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'''b)''''''Gastric and Intestinal Signals''' – In response to the food many gut peptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells, which play essential role in regulating food. Steinert RE et al reveals that along with gastric distention, Gastric and intestinal signals (increased GLP-1 and PYY secretions and reduction in plasma ghrelin secretions) synergies to support satiation.<ref>Steinert RE, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Beglinger C. The role of the stomach in the control of appetite and the secretion of satiation peptides. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Mar 15;302(6):E666-73. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00457.2011. Epub 2012 Jan 3. PMID: 22215654.

'''b)''''''Gastric and Intestinal Signals''' – In response to the food many gut peptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells, which play essential role in regulating food. Steinert RE et al reveals that along with gastric distention, Gastric and intestinal signals (increased GLP-1 and PYY secretions and reduction in plasma ghrelin secretions) synergies to support satiation.<ref>Steinert RE, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Beglinger C. The role of the stomach in the control of appetite and the secretion of satiation peptides. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Mar 15;302(6):E666-73. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00457.2011. Epub 2012 Jan 3. PMID: 22215654.

https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00457.2011?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org</ref>

https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00457.2011?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org</ref>

Gut hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and GLP-1, Oxyntomodulin (OXM), Peptide YY, Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) these are the important gut hormones involved in the mechanism of satiation, plays significant role in termination of meal. CCK is considered as potential biomarker for satiation.<ref>Melton PM, Kissileff HR, Pi-Sunyer FX. Cholecystokinin (CCK-8) affects gastric pressure and ratings of hunger and fullness in women. Am J Physiol. 1992;263(2 Pt 2):R452-R456. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.2.R452</ref><ref>Shah M, Vella A. Effects of GLP-1 on appetite and weight. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2014;15(3):181-187. doi:10.1007/s11154-014-9289-5</ref> Oxyntomodulin (OXM) delays gastric emptying and reduces gastric acid secretion, decrease food intake.<ref>Sam AH, Troke RC, Tan TM, Bewick GA. The role of the gut/brain axis in modulating food intake. Neuropharmacology. 2012;63(1):46-56.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.008</ref>  

Gut hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and GLP-1, Oxyntomodulin (OXM), Peptide YY, Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) these are the important gut hormones involved in the mechanism of satiation, plays significant role in termination of meal. CCK is considered as potential biomarker for satiation.<ref>Melton PM, Kissileff HR, Pi-Sunyer FX. Cholecystokinin (CCK-8) affects gastric pressure and ratings of hunger and fullness in women. Am J Physiol. 1992;263(2 Pt 2):R452-R456. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.2.R452</ref><ref>Shah M, Vella A. Effects of GLP-1 on appetite and weight. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2014;15(3):181-187. doi:10.1007/s11154-014-9289-5</ref> Oxyntomodulin (OXM) delays gastric emptying and reduces gastric acid secretion, decrease food intake.<ref>Sam AH, Troke RC, Tan TM, Bewick GA. The role of the gut/brain axis in modulating food intake. Neuropharmacology. 2012;63(1):46-56.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.008</ref>  

Leptin, insulin, and ghrelin act as long term regulators of appetite. These are long-acting adiposity hormones. While studying the role of leptin in prandial patterns, researchers observed that plasma leptin concentrations increase during a spontaneous intermeal interval and decline before the onset of a meal. Leptin works through regulation of hypothalamic feeding circuits. Through negative feedback mechanism leptin reduces food intake and regulates body weight homeostasis. Thus decreased leptin levels observed to stimulate appetite behavior. Leptin has an influential role in meal frequency and observed less responsible to control meal size.<ref>Chapelot D, Aubert R, Marmonier C, Chabert M, Louis-Sylvestre J. An endocrine and metabolic definition of the intermeal interval in humans: evidence for a role of leptin on the prandial pattern through fatty acid disposal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug;72(2):421-31. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.421. PMID: 10919937.https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/72/2/421/4729460</ref>

Leptin, insulin, and ghrelin act as long term regulators of appetite. These are long-acting adiposity hormones. While studying the role of leptin in prandial patterns, researchers observed that plasma leptin concentrations increase during a spontaneous intermeal interval and decline before the onset of a meal. Leptin works through regulation of hypothalamic feeding circuits. Through negative feedback mechanism leptin reduces food intake and regulates body weight homeostasis. Thus decreased leptin levels observed to stimulate appetite behavior. Leptin has an influential role in meal frequency and observed less responsible to control meal size.<ref>Chapelot D, Aubert R, Marmonier C, Chabert M, Louis-Sylvestre J. An endocrine and metabolic definition of the intermeal interval in humans: evidence for a role of leptin on the prandial pattern through fatty acid disposal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug;72(2):421-31. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.421. PMID: 10919937.https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/72/2/421/4729460</ref>

