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The word ‘srotasa’ means a secretory channel for transportation and transformation of body constituents. Every body part has its own requirements for growth and nourishment. They are exposed to various environments. This need for various environments emphasizes on creating separate space for the development of different organs in the body. Fulfillment of basic needs as food and excretion is done simultaneously while performing the duties as a system by establishing a network between different organs. Different types of srotasa are described for major systems of the body. Major srotasa in the body are classified into eleven pairs by Sushrut [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 9/12] and thirteen gross channels by Charak. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/6,7]<ref name="ref1">Dhargalkar Nandini Dilip. Sarira-Kriya-Vidnana.2nd ed.Delhi,Chaukhamba Sanskrit pratisathan ;2018,pg. 332. </ref> Srotasa are the inner circulatory pathways of the body which provides area for physiological function of general entities of the body like dosha, tissue (dhatu), waste material (mala). It helps in transformation and circulation of essential nutrients that support the functional entities. The word ‘srotasa’ is understood as the active inner transport system of body-mind-soul.<ref name="ref2">Verma, Vandana & Gehlot, Sangeeta. (2014). Review on concept of srotas. International journal of research in ayurveda & pharmacy. 5. 232-234. 10.7897/2277-4343.05246.</ref> This chapter describes srotasa, its physiological and pathological aspects with importance in healthcare.

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The word ‘srotasa’ means a secretory channel for transportation and transformation of [[Sharira|body]] constituents. Every [[Sharira|body]] part has its own requirements for growth and nourishment. They are exposed to various environments. This need for various environments emphasizes on creating separate space for the development of different organs in the [[Sharira|body]]. Fulfillment of basic needs as food and excretion is done simultaneously while performing the duties as a system by establishing a network between different organs. Different types of srotasa are described for major systems of the [[Sharira|body]]. Major srotasa in the [[Sharira|body]] are classified into eleven pairs by Sushrut [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 9/12] and thirteen gross channels by Charak. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/6,7]<ref name="ref1">Dhargalkar Nandini Dilip. Sarira-Kriya-Vidnana.2nd ed.Delhi,Chaukhamba Sanskrit pratisathan ;2018,pg. 332. </ref> Srotasa are the inner circulatory pathways of the [[Sharira|body]] which provides area for physiological function of general entities of the [[Sharira|body]] like dosha, tissue (dhatu), waste material (mala). It helps in transformation and circulation of essential nutrients that support the functional entities. The word ‘srotasa’ is understood as the active inner transport system of [[Sharira|body]]-mind-soul.<ref name="ref2">Verma, Vandana & Gehlot, Sangeeta. (2014). Review on concept of srotas. International journal of research in ayurveda & pharmacy. 5. 232-234. 10.7897/2277-4343.05246.</ref> This chapter describes srotasa, its physiological and pathological aspects with importance in healthcare.

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== Definition ==

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The human body is majorly made up of innumerable channels that are responsible for the transportation of various materials in the body. At the same time nourishing seven dhatus. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/3].

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The human [[Sharira|body]] is majorly made up of innumerable channels that are responsible for the transportation of various materials in the [[Sharira|body]]. At the same time nourishing seven dhatus. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/3].

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* “Sravanata srotansi” [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 30/12]: The pathways that are helpful in the flow of nutritious substances in the body.

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* “Sravanata srotansi” [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 30/12]: The pathways that are helpful in the flow of nutritious substances in the [[Sharira|body]].

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* “Sravanat rasadi srava pathatvaat srotansi” [Gangadhara commentary on Charak Samhita]: After the digestion of food, it is converted into essence (sara) & waste material (kitta part). The srotasa are pathways through which essence (sara bhaga) is transported in the body.

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* “Sravanat rasadi srava pathatvaat srotansi” [Gangadhara commentary on Charak Samhita]: After the digestion of food, it is converted into essence (sara) & waste material (kitta part). The srotasa are pathways through which essence (sara bhaga) is transported in the [[Sharira|body]].

