana]] (southwards of the Earth), the period is called [[visarga kala]] and includes three [[ritu]] starting from [[varsha]] to [[hemanta]] ([[varsha]], [[sharad]] and [[hemanta]]). This segmentation of the year (by seasons) is for the purpose of [[swasthavritta]] (healthy regimen) in different seasons.[4]
When the Sun is in a position of southwards of the Earth, the period is called [[visarga kala]] and includes three [[ritu]] starting from [[varsha]], [[sharad]] and [[hemanta]]. This segmentation of the year (by seasons) is for the purpose of [[swasthavritta]] (healthy regimen) in different seasons.[4]
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==== [[Adana kala]] (the period with lesser strength) and [[visarga kala]] (the period with good strength) ====
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In [[visarga kala]] (period of emission) the wind is not as dry as it is in [[adana kala]]. In this [[visarga kala]] the power of moon is dominant (as it is nearer to the earth), and it continuously replenishes/delights the world with its cooling rays. Hence, [[visarga kala]] is inherently [[saumya]] (soothing).
In [[visarga kala]] (period of emission) the wind is not as dry as it is in [[adana kala]]. In this [[visarga kala]] the power of moon is dominant (as it is nearer to the earth), and it continuously replenishes/delights the world with its cooling rays. Hence, [[visarga kala]] is inherently soothing ([[saumya]]).
Contrary to this, [[adana kala]] is inherently [[agneya]] (heating). The Sun, wind and the Moon all are governed by time, and the path they follow in a year is responsible for different variations of [[kala]] (time), [[ritu]] (seasons), [[rasa]] (tastes), [[dosha]] and [[deha]] [[bala]] (body strength).[5]
Contrary to this, [[adana kala]] is inherently hot ([[agneya]]). The Sun, wind and the Moon all are governed by time, and the path they follow in a year is responsible for different variations of [[kala]] (time), [[ritu]] (seasons), [[rasa]] (tastes), [[dosha]] and [[deha]] [[bala]] (body strength).[5]
==== Effect of [[adana kala]] ====
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==== Effect of [[visarga kala]] ====
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==== Seasonal variation in strength ====
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=== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[Hemanta]] [[ritu]] (Winter season) ===
====Status of [[agni]] ====
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If adequate food is not made available to the body, then this increased [[agni]] consumes/absorbs the [[rasa]](the intrinsic fluids of the body). [[Vata]] having [[sheeta]] (cold) property gets vitiated in this cold season.[10]
If adequate food is not made available to the body, then this increased [[agni]] consumes/absorbs the [[rasa]](the intrinsic fluids of the body). [[Vata]] having [[sheeta]] (cold) property gets vitiated in this cold season.[10]
====Diet and beverages in winter season====
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A person who is habituated to consuming milk products, cane sugar products, fats and oils, new rice and warm water during [[hemanta]] [[ritu]], never sees his lifespan decrease ( i.e. these help in prevention from early aging and diseases). [13]
A person who is habituated to consuming milk products, cane sugar products, fats and oils, new rice and warm water during [[hemanta]] [[ritu]], never sees his lifespan decrease ( i.e. these help in prevention from early aging and diseases). [13]
====Lifestyle in winter season====
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In winter season, vehicles, beds and seats should be well covered and spread over with thick quilts, deer or tiger skins, silken sheets, gunny-cloth sheets or blankets. [15]
In winter season, vehicles, beds and seats should be well covered and spread over with thick quilts, deer or tiger skins, silken sheets, gunny-cloth sheets or blankets. [15]
====Guidelines for sexual health====
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In the winter season, one should always wear thick and warm clothes and the body should be anointed with thick paste of aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb) (eagle-wood). A man who has strong passion should sleep in the bed at night embracing a healthy woman having well developed, plump breasts and herself anointed with the paste of aguru. One may indeed indulge in sexual intercourse up to full satisfaction. [16-17]
In the winter season, one should always wear thick and warm clothes and the body should be anointed with thick paste of aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb) (eagle-wood). A man who has strong passion should sleep in the bed at night embracing a healthy woman having well developed, plump breasts and herself anointed with the paste of aguru. One may indeed indulge in sexual intercourse up to full satisfaction. [16-17]
====Contra-indications in winter season====
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At the advent of winter season intake of food and drinks that cause [[vata]] vitiation and inherently light to digest in property, (getting exposed to) strong winds, inadequate quantities of food, and intake of diluted gruel are contraindicated. [18]
At the advent of winter season intake of food and drinks that cause [[vata]] vitiation and inherently light to digest in property, (getting exposed to) strong winds, inadequate quantities of food, and intake of diluted gruel are contraindicated. [18]
=== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[shishira]] [[ritu]] (late winter) ===
==== Characteristics of [[shishira]] [[ritu]] ====
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[[Hemanta]] and [[shishira]] seasons are almost similar in characteristics with some specific features in [[shishira]] [[ritu]]. In this season, due to the onset of [[adana kala]], dryness increases and due to clouds, winds and rain, cold prevails. [19]
