Changes

===7. Nirdesha(Elaboration)===

===7. Nirdesha(Elaboration)===

It is the method of elaborating the concise statement further in detail. E.g. In [[Sutra Sthana]] [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya#Three Sharira Dosha and two Manas Dosha| three Doshas (Cha.Su.1/57)]] pertaining to the body are mentioned as Vayu, Pitta and Kapha. This is like Uddesha. Now further details about these Doshas like their properties, their functions, causes for their vitiation and treatment for them are described further in the [[Sutra Sthana]] chapter one, twelve, twenty and in [[Vimana Sthana]] 6th chapter etc. This is Nirdesha.

It is the method of elaborating the concise statement further in detail. E.g. In [[Sutra Sthana]] [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya#Three Sharira Dosha and two Manas Dosha| three Doshas |(Cha.Su.1/57)]] pertaining to the body are mentioned as Vayu, Pitta and Kapha. This is like Uddesha. Now further details about these Doshas like their properties, their functions, causes for their vitiation and treatment for them are described further in the [[Sutra Sthana]] chapter one, twelve, twenty and in [[Vimana Sthana]] 6th chapter etc. This is Nirdesha.

In clinical practice, technical words are used to denote a procedure and then detail description of procedure is given.  

In clinical practice, technical words are used to denote a procedure and then detail description of procedure is given.  

===9. Prayojana(Purpose)===

===9. Prayojana(Purpose)===

It is the purpose for which a description is given or for which a doer initiates his actions. E.g. to produce dhatusamya (balanced state of all body constituents) is mentioned as the prayojana (purpose for promulgation) of Ayurveda.

It is the purpose for which a description is given or for which a doer initiates his actions. E.g. to produce dhatusamya (balanced state of all body constituents) is mentioned as the prayojana (purpose for promulgation) of [[Ayurveda]].

 

 

In research, the aims and objectives are highlighted in the purpose of research.  

===10. Upadesha (Authoritative instruction)===

===10. Upadesha (Authoritative instruction)===

It is the method of giving general instruction. These are important guidelines by the ancient sages, which are otherwise difficult to understand for a layman. It explains what exactly should be done in a given condition, while treating a patient, or for maintenance and promotion of health. It explains what to do, how to do and in which order to be done. E.g. Ch.Su.13.99 explains that swedana should be always preceded by snehana. Such advice comes from vast knowledge, experience and wisdom of the sages. Thus this is practically very important.

It is the method of giving general instructions given by authorities. These are important guidelines by the ancient scientists, which are otherwise difficult to understand for a layman. It explains what exactly should be done in a given condition, while treating a patient, or for maintenance and promotion of health. It explains what to do, how to do and in which order to be done. E.g. In the thirteenth chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]], the directions to apply swedana always after snehana are given [[Snehadhyaya#Sequence for oleation and sudation|(Cha.Su.13/99)]]. Such advice comes from vast knowledge, experience and wisdom of the ancient scientists. Thus this is practically very important.

 

 

 

 

It is the method of showing the reasons for statements. After stating a certain fact, logical and scientific reasoning is provided. E.g. In third chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]], while describing epidemics, it is stated that factors like wind, water and the land are gradually more and more hazardous [[Janapadodhvansaniya Vimana # General measures for the management|(Cha.Vi.3/10)]]. The reasoning is further provided, that these factors are more and more difficult to avoid. Somehow a person can hide at the residence or change residence to avoid exposure to polluted abnormal wind, but avoiding water will be even more difficult, because although polluted, the water sources may be finite and limited.Then avoiding land is further more difficult.  

===11. Apadesha (Adducement of reason)===

In clinical medicine, all the disease processes and their management have certain reasons.  

It is the method of showing the reasons of things. After stating a certain fact, here reasoning is provided. E.g. Ch.Vi.3rd chapter, while describing epidemics, it is stated that factors like wind, water and the land are gradually more and more influential. The reasoning is further provided, that these factors are more and more difficult to avoid. Somehow a person can hide at the residence to avoid exposure to polluted abnormal wind, but avoiding water will be even more difficult, because although polluted, the water sources may be finite and limited.