* The channels which carry the poshaka dhatu (the nourishing part of the dhatus) are called ‘srotasa’. [Chakrapani commentary on Charaka Samhita]

* The pathways which carry or transport all the significant materials like life elements (prana or rakta dhatu), four types of food, and all the dhatus are called ‘srotasa’. [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 9/13]

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== Synonyms ==

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Channels (srotasa) vein, venule (sira), artery, arteriole, capillary (dhamani), lymphatic ducts (rasayani), portal vein (rasavahini), nerve likewise radial nerve (nadi), passage (pantha), tracts like gastrointestinal tract (marga), body orifice like eyes, nose, ear, anus, vagina (sharira chhidra), closed passages (savrita), open passages (asavritni), sites like skin, lungs (sthana), habitation (niketa), spaces to be occupied by body constituents like liver and spleen (ashaya). [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/9]

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Channels (srotasa) vein, venule (sira), artery, arteriole, capillary (dhamani), lymphatic ducts (rasayani), portal vein (rasavahini), nerve likewise radial nerve (nadi), passage (pantha), tracts like gastrointestinal tract (marga), [[Sharira|body]] orifice like eyes, nose, ear, anus, vagina ([[Sharira|sharira]] chhidra), closed passages (savrita), open passages (asavritni), sites like skin, lungs (sthana), habitation (niketa), spaces to be occupied by [[Sharira|body]] constituents like liver and spleen (ashaya). [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/9]

== Formation ==

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== Classification ==

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Srotasa are numerous in number because humans are a complex organism, and all body entities are made up of innumerable srotasa. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/3] Fundamentally, every cell of the body could be understood as srotasa. As per the ayurvedic classics, srotasa can be broadly classified into two types:

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Srotasa are numerous in number because humans are a complex organism, and all [[Sharira|body]] entities are made up of innumerable srotasa. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/3] Fundamentally, every cell of the [[Sharira|body]] could be understood as srotasa. As per the ayurvedic classics, srotasa can be broadly classified into two types:

<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight: bold;">Sthula (Gross): They are further classified into two types:</li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight: bold;">Bahiramukha (external openings): Bahirmukha srotasa have external orifices on the body. Broadly they are nine in number [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/6], two of them situated at the lower part of the body. Remaining seven are present in the upper part of the body. In females, three srotasa are mentioned below: [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/10] </li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight: bold;">Bahiramukha (external openings): Bahirmukha srotasa have external orifices on the [[Sharira|body]]. Broadly they are nine in number [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/6], two of them situated at the lower part of the [[Sharira|body]]. Remaining seven are present in the upper part of the [[Sharira|body]]. In females, three srotasa are mentioned below: [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/10] </li>

{| class="wikitable"

! style="width: 50%"| Male (9)

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| Rasavaha srotasa (plasma and lymphatic system)

| Heart (hridaya), branches of aorta (10 dhamani)

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| Heart (hridaya), the vessels or channel or terminal branches of the aorta that transport nutrition to various parts of the body (rasvahini dhamani)

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| Heart (hridaya), the vessels or channel or terminal branches of the aorta that transport nutrition to various parts of the [[Sharira|body]] (rasvahini dhamani)

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| Raktavaha srotasa (blood and vascular system)

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</ol>

These srotasa can be further divided into three subgroups for ease of understanding:

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<ol type="a"><li>Three intake channels or channels leading to the interior: Annavaha, pranavaha & udakavaha srotasa. These act as channels for the ingestion and transportation of solids (food), liquid & gases on a broader account. Hence, these will be considered as digestive, respiratory and electrolyte balancing systems. These channels form the main links of the body's internal environment with the external environment. Further, these channels are more prone to disorders, as they serve as the first defence to the external foreign matter entering the body. These are the first sites of ama production.</li>