[[Hemanta]] and [[shishira]] seasons are almost similar in characteristics with some specific features in [[shishira]] [[ritu]]. In this season, due to the onset of [[adana kala]], dryness increases and due to clouds, winds and rain, cold prevails. [19]
==== Additional care in late winter season====
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Therefore, the whole regimen advised for [[hemanta]] should also be followed in [[shishira]] [[ritu]]. In addition to that, one should specially stay in less windy and warm shelters (homes). [20]
Therefore, the whole regimen advised for [[hemanta]] should also be followed in [[shishira]] [[ritu]]. In addition to that, one should specially stay in less windy and warm shelters (homes). [20]
====Contra-indication in late winter ====
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In the [[shishira]] season, food and drinks that are predominantly pungent, bitter and astringent in taste, [[vata]] vitiating, and inherently light to digest and cold in properties should be avoided. [21]
In the [[shishira]] season, food and drinks that are predominantly pungent, bitter and astringent in taste, [[vata]] vitiating, and inherently light to digest and cold in properties should be avoided. [21]
=== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[vasanta]] [[ritu]] (spring season) ===
====Status of [[agni]] in spring====
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[[Shleshma]] accumulated in [[hemanta]] [[ritu]] gets liquefied by hot rays of the Sun in [[vasanta]] [[ritu]], which in turn disturbs/decreases the digestive power and ultimately causes many diseases. [22]
[[Shleshma]] accumulated in [[hemanta]] [[ritu]] gets liquefied by hot rays of the Sun in [[vasanta]] [[ritu]], which in turn disturbs/decreases the digestive power and ultimately causes many diseases. [22]
====Indications and contra-indications in spring====
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One should drink clean alcoholic drinks like [[sidhu]] and [[madhvika]] (types of wine preparations) in [[vasanta]] and enjoy the youthfulness of women and of gardens. [26]
One should drink clean alcoholic drinks like [[sidhu]] and [[madhvika]] (types of wine preparations) in [[vasanta]] and enjoy the youthfulness of women and of gardens. [26]
=== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[grishma]] [[ritu]] (summer season) ===
====Effect of excess Sun-heat in summer ====
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In [[grishma]] [[ritu]] (summer season), the Sun , by its rays, excessively dries up the environment. So, in this season, food and drinks having sweet, cold, liquid and unctuous qualities are considered wholesome. [27]
In [[grishma]] [[ritu]] (summer season), the Sun , by its rays, excessively dries up the environment. So, in this season, food and drinks having sweet, cold, liquid and unctuous qualities are considered wholesome. [27]
====Diet and beverages in summer====
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In summer season, any individual taking cold and sweet [[mantha]] (a type of liquid diet), meat of wild animals and birds, [[ghee]] and milk with [[shali]] rice (Oryza sativa Linn) does not become weak (i.e., does not suffer from diseases). [28]
In summer season, any individual taking cold and sweet [[mantha]] (a type of liquid diet), meat of wild animals and birds, [[ghee]] and milk with [[shali]] rice (Oryza sativa Linn) does not become weak (i.e., does not suffer from diseases). [28]
====Contra-indications in summer====
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Alcoholic beverages should be consumed in little quantities or should not be consumed at all, or if taken, should be diluted with plenty of water. One should not consume salty, sour, pungent and hot food, and physical exercise should be avoided. [29]
Alcoholic beverages should be consumed in little quantities or should not be consumed at all, or if taken, should be diluted with plenty of water. One should not consume salty, sour, pungent and hot food, and physical exercise should be avoided. [29]
====Lifestyle in summer====
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In Summer, one should enjoy the coolness of gardens, cold water and flowers, and should abstain from sexual intercourse. [32]
In Summer, one should enjoy the coolness of gardens, cold water and flowers, and should abstain from sexual intercourse. [32]
=== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[Varsha]] [[ritu]] (rainy season) ===
====Status of [[agni]] in rainy season====
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In this season, due to evaporating vapors from the Earth, rainfall and acidic transformation of water, the [[agni]] is weakened, thus leading to the further vitiation of [[vata]] and other [[dosha]]. [34]
In this season, due to evaporating vapors from the Earth, rainfall and acidic transformation of water, the [[agni]] is weakened, thus leading to the further vitiation of [[vata]] and other [[dosha]]. [34]
====Indications and contra-indications in rainy season====
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Hence, in rainy season all basic rules regarding diet and lifestyle are advised to balance all three [[dosha]]. One should avoid diluted [[mantha]](excess liquid diet) , sleeping during the day, exposure to dew, river water, physical exercise, sun rays and sexual intercourse in this season.
Hence, in rainy season all basic rules regarding diet and lifestyle are advised to balance all three [[dosha]]. One should avoid diluted [[mantha]](excess liquid diet) , sleeping during the day, exposure to dew, river water, physical exercise, sun rays and sexual intercourse in this season.