In research, each statement is supported with reasons. The cause and effect observed in data is discussed in the research documents.    

===12. Atidesha (Indication)===

===12. Atidesha (Indication of future event)===

Is that of anticipating a future event from a present indication or prognostication. Thus, from the fact of increasing and uprising of vata in a man’s system may predict that he will have specific bowel disease(udavarta).

Application of a statement at various places is Atidesha. Anticipation of a future possible event from a present indication or prognostication is revealed from this method. E.g. from the fact of vitiation of vata in a person predicts that he will have some vata disorders in future or bowel disease([[Trimarmiya Chikitsa|udavarta]]).

 

 

In research, the interpretation of statistical data to state future predictions is applied.  

===13. Arthapatti (Implication)===

===13. Arthapatti (Implication)===

It is that which is understood, by implication, though not directly mentioned, is called arthapatti. E.g. it is advised that eating curds during night should be avoided. By implication of this, it is understood that eating curds in daytime won’t harm health.

Deriving a unsaid meaning is Arthapatti. It is also used to reveal hidden meanings of the statements. E.g. it is advised to avoid eating curd at night. By implication of arthapatti, it is understood that curd can be taken in daytime.[[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya#Guidelines for consumption of dadhi (curd)|(Cha.Su.7/61)]]

 

 

In research methodology, every meaning of a statement, its pros and cons are discussed so as to have clear understanding.  

===14. Nirnaya (Decision)===

===14. Nirnaya (Decision)===

Is the decision taken after a scientific discussion, taking into consideration both sides of the arguments. E.g. in the Ch.Su.10th chapter, there is a discussion between Lord Atreya and the sage Maitreya over the significance of the quadruple (consisting of the physician, attendants and nursing staff, medicines and the patient. The argument of Maitreya, that these four factors don’t have any significant role in the disease cure, is refuted by Lord Atreya and their role is proven. The concluding statement of Lord Atreya, that these four factors when endowed with good qualities, are significant for the treatment, is called as Nirnaya.

Is the decision taken after a scientific discussion, taking into consideration both sides of the arguments. E.g. in the tenth chapter of [[ Sutra Sthana]], discussion between Lord Atreya and the sage Maitreya over the significance of the quadruple (consisting of the physician, attendants and nursing staff, medicines and the patient) is narrated. The argument of Maitreya, that these four factors don’t have any significant role in the disease cure, is refuted by Lord Atreya and their role is proven. The concluding statement of Lord Atreya, that these four factors when endowed with good qualities, are significant for the treatment, is called as Nirnaya.[[Mahachatushpada Adhyaya |(Cha.Su.10/4-5)]]

===15. Prasanga(Restatement)===

===15. Prasanga(Restatement)===

It is a virtue b

It is a virtue by which allusion is made to things repeatedly described in other chapter. Here since it is necessary, to quote certain facts, for proper understanding in other contexts also. So this is not mere repetition. E.g.  As per [[Charak Samhita]], only ''sama prakriti'' (balanced state of all three doshas) is Prakriti, and Vatala (Vata dominant) etc. Prakriti (specific body constitution with predominance of one or two doshas) are termed as in fact vikriti (imbalance, abnormality). Therefore, the treatment for them is described in Ch.Su.7.41. Again in Ch.Vi.6.14-18 since in that context also it was needed, treatment for vatala etc. is again described.

y which allusion is made to things repeatedly described in other chapter. Here since it is necessary, to quote certain facts, for proper understanding in other contexts also. So this is not mere repetition. E.g.  As per [[Charak Samhita]], only ''sama prakriti'' (balanced state of all three doshas) is Prakriti, and Vatala (Vata dominant) etc. Prakriti (specific body constitution with predominance of one or two doshas) are termed as in fact vikriti (imbalance, abnormality). Therefore, the treatment for them is described in Ch.Su.7.41. Again in Ch.Vi.6.14-18 since in that context also it was needed, treatment for vatala etc. is again described.

===16.Ekanta (Categorical statement)===

===16.Ekanta (Categorical statement)===