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<ol type="a"><li>Three intake channels or channels leading to the interior: Annavaha, pranavaha & udakavaha srotasa. These act as channels for the ingestion and transportation of solids (food), liquid & gases on a broader account. Hence, these will be considered as digestive, respiratory and electrolyte balancing systems. These channels form the main links of the [[Sharira|body's]] internal environment with the external environment. Further, these channels are more prone to disorders, as they serve as the first defence to the external foreign matter entering the [[Sharira|body]]. These are the first sites of ama production.</li>

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<li>Seven processor channels or channels of maintenance: These are dhatuvaha srotasa. These act as the processors of the body and maintain the equilibrium in their physiological states. In Ayurveda, dhatu is the body's structural unit that sustain sharira (body) and are responsible for its strength and immunity. These dhatuvaha channels provide the necessary nutrition for proper growth and development of the seven dhatus and the space for their transportation, digestion, and metabolism.These are the channels where ama is dislodged. </li>

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<li>Seven processor channels or channels of maintenance: These are dhatuvaha srotasa. These act as the processors of the [[Sharira|body]] and maintain the equilibrium in their physiological states. In Ayurveda, dhatu is the [[Sharira|body's]] structural unit that sustain [[Sharira|sharira (body)]] and are responsible for its strength and immunity. These dhatuvaha channels provide the necessary nutrition for proper growth and development of the seven dhatus and the space for their transportation, digestion, and metabolism.These are the channels where ama is dislodged. </li>

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<li>Three output channels or channels leading to the expulsion of metabolic wastes. These include purishavaha, mutravaha, and swedavaha srotasa (malavaha srotasa). These will act as channels for removing waste products and toxic substances. The metabolites formed during metabolism in dhatuvaha srotasa and three input channels are further transported to malavaha srotasa, according to ease of removal through different sites of elimination through the body, after being processed again for easy and smooth expulsion by natural orifices. </li></ol>

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<li>Three output channels or channels leading to the expulsion of metabolic wastes. These include purishavaha, mutravaha, and swedavaha srotasa (malavaha srotasa). These will act as channels for removing waste products and toxic substances. The metabolites formed during metabolism in dhatuvaha srotasa and three input channels are further transported to malavaha srotasa, according to ease of removal through different sites of elimination through the [[Sharira|body]], after being processed again for easy and smooth expulsion by natural orifices. </li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Sukshma (Micro channels): The small orifices or microscopic pores of the body are known as sukshma srotasa. The navel (nabhi) and tiny channels or orifice of the skin are understood as sukshma srotasa. </li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Sukshma (Micro channels): The small orifices or microscopic pores of the [[Sharira|body]] are known as sukshma srotasa. The navel (nabhi) and tiny channels or orifice of the skin are understood as sukshma srotasa. </li></ol>

== Morphological characters ==

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== Significance of srotasa ==

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<ul style='text-align:justify;'><li>The structural and functional unit of the body that transports essential components throughout the whole body. </li>

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<ul style='text-align:justify;'><li>The structural and functional unit of the [[Sharira|body]] that transports essential components throughout the whole [[Sharira|body]]. </li>

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<li>Synthesis of tissue (dhatu) in the body. </li>

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<li>Synthesis of tissue (dhatu) in the [[Sharira|body]]. </li>

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<li>Eliminating waste products from the body through urine, feces, sweat etc. </li>

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<li>Eliminating waste products from the [[Sharira|body]] through urine, feces, sweat etc. </li>

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<li>Responsible for nutrition, protection, and equilibrium of the structural entities in the body. </li>

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<li>Responsible for nutrition, protection, and equilibrium of the structural entities in the [[Sharira|body]]. </li>

<li>As per ancient science, srotasa are the supreme factor responsible for health and disease throughout life. </li>

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<li>Nadi is also one of the synonyms of srotasa, which signifies its function of control and transportation of sensory and motor reflexes in the whole body. </li>

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<li>Nadi is also one of the synonyms of srotasa, which signifies its function of control and transportation of sensory and motor reflexes in the whole [[Sharira|body]]. </li>