One should use food and drinks mostly added with honey in small quantity to pacify the [[kleda]] (moisture) of rainy season. [35-36]
One should use food and drinks mostly added with honey in small quantity to pacify the [[kleda]] (moisture) of rainy season. [35-36]
====Specific diet in rainy season====
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Whenever [[madhvika]] or other fermented liquors and water are consumed, they should be mixed with a little amount of honey. Rain water or water from wells or ponds should be properly boiled and cooled. [39]
Whenever [[madhvika]] or other fermented liquors and water are consumed, they should be mixed with a little amount of honey. Rain water or water from wells or ponds should be properly boiled and cooled. [39]
====Lifestyle in rainy season====
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In the rainy season, one should practice [[pragharsha]] (friction massage), [[udwartana]] (dry massage), [[snana]] (bath), use of fragrance, garlands, wearing light and clean clothes and should reside in the place which is free from humidity. [40]
In the rainy season, one should practice [[pragharsha]] (friction massage), [[udwartana]] (dry massage), [[snana]] (bath), use of fragrance, garlands, wearing light and clean clothes and should reside in the place which is free from humidity. [40]
=== Diet and lifestyle guidelines in [[sharada]] [[ritu]] (autumn season) ===
====Status of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] in autumn season====
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When a body habituated to cold and rain is suddenly subjected to the heat of sun-rays in the [[sharada]] (autumn) season, the accumulated [[pitta]] [[dosha]] in the body often gets aggravated. [41]
When a body habituated to cold and rain is suddenly subjected to the heat of sun-rays in the [[sharada]] (autumn) season, the accumulated [[pitta]] [[dosha]] in the body often gets aggravated. [41]
====Specific diet for pacification of [[pitta]] [[dosha]]====
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In [[sharada]], whenever the rain clouds disappear, the intake of [[tikta ghee]] (ghee medicated with bitter items), use of purgatives, and blood-letting are indicated. [44]
In [[sharada]], whenever the rain clouds disappear, the intake of [[tikta ghee]] (ghee medicated with bitter items), use of purgatives, and blood-letting are indicated. [44]
====Contra-indications in autumn season====
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In this season exposure to Sun, intake of muscle fats and oils, exposure to dew, meat of aquatic and marshy animals, alkaline preparations, and curd are contraindicated. One should not sleep during daytime and restrict exposure to easterly wind. [45]
In this season exposure to Sun, intake of muscle fats and oils, exposure to dew, meat of aquatic and marshy animals, alkaline preparations, and curd are contraindicated. One should not sleep during daytime and restrict exposure to easterly wind. [45]
====[[Hamsodaka]] (pure water)====
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Water naturally heated with sunrays during daytime and cooled with moon rays during night, well purified by the course of time and detoxified by the effects of [[Agastya]] (the star Canopus) is called [[Hamsodaka]].This is available during [[sharada]] and is clean and clear. This water is beneficial as nectar when used for the purpose of bathing and drinking. [46-47]
Water naturally heated with sunrays during daytime and cooled with moon rays during night, well purified by the course of time and detoxified by the effects of [[Agastya]] (the star Canopus) is called [[Hamsodaka]].This is available during [[sharada]] and is clean and clear. This water is beneficial as nectar when used for the purpose of bathing and drinking. [46-47]
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====Lifestyle during autumn season====
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In [[sharada]] [[ritu]], garlands of seasonal flowers, clean clothes (apparels), and exposure to moon-rays in early nights are very beneficial. [48]
In [[sharada]] [[ritu]], garlands of seasonal flowers, clean clothes (apparels), and exposure to moon-rays in early nights are very beneficial. [48]
=== [[Okasatmya]](acquired adaptation or habituation) ===
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Experts of the principles of [[satmya]] (adaptation) consider that diet and lifestyle opposite to the qualities of the habitat of the individual and of the causative factors of the diseases prevalent in the location, can be adapted to (preserve health). [50]
Experts of the principles of [[satmya]] (adaptation) consider that diet and lifestyle opposite to the qualities of the habitat of the individual and of the causative factors of the diseases prevalent in the location, can be adapted to (preserve health). [50]
=== Summary ===
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Thus the sixth chapter entitled [[Tasyashiteeya]] (Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle) of [[Sutra Sthana]] is completed, in the treatise compiled by Agnivesha and revised by Charak.
Thus the sixth chapter entitled [[Tasyashiteeya]] (Seasonal regimen of diet and lifestyle) of [[Sutra Sthana]] is completed, in the treatise compiled by Agnivesha and revised by Charak.
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
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* The strength of a person varies according to seasonal changes. The [[dosha]] undergo physiological variations as per change in season and surroundings. In order to maintain equilibrium and sustain health, a person should change his diet and lifestyle according to the season.
* The strength of a person varies according to seasonal changes. The [[dosha]] undergo physiological variations as per change in season and surroundings. In order to maintain equilibrium and sustain health, a person should change his diet and lifestyle according to the season.
*One should follow the diet and lifestyle with opposite properties of the place of residence and seasons in order to preserve health and prevent diseases.
*One should follow the diet and lifestyle with opposite properties of the place of residence and seasons in order to preserve health and prevent diseases.