Ghrelin potentially enhances appetite. It is the first hormone which shows stimulating effect on food intake.<ref>Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, et al. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(12):5992. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8111</ref><ref>Kalra SP, Bagnasco M, Otukonyong EE, Dube MG, Kalra PS. Rhythmic, reciprocal ghrelin and leptin signaling: new insight in the development of obesity. Regul Pept. 2003;111(1-3):1-11. doi:10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00305-1</ref> Ghrelin secreted mainly from the gastric mucosa, its level are at their peak just before a meal, and decreased slowly when food nutrients are travelled into intestine.It acts on hippocampal neurons involved in spatial learning and memory, thus empty stomach passes signal to brain for asking to engage in appetite behavior, filling of hunger.Ghrelin as orexigenic factor promoted food intake and weight gain.Various cognitive components participate in the initiation of eating and in the selection of food. Schmid DA et al research findings suggest that along with stimulation of appetite, Ghrelin affects cognitive functions. They have noted vivid, plastic visualization of preferred meal by study subjects after administration of ghrelin.<ref>Schmid DA, Held K, Ising M, Uhr M, Weikel JC, & Steiger A (2005). Ghrelin Stimulates Appetite, Imagination of Food, GH, ACTH, and Cortisol, but does not Affect Leptin in Normal Controls. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(6), 1187–1192. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300670</ref> Peptide YY has a suppressive effect on food intake.<ref>Jones ES, Nunn N, Chambers AP, Østergaard S, Wulff BS, Luckman SM. Modified Peptide YY Molecule Attenuates the Activity of NPY/AgRP Neurons and Reduces Food Intake in Male Mice. Endocrinology. 2019 Nov 1;160(11):2737-2747. doi: 10.1210/en.2019-00100. PMID: 31074796; PMCID: PMC6806261.</ref>PPY rise is observed in post prandial phase and are lowest in fasting state. Peripheral administration of PYY3e36 reduces food intake. PPY have shown effect on intestinal motility, delays gastric emptying.<ref>Asakawa A, Inui A, Yuzuriha H, Ueno N, Katsuura G, Fujimiya M, Fujino MA, Niijima A, Meguid MM, Kasuga M. Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance. Gastroenterology. 2003 May;124(5):1325-36. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00216-6. PMID: 12730873.</ref>  

Ghrelin potentially enhances appetite. It is the first hormone which shows stimulating effect on food intake.<ref>Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, et al. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(12):5992. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8111</ref><ref>Kalra SP, Bagnasco M, Otukonyong EE, Dube MG, Kalra PS. Rhythmic, reciprocal ghrelin and leptin signaling: new insight in the development of obesity. Regul Pept. 2003;111(1-3):1-11. doi:10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00305-1</ref> Ghrelin secreted mainly from the gastric mucosa, its level are at their peak just before a meal, and decreased slowly when food nutrients are travelled into intestine.It acts on hippocampal neurons involved in spatial learning and memory, thus empty stomach passes signal to brain for asking to engage in appetite behavior, filling of hunger.Ghrelin as orexigenic factor promoted food intake and weight gain.Various cognitive components participate in the initiation of eating and in the selection of food. Schmid DA et al research findings suggest that along with stimulation of appetite, Ghrelin affects cognitive functions. They have noted vivid, plastic visualization of preferred meal by study subjects after administration of ghrelin.<ref>Schmid DA, Held K, Ising M, Uhr M, Weikel JC, & Steiger A (2005). Ghrelin Stimulates Appetite, Imagination of Food, GH, ACTH, and Cortisol, but does not Affect Leptin in Normal Controls. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(6), 1187–1192. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300670</ref> Peptide YY has a suppressive effect on food intake.<ref>Jones ES, Nunn N, Chambers AP, Østergaard S, Wulff BS, Luckman SM. Modified Peptide YY Molecule Attenuates the Activity of NPY/AgRP Neurons and Reduces Food Intake in Male Mice. Endocrinology. 2019 Nov 1;160(11):2737-2747. doi: 10.1210/en.2019-00100. PMID: 31074796; PMCID: PMC6806261.</ref>PPY rise is observed in post prandial phase and are lowest in fasting state. Peripheral administration of PYY3e36 reduces food intake. PPY have shown effect on intestinal motility, delays gastric emptying.<ref>Asakawa A, Inui A, Yuzuriha H, Ueno N, Katsuura G, Fujimiya M, Fujino MA, Niijima A, Meguid MM, Kasuga M. Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance. Gastroenterology. 2003 May;124(5):1325-36. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00216-6. PMID: 12730873.</ref>  

Less quantity of food need be consider under two viewpoints: Total quantity of a meal (Sarvagraha matra)) and quantity of each food item of a meal (Parigraha matra). While serving different food articles in a meal (which is termed as parigraha matra) one must ascertain inclusion of all the six rasas (tastes) in required proportion. Nutritional requirement of body tissues will be fulfilled by inclusion of all the six rasas (tastes) in desired proportion (Principle of Shadrasa).  Biomedical fundamentals of nutrition, macronutrients and micronutrients need to be studied in correlation with Six Rasa principle to offer better nutritional solutions to the society.

Less quantity of food need be consider under two viewpoints: Total quantity of a meal (Sarvagraha matra)) and quantity of each food item of a meal (Parigraha matra). While serving different food articles in a meal (which is termed as parigraha matra) one must ascertain inclusion of all the six rasas (tastes) in required proportion. Nutritional requirement of body tissues will be fulfilled by inclusion of all the six rasas (tastes) in desired proportion (Principle of Shadrasa).  Biomedical fundamentals of nutrition, macronutrients and micronutrients need to be studied in correlation with Six Rasa principle to offer better nutritional solutions to the society.