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<li>Maintains homeostasis in various systems of the body. All the dosha, dhatu, and mala rely on srotasa for their development, conveyance, and expulsion. </li></ul>

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<li>Maintains homeostasis in various systems of the [[Sharira|body]]. All the dosha, dhatu, and mala rely on srotasa for their development, conveyance, and expulsion. </li></ul>

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== Relation of srotasa with body tissue (dhatu) ==

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== Relation of srotasa with [[Sharira|body]] tissue (dhatu) ==

The diet and regimen in the context of daily and seasonal routines which possess quality similar to dhatu are beneficial for respective dhatus and suitable for the srotasa. [Cha. Sa [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/23]

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<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight: bold;">Excessive flow (atipravatti): Excessive formation or elimination of dosha, dhatu, mala e.g., excess urination (bahumutra) in prameha, diarrhea (atisara), hemorrhage, etc.</li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Accumulation or obstruction (sanga): Sanga means block in the passages, e.g., obstruction of sweda (sweating) in fever, obstruction of vata dosha in gulma disease, obstruction of piita dosha due to kapha in jaundice (shakhashrita kamala), delayed digestion (alasaka), digestive disorders (grahani), cold, constipation, etc. </li>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Siragranthi: It denotes thickening or abnormal growth in the natural orifice of the body e.g., granthi, aneurysm in the artery, splenomegaly, varicose vein, tumors, etc. </li>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Siragranthi: It denotes thickening or abnormal growth in the natural orifice of the [[Sharira|body]] e.g., granthi, aneurysm in the artery, splenomegaly, varicose vein, tumors, etc. </li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Deviated flow (vimarga gamana): Diversion from natural passages e.g., movement of apana vata in udavarta, movement of food in the upward direction in vomiting (chhardi), abdominal diseases (udara roga), bleeding disorders (raktapitta), acute gastroenteritis (visuchika), fistula (bhagandara). </li></ol>

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''

| '''Pranavaha'''

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| Painful, irregular breathing, breathing with abnormal lung sounds (atisrishtamatibadham kupitamalpamalpamabhikshana va Sashabadamshoolamuchchawantam), forward bending of body (vinamana ), syncope (moha), dizziness (bhrama), tremors (vepana) & (maranam) death

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| Painful, irregular breathing, breathing with abnormal lung sounds (atisrishtamatibadham kupitamalpamalpamabhikshana va Sashabadamshoolamuchchawantam), forward bending of [[Sharira|body]] (vinamana), syncope (moha), dizziness (bhrama), tremors (vepana) & (maranam) death

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''

| '''Rasavaha'''

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| Anorexia (aruchi), lack of interest in the food (ashradha), tastelessness (asyavairasya), nausea (hrillasa), heaviness in body (gaurav), fatigue (tandra), Fever (jwara), anemia (pandu), darkness in front of the eyes (tama), malnutrition (krishangata), premature aging (palita), loss of libido (klaibya), death (maranam)

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| Anorexia (aruchi), lack of interest in the food (ashradha), tastelessness (asyavairasya), nausea (hrillasa), heaviness in [[Sharira|body]] (gaurav), fatigue (tandra), Fever (jwara), anemia (pandu), darkness in front of the eyes (tama), malnutrition (krishangata), premature aging (palita), loss of libido (klaibya), death (maranam)

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''

| '''Raktavaha'''

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| Skin disorder (twak vikara ), like melasma (vyanga), obstinate skin diseases (kushtha), ringwarm or tines (dadru), bleeding from different part of the body (raktapitta), Menorrhagia (asrigdara), anal & urogenital abscesses (gudamedrasyapaaka), jaundice (kamala), vitiligo (shvitra), fever (jwara), anemia (pandutva), conjunctivitis.