== Vidhi vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
=== Division of [[samvatsara]] (year) and [[ritu]] ===
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The [[Samvatsara]] is divided into two [[ayana]] or solstices, depending upon the position of the Sun with respect to the Earth i.e. [[Uttarayana]] or [[adana kala]] and [[dakshinayana]] or [[visarga kala]]. Each [[ayana]] includes three [[ritu]]. This is known as [[rituchakra]] (cyclic rhythm) of six seasons. Six [[ritu]] are divided on the basis of the predominant effect of Sun and Moon. Air motivates the Sun and the Moon. [[Vata]] is responsible for differentiation of [[ritu]](Cha.Su.12).The [[uttarayana]] or northward position of the Sun and its act of dehydration/undernourishment brings about three seasons, including [[shishira]], [[vasanta]] and [[grishma]]. The [[dakshinayana]] or southward position of the Sun and its act of hydration/nourishment gives rise to other three seasons, including [[varsha]], [[sharada]] and [[hemanta]].
The [[Samvatsara]] is divided into two [[ayana]] or solstices, depending upon the position of the Sun with respect to the Earth i.e. [[Uttarayana]] or [[adana kala]] and [[dakshinayana]] or [[visarga kala]]. Each [[ayana]] includes three [[ritu]]. This is known as [[rituchakra]] (cyclic rhythm) of six seasons. Six [[ritu]] are divided on the basis of the predominant effect of Sun and Moon. Air motivates the Sun and the Moon. [[Vata]] is responsible for differentiation of [[ritu]](Cha.Su.12).The [[uttarayana]] or northward position of the Sun and its act of dehydration/undernourishment brings about three seasons, including [[shishira]], [[vasanta]] and [[grishma]]. The [[dakshinayana]] or southward position of the Sun and its act of hydration/nourishment gives rise to other three seasons, including [[varsha]], [[sharada]] and [[hemanta]].
Thus in [[Ayurveda]], a year is divided in two ways on the basis of the following:
Thus in [[Ayurveda]], a year is divided in two ways on the basis of the following:
==== Division of year, [[ayana]], months, [[rashi]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Samvatsara]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Samvatsara]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Uttarayana]] [[Adana Kala]] [[Bala]]-Less
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Uttarayana]] [[Adana kala]] [[Bala]]-Less
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shishira]] (Late Winter)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shishira]] (Late Winter)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Magha]](Tapa) and [[Phalguna]](Tapasya)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Magha]](Tapa) and [[Phalguna]](Tapasya)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-May to Mid-July
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-May to Mid-July
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Dakshinayana]] [[Visarga Kala]] [[Bala]]-Good
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Dakshinayana]] [[Visarga kala]] [[Bala]]-Good
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Varsha]] (Rainy Season)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Varsha]] (Rainy Season)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shravana]](Nabha) and [[Bhadrapada]](Nabhasya)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shravana]](Nabha) and [[Bhadrapada]](Nabhasya)
|}
|}
==== Formation of Seasons ====
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The Earth and all other celestial bodies in the Solar System are constantly moving. Rotation, precession and revolution of Earth are directly responsible for seasonal variations in a year. The term ‘Earth Rotation’ refers to the spinning of our planet on its axis, with an equatorial speed of 1040 miles per hour (about 465 meter per second or slightly over 1675 km per hour). One rotation takes twenty-four hours (23.93 hour) and is called a mean solar day. The Earth’s rotation is responsible for the daily cycles of day and night. At any moment in time, one half of the Earth is in sunlight, while the other half is in darkness.
The Earth and all other celestial bodies in the Solar System are constantly moving. Rotation, precession and revolution of Earth are directly responsible for seasonal variations in a year. The term ‘Earth Rotation’ refers to the spinning of our planet on its axis, with an equatorial speed of 1040 miles per hour (about 465 meter per second or slightly over 1675 km per hour). One rotation takes twenty-four hours (23.93 hour) and is called a mean solar day. The Earth’s rotation is responsible for the daily cycles of day and night. At any moment in time, one half of the Earth is in sunlight, while the other half is in darkness.
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==== Qualities of seasons ====
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The qualities of different seasons are to be understood in three aspects viz. [[masa]] (month), [[rashi]] (stellar constellations) and [[svarupa]] (characteristic features). The regimen prescribed for each season should be followed in mild, moderate or full degree in the succeeding order of strength of seasons. Importance is given first to the appearance of [[svarupa]] in reckoning season, then to the [[rashi]] and last to the [[masa]]. The regimen prescribed for the season should be mild or part, if only [[masa]] has commenced without commencement of [[rashi]] or [[svarupa]]; it should be moderate, if [[rashi]] has commenced, but [[svarupa]] has not yet; and regimen should in full measure if [[svarupa]] has commenced ever without [[rashi]].