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| Skin disorder (twak vikara ), like melasma (vyanga), obstinate skin diseases (kushtha), ringwarm or tines (dadru), bleeding from different part of the [[Sharira|body]] (raktapitta), Menorrhagia (asrigdara), anal & urogenital abscesses (gudamedrasyapaaka), jaundice (kamala), vitiligo (shvitra), fever (jwara), anemia (pandutva), conjunctivitis.

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''

| '''Medavaha'''

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| Decreased life span (ayushohrasa), retarded movements/impaired body movements (Javoparodha), difficulty in sexual act (kricchra vyavayata), general debility (daurbalya), Bad odour of the body (daurgandhya) , excess sweating (swedabadha), excessive hunger (kshudhatimatra ), increased thirst, dryness (pipasatiyoga)

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| Decreased life span (ayushohrasa), retarded movements/impaired [[Sharira|body]] movements (Javoparodha), difficulty in sexual act (kricchra vyavayata), general debility (daurbalya), Bad odour of the [[Sharira|body]] (daurgandhya) , excess sweating (swedabadha), excessive hunger (kshudhatimatra ), increased thirst, dryness (pipasatiyoga)

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''8'''

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''9'''

| '''Majjavaha'''

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| Pain in joints (parva ruka ) , confusion (bhrama), syncope (murchha), (arunshika), the interphalangeal joints appear big (Sthoola Mula of Parvas)

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| Pain in joints (parva ruka), confusion (bhrama), syncope (murchha), (arunshika), the interphalangeal joints appear big (Sthoola Mula of Parvas)

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''10'''

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== Clinical significance of srotasa ==

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Clinical assessment of srotasa is done from the root level (mulasthana). It means the origin of strotasa is assessed through its functions. Therefore, vitiation of srotasa can be easily identified in various disorders related to the srotasa. Elaborated understanding of srotasa is necessary, because srotasa are the factors involved in the genesis of the entire body.

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Clinical assessment of srotasa is done from the root level (mulasthana). It means the origin of strotasa is assessed through its functions. Therefore, vitiation of srotasa can be easily identified in various disorders related to the srotasa. Elaborated understanding of srotasa is necessary, because srotasa are the factors involved in the genesis of the entire [[Sharira|body]].

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Pathogenesis or vitiation in the transport system leads to stagnation of unwanted things, depletion of essential nutrients, eredication of the body tissue and cells, and imbalance in the body, mind, and health. This leads to multiple diseases related to different channels of the body.<ref name="ref3">https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/02/srotas-body-channels-and-duct.. </ref>

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Pathogenesis or vitiation in the transport system leads to stagnation of unwanted things, depletion of essential nutrients, eredication of the [[Sharira|body]] tissue and cells, and imbalance in the [[Sharira|body]], mind, and health. This leads to multiple diseases related to different channels of the [[Sharira|body]].<ref name="ref3">https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/02/srotas-body-channels-and-duct.. </ref>

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Srotasa is the inner transport or circulatory system of the body. These can be depicted on macroscopic (sthula) as well as microscopic (sukshama) level for the descriptions pertaining to the exchange of gases, transportation of various nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to multiple parts of the body and elimination of waste products (kitta bhaga) like urine & feces, from the body. They are mainly structural and functional body units and carry essential nutrients, transmitting sensory and motor reflexes throughout the body. Sthula srotasa, along with their roots are emphasized for pathology & treatment. Srotasa play a prime role in understanding physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, etc.

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Srotasa is the inner transport or circulatory system of the [[Sharira|body]]. These can be depicted on macroscopic (sthula) as well as microscopic (sukshama) level for the descriptions pertaining to the exchange of gases, transportation of various nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to multiple parts of the [[Sharira|body]] and elimination of waste products (kitta bhaga) like urine & feces, from the [[Sharira|body]]. They are mainly structural and functional [[Sharira|body]] units and carry essential nutrients, transmitting sensory and motor reflexes throughout the [[Sharira|body]]. Sthula srotasa, along with their roots are emphasized for pathology & treatment. Srotasa play a prime role in understanding physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, etc.

== Contemporary approach<ref name="ref4">Chatterjee’s C.C human physiology, 13th edition. CBS publishers & distributors; New Delhi : 2021.p2-21. </ref> ==

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As per contemporary physiology, cells are structural and functional body units. The group of cells form tissues. Organs and and different body systems are designated for specific functions. These systems carry their physiological functions and maintain homeostasis in body. The circulatory system, digestive system, endocrine system, exocrine system, immune system, muscular system, nervous system, urinary system, reproductive system, respiratory system, and skeletal system are examples of these systems.

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As per contemporary physiology, cells are structural and functional [[Sharira|body]] units. The group of cells form tissues. Organs and and different [[Sharira|body]] systems are designated for specific functions. These systems carry their physiological functions and maintain homeostasis in [[Sharira|body]]. The circulatory system, digestive system, endocrine system, exocrine system, immune system, muscular system, nervous system, urinary system, reproductive system, respiratory system, and skeletal system are examples of these systems.

== Differences in fundamental concepts of ayurveda and conventional medicine ==

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Conventional medicine progresses from first observing and understanding the structure of the cell, organs, tissues, system etc, and then projecting this understanding to explain how they might function in the entire body. In comparison, ayurveda progresses from observing the functioning of the body structures at first to building a conceptual understanding of how their network might be in the body. Ayurveda focuses on how functional understanding can help to know the structure in a better way. This is why some parts of body are named according to their function e.g. hridaya suggests functions of mind, anatomical heart, cardiac region, and head.

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Conventional medicine progresses from first observing and understanding the structure of the cell, organs, tissues, system etc, and then projecting this understanding to explain how they might function in the entire [[Sharira|body]]. In comparison, ayurveda progresses from observing the functioning of the [[Sharira|body]] structures at first to building a conceptual understanding of how their network might be in the [[Sharira|body]]. Ayurveda focuses on how functional understanding can help to know the structure in a better way. This is why some parts of [[Sharira|body]] are named according to their function e.g. hridaya suggests functions of mind, anatomical heart, cardiac region, and head.

== Physiological functions and medical approach to each one srotasa<ref name="ref2" /> ==

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== Current researches ==

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<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight: bold;">Review on the concept of srotas: Srotasa acts as the inner transport system of the body. These macro, micro level channels also include all range of structural and functional units designed to carry specific materials, molecules, messages, impulses, emotions, and thoughts and are typical for the substances they transport. The concept of receptor theory and their specificity and membrane biology is also indicated by the functional physiology of srotamsi, which has importance from the point of view of pathophysiology and pharmacophysiology.<ref name="ref2" />. </li>

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<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight: bold;">Review on the concept of srotas: Srotasa acts as the inner transport system of the [[Sharira|body]]. These macro, micro level channels also include all range of structural and functional units designed to carry specific materials, molecules, messages, impulses, emotions, and thoughts and are typical for the substances they transport. The concept of receptor theory and their specificity and membrane biology is also indicated by the functional physiology of srotamsi, which has importance from the point of view of pathophysiology and pharmacophysiology.<ref name="ref2" />. </li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Critical evaluation of srotas and their clinical Significance: Srotasa plays an essential role in disease manifestation. Understanding the concept of srotasa and srotovaigunya are vital to prognosis and treatment.<ref name="ref5">Katwal Savita, Udainiya Neha, 2018. “Critical evaluation of srotas and its clinical significance” International Journal of Current Research in Life Sciences, 7, (03), 1407-1409.</ref> </li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Ayurveda literary research study on some important aspects of srotas: This study mainly focuses on understanding the srotas regarding microcirculation and exploration of minute aspects of microchannels.<ref name="ref6">Chouhan PK. Ayurveda Literary Research Study on Some Important Aspects of Srotas. Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics.10Sep.2018 ;8(5):280-3 </ref> </li>

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