The qualities of different seasons are to be understood in three aspects viz. [[masa]] (month), [[rashi]] (stellar constellations) and [[svarupa]] (characteristic features). The regimen prescribed for each season should be followed in mild, moderate or full degree in the succeeding order of strength of seasons. Importance is given first to the appearance of [[svarupa]] in reckoning season, then to the [[rashi]] and last to the [[masa]]. The regimen prescribed for the season should be mild or part, if only [[masa]] has commenced without commencement of [[rashi]] or [[svarupa]]; it should be moderate, if [[rashi]] has commenced, but [[svarupa]] has not yet; and regimen should in full measure if [[svarupa]] has commenced ever without [[rashi]].
The characteristics of normal seasons have been described in terms of various environmental factors. Knowledge of these characteristics is important to differentiate between deranged (abnormal) and normal seasons so that precautions can be taken to prevent the adverse effect of abnormal season.<ref> Sushruta Samhita Chapter 6 </ref>
The characteristics of normal seasons have been described in terms of various environmental factors. Knowledge of these characteristics is important to differentiate between deranged (abnormal) and normal seasons so that precautions can be taken to prevent the adverse effect of abnormal season. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana Chapter 6]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>
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=== Importance of [[ritucharya]](seasonal regimen) ===
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One’s various type of diet leads to promotion of strength and luster only when he knows the wholesomeness according to different seasons dependent on behavior and diet.(Cha.Su.6/3)
One’s various type of diet leads to promotion of strength and luster only when he knows the wholesomeness according to different seasons dependent on behavior and diet.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/3]
If one follows the regimen as described for different seasons, he never suffers from diseases due to the aggravated [[dosha]] under the seasonal impact.<ref> Sushuta Samhita. Uttar tantra. 64/55 </ref> <ref> Bhava Prakasha 5/356 </ref>
If one follows the regimen as described for different seasons, he never suffers from diseases due to the aggravated [[dosha]] under the seasonal impact. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 64/55]<ref name=Susruta/> [B.P Purvakhanda 5/356]<ref name=Bhavaprakash>Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha -Volume I. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas academy;2000</ref>
A man always becomes healthy only when he properly follows [[dinacharya]] (daily regimen), [[nishacharya]] (night regimen) and [[ritucharya]] (seasonal regimen), otherwise he will have disease.<ref> Bhava Prakasha 5/13 </ref>
A man always becomes healthy only when he properly follows [[dinacharya]] (daily regimen), [[nishacharya]] (night regimen) and [[ritucharya]] (seasonal regimen), otherwise he will have disease. [B.P Purvakhanda 5/13]<ref name=Bhavaprakash/>
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==== Basic principles of [[ritucharya]] ====
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#While passing through six seasons our body is bound to face different variations and accordingly it is likely to get affected if the same regimen is followed in all seasons.
#While passing through six seasons our body is bound to face different variations and accordingly it is likely to get affected if the same regimen is followed in all seasons.
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==== Concept of [[ritusandhi]] ====
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The last seven days of preceding [[ritu]] and first seven days of following [[ritu]] are together known as [[ritusandhi]] (meeting of two seasons). During this period the regimen of the previous season should be discontinued gradually and those of the succeeding season adopted slowly. Particular [[padamshika krama]] (sequential regimen) has to be adopted i.e. Unhealthy things which one has become accustomed should be discontinued gradually. Similarly healthy things (food etc.) should be made use of (gradually) with intervals of one, two or three days.(Cha.Su. 7/36-37) On the other hand, if they are discontinued or adopted suddenly, diseases due to unaccustomed foods and activities develop.<ref> Ashtanga Samgraha Sutra Sthana 4/61 </ref> It is a significant advice, as the changeover of external environment from one season to other is very rapid, but our endogenous system needs some time for smooth change over.
The last seven days of preceding [[ritu]] and first seven days of following [[ritu]] are together known as [[ritusandhi]] (meeting of two seasons). During this period the regimen of the previous season should be discontinued gradually and those of the succeeding season adopted slowly. Particular [[padamshika krama]] (sequential regimen) has to be adopted i.e. Unhealthy things which one has become accustomed should be discontinued gradually. Similarly healthy things (food etc.) should be made use of (gradually) with intervals of one, two or three days.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/36-37] On the other hand, if they are discontinued or adopted suddenly, diseases due to unaccustomed foods and activities develop.<ref> Vridha Vagbhata. Sutra Sthana, Cha.4 Ritucharya Adhyaya verse 21. In: Shivaprasad sharma, Editor. Ashtanga Sangraha. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012</ref> It is a significant advice, as the changeover of external environment from one season to other is very rapid, but our endogenous system needs some time for smooth change over.
The duration of last eight days of [[Kartika]] month and first eight days of [[Margashirsha]] month is termed as [[yamadamshtra]]. It is advised to take little food during this period for healthy living otherwise it may be fatal.<ref> Sharangadhar Purva khanda 2/30 </ref>
====[[Yamadamshtra]] (period of increased mortality) ====
The duration of last eight days of [[Kartika]] month and first eight days of [[Margashirsha]] month is termed as [[yamadamshtra]]. It is advised to take little food during this period for healthy living otherwise it may be fatal.<ref> Parasuram Shasthri, Sharangadhara Samhita, Purva Khand,Chap. 2, Bhaishajyakhyanakam, verse 30, In: Parasuram Shasthri, Editor. Sharangadhara Samhita.3rd ed. Varanasi: Choukhamba Orientalia;1983. </ref>
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=== Concept of [[satmya]] and [[okasatmya]] ===
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[[Satmya]] means any substance or behavior which is suitable and beneficial to the self. [[Satmya]] being used constantly has wholesome effect. It is divided into two types:
[[Satmya]] means any substance or behavior which is suitable and beneficial to the self. [[Satmya]] being used constantly has wholesome effect. It is divided into two types:
#''Prakritisatmya''
#''Prakritisatmya''
#''Abhyasasatmya''
#''Abhyasasatmya''
##''Prakritisatmya'' is also called as ''ajanmasatmya''<ref> Ashtanga Hridaya Sutra Sthana 10 </ref> i.e. the [[satmya]] since birth, like [[madhura]] [[rasa]].
##''Prakritisatmya'' is also called as ''ajanmasatmya''<ref> Arunadatta, Vagbhata. Sutra Sthana, Cha.10 Rasabediya Adhyaya verse 7. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> i.e. the [[satmya]] since birth, like [[madhura]] [[rasa]].
##''Abhyasasatmya'' includes four types of [[satmya]], i.e. vyadhisatmya, deshasatmya, okasatmya'' and ''ritusatmya''.
##''Abhyasasatmya'' includes four types of [[satmya]], i.e. vyadhisatmya, deshasatmya, okasatmya'' and ''ritusatmya''.
###''Vyadhisatmya'': Adaptation to a disease. There are things which cannot be taken in normal health but have to be tolerated during the period when a person falls sick. It is also called ''amayasatmya'' or ''rogasatmya''.
###''Vyadhisatmya'': Adaptation to a disease. There are things which cannot be taken in normal health but have to be tolerated during the period when a person falls sick. It is also called ''amayasatmya'' or ''rogasatmya''.
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=== Seasonal Regimens ===
===== [[Hemanta]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Early winter) =====
===== [[Hemanta]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Early winter) =====
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==== [[Shishira]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Late winter) ====
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[[Hemanta]] and [[shishira]] are similar with the slight difference in that the latter has more roughness due to beginning of [[Adana]] and cold due to clouds, winds and rains. Hence the entire routine of living prescribed for [[Hemanta]] is to be followed in [[Shishira]] also. During [[Shishira]], one should specially live in warmer settings and protect oneself from direct air. Avoid [[katu]](pungent), [[tikta]] (bitter), [[kashaya]](astringent), [[laghu]](light to digest), [[sheeta]] (cold) and [[vata]] provoking food and drinks.
[[Hemanta]] and [[shishira]] are similar with the slight difference in that the latter has more roughness due to beginning of [[Adana]] and cold due to clouds, winds and rains. Hence the entire routine of living prescribed for [[Hemanta]] is to be followed in [[Shishira]] also. During [[Shishira]], one should specially live in warmer settings and protect oneself from direct air. Avoid [[katu]](pungent), [[tikta]] (bitter), [[kashaya]](astringent), [[laghu]](light to digest), [[sheeta]] (cold) and [[vata]] provoking food and drinks.
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==== [[Vasanta]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Spring) ====
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==== [[Grishma]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Summer) ====
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==== [[Varsha]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Rainy season) ====
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==== [[Sharada]] [[ritucharya]] (Regimen for Autumn) ====
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===Common diseases due to non-observance of [[ritucharya]]===
Many diseases described in [[Ayurveda]] have their own peculiar causes to develop in particular season, like [[jwara]], [[tamaka shvasa]], [[pratishyaya]], [[amlapitta]], [[shirahshula]], [[sandhi-shula]], [[atisara]], [[sheetapitta]], [[kushtha]] etc.
Many diseases described in [[Ayurveda]] have their own peculiar causes to develop in particular season, like [[jwara]], [[tamaka shvasa]], [[pratishyaya]], [[amlapitta]], [[shirahshula]], [[sandhi-shula]], [[atisara]], [[sheetapitta]], [[kushtha]] etc.
#[[Jwara]] (fever) is of two types, viz., [[prakrita]] (natural) and [[vaikrita]] (unnatural) based on prognosis. On the basis of [[prakriti]] (basic constitution) of time the fever is termed as [[prakrita]] (natural). [[Kaphaja jwara]] occurs in [[vasanta]] and [[pitta]] dominant in [[sharada]] (autumn), are known as [[prakrita'' (normal) and are easily curable, while [[vata]] dominant [[jwara]] in [[prakrita]] season ([[pravrita]]) is not easily curable. Fever occurs in seasons other than that responsible for vitiation of the concerned [[dosha]] is known as [[Vaikrita]] (unnatural) which is troublesome. (Cha.Chi. 3/42)
# [[Jwara]] (fever) is of two types, viz., [[prakrita]] (natural) and [[vaikrita]] (unnatural) based on prognosis. On the basis of [[prakriti]] (basic constitution) of time the fever is termed as [[prakrita]] (natural). [[Kaphaja jwara]] occurs in [[vasanta]] and [[pitta]] dominant in [[sharada]] (autumn), are known as [[prakrita]]'' (normal) and are easily curable, while [[vata]] dominant [[jwara]] in [[prakrita]] season ([[pravrita]]) is not easily curable. Fever occurs in seasons other than that responsible for vitiation of the concerned [[dosha]] is known as [[Vaikrita]] (unnatural) which is troublesome. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/42]
#[[Tamaka shvasa]] (bronchial asthma) is aggravated by cloudy, cold, rainy weather and easterly wind and [[kapha]] increasing factors. On the other hand warmth relieves the symptoms.
#[[Tamaka shvasa]] (bronchial asthma) is aggravated by cloudy, cold, rainy weather and easterly wind and [[kapha]] increasing factors. On the other hand warmth relieves the symptoms.
#[[Pratishyaya]] (rhinitis): Seasonal irregularity is one of the causative factors of [[pratishyaya]].(Cha.Chi. 26/104) Thus [[pratishyaya]] can occur in any season if we do not follow seasonal regimen and especially in exposure to too much of cold.
#[[Pratishyaya]] (rhinitis): Seasonal irregularity is one of the causative factors of [[pratishyaya]].[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/104] Thus [[pratishyaya]] can occur in any season if we do not follow seasonal regimen and especially in exposure to too much of cold.
#[[Amlapitta]] (acid peptic disorder) is prevalent in rainy season because of natural accumulation of [[pitta]] in rainy season. Indulgence in foods which are incompatible, spoiled, very sour, causing burning sensation in epigastrium cause increase of [[pitta]] to produce [[amlapitta]], in persons in whom [[pitta]] has already increased.<ref> Madhav Nidana 51/1 </ref>
#[[Amlapitta]] (acid peptic disorder) is prevalent in rainy season because of natural accumulation of [[pitta]] in rainy season. Indulgence in foods which are incompatible, spoiled, very sour, causing burning sensation in epigastrium cause increase of [[pitta]] to produce [[amlapitta]], in persons in whom [[pitta]] has already increased. [M.N 51/1]<ref name=Madava>Madhavakara. Madhava Nidanam (Roga vinischaya). Translated from Sanskrit by K. R. Srikantha Murthy. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2007</ref>
#[[Shirahshula]] (headache) is a common feature of all types of [[shiroroga]] and is of three types:
#[[Shirahshula]] (headache) is a common feature of all types of [[shiroroga]] and is of three types:
##[[Vata]] dominant [[shiroroga]]:
##[[Vata]] dominant [[shiroroga]]:
###Relieving factors: Hot season
###Relieving factors: Hot season
#[[Shula]] (pain)
#[[Shula]] (pain)
##[[Vata]] dominant [[shula]]: [[Vata]] dominant [[shula]] especially gets exacerbated after digestion of food, in the evening time, at the end of night, during cloudy and rainy days, in cold climate, and due to direct and eastern wind exposure.<ref> Madhav Nidana 26/4 </ref> <ref> Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana 21/20 </ref> It gets relieved by [[swedana]](sudation), [[abhyanga]](oil massage), [[mardana]](massage), unctuous, and hot food items. On the basis of site of the [[vata]], the different sites are affected.
##[[Vata]] dominant [[shula]]: [[Vata]] dominant [[shula]] especially gets exacerbated after digestion of food, in the evening time, at the end of night, during cloudy and rainy days, in cold climate, and due to direct and eastern wind exposure.[M.N 26/4]<ref name=Madava/> [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/20]<ref name=Susruta/> It gets relieved by [[swedana]](sudation), [[abhyanga]](oil massage), [[mardana]](massage), unctuous, and hot food items. On the basis of site of the [[vata]], the different sites are affected.
##[[Pitta]] dominant [[shula]]: It gets exacerbated during mid day, mid night, at the time of digestion of food, and during [[sharada]] [[ritu]]. It gets relieved by cold season, cold and [[madhura]] food.<ref> Madhav Nidana 26/8 </ref>
##[[Pitta]] dominant [[shula]]: It gets exacerbated during mid day, mid night, at the time of digestion of food, and during [[sharada]] [[ritu]]. It gets relieved by cold season, cold and [[madhura]] food. [M.N 26/8]<ref name=Madava/>
##[[Kapha]] dominant [[shula]]: This type of pain gets exacerbated just after intake of food, during early morning, at the beginning of night, and during [[shishira]] and [[vasanta]] seasons.<ref> Madhav Nidana 26/10 </ref>
##[[Kapha]] dominant [[shula]]: This type of pain gets exacerbated just after intake of food, during early morning, at the beginning of night, and during [[shishira]] and [[vasanta]] seasons. [M.N 26/10]<ref name=Madava/>
#[[Atisara]] (diarrhea): [[Rituviparyaya]] (any deviation from seasonal regimen) is an important cause of [[atisara]] .<ref> Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra 40/4 </ref>
#[[Atisara]] (diarrhea): [[Rituviparyaya]] (any deviation from seasonal regimen) is an important cause of [[atisara]] .[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 40/4]<ref name=Susruta/>
#[[Sheetapitta]] (urticaria): Exposure to cold air aggravates [[kapha]] and [[vata]] [[dosha]], and along with [[pitta]] cause [[sheetapitta]]. It increases during rainy and winter seasons and especially in [[shishira]] [[ritu]].<ref> Madhav Nidana 50/1 </ref>
#[[Sheetapitta]] (urticaria): Exposure to cold air aggravates [[kapha]] and [[vata]] [[dosha]], and along with [[pitta]] cause [[sheetapitta]]. It increases during rainy and winter seasons and especially in [[shishira]] [[ritu]]. [M.N 50/1]<ref name=Madava/>
#[[Kushtha]] (skin diseases): The first important cause of [[kushtha]] is [[viruddha anna-pana]] (intake of antagonistic food), which includes [[kala viruddha]] also for e.g. during hot season intake of [[katu]] and hot variety of foods and during cold season [[ruksha]] (rough) and [[sheeta]] (cold) foods are [[kala]] [[viruddha]].<ref> Cha. Chi. 7/4-8 </ref>
#[[Kushtha]] (skin diseases): The first important cause of [[kushtha]] is [[viruddha anna-pana]] (intake of antagonistic food), which includes [[kala viruddha]] also for e.g. during hot season intake of [[katu]] and hot variety of foods and during cold season [[ruksha]] (rough) and [[sheeta]] (cold) foods are [[kala]] [[viruddha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/4-8]
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=== Effect of seasonal changes on health ===
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Various researches have proved the direct relation of seasonal variation on physiological and pathological changes in body:
Various researches have proved the direct relation of seasonal variation on physiological and pathological changes in body:
*Weather has an important influence on morbidity in the winter because cold, dry air leads to excessive dehydration of nasal passages and upper respiratory tract, and increased chance of microbial and viral infection. In general, total mortality is about 15% higher on an average winter day than on an average summer day, according to National Center for Health Statistics, 1978.
*Weather has an important influence on morbidity in the winter because cold, dry air leads to excessive dehydration of nasal passages and upper respiratory tract, and increased chance of microbial and viral infection. In general, total mortality is about 15% higher on an average winter day than on an average summer day, according to National Center for Health Statistics, 1978.
*Mortality rate during heat waves increases with age.<ref> Oechsli et al, 1970 </ref> <ref> Buechley et al, 1972 </ref> The elderly seem to suffer from impaired physiological responses and often are unable to increase their cardiac output sufficiently during extremely hot weather.<ref> Sprung C.L., 1979 </ref>
*Mortality rate during heat waves increases with age.<ref> Oechsli et al, 1970 </ref> <ref> Buechley et al, 1972 </ref> The elderly seem to suffer from impaired physiological responses and often are unable to increase their cardiac output sufficiently during extremely hot weather.<ref> Sprung C.L., 1979 </ref>
*It was noted that men who had taken bath in 15oC water for one-half hour over nine consecutive days before a trip to the Arctic showed less signs of cold-induced stress than non-treated men. It indicates that adaptation to cold temperatures can occur through repeated exposures. <ref> Radomski and Boutelier, 1982 </ref>
*It was noted that men who had taken bath in 15 degree Celcius water for one-half hour over nine consecutive days before a trip to the Arctic showed less signs of cold-induced stress than non-treated men. It indicates that adaptation to cold temperatures can occur through repeated exposures. <ref> Radomski MW, Boutelier C. Hormone response of normal and intermittent cold-preadapted humans to continuous cold. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982;53(3):610‐616. doi:10.1152/jappl.1982.53.3.610 </ref>
*To a great extent, the seasonal changes in the immune system are controlled by changes in the levels of various hormones, particularly melatonin. Serum levels of melatonin were found to be highest in the winter months in both normal individuals and SLE patients.<ref> Nelson et al., 2000 </ref> There is natural increase in ''bala'' (strength/immunity) of individuals during winter i.e. [[hemanta]] and [[shishira]] [[ritu]].
*To a great extent, the seasonal changes in the immune system are controlled by changes in the levels of various hormones, particularly melatonin. Serum levels of melatonin were found to be highest in the winter months in both normal individuals and SLE patients.<ref> Nelson et al., 2000 </ref> There is natural increase in ''bala'' (strength/immunity) of individuals during winter i.e. [[hemanta]] and [[shishira]] [[ritu]].
*Striking seasonal variations have been demonstrated in the plasma and saliva levels of the glucocorticoid, cortisol, which promotes carbohydrate metabolism. The lowest levels of cortisol were found in healthy individuals during spring and summer, while the highest levels were found during autumn and winter seasons.<ref> Walker et al, 1997 </ref>
*Striking seasonal variations have been demonstrated in the plasma and saliva levels of the glucocorticoid, cortisol, which promotes carbohydrate metabolism. The lowest levels of cortisol were found in healthy individuals during spring and summer, while the highest levels were found during autumn and winter seasons.<ref> Walker et al, 1997 </ref>
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== References ==
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