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Srotasa (view source)

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<li>Eliminating waste products from the [[Sharira|body]] through urine, feces, sweat etc. </li>

<li>Responsible for nutrition, protection, and equilibrium of the structural entities in the [[Sharira|body]]. </li>

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<li>As per ancient science, srotasa are the supreme factor responsible for health and [[Vyadhi|disease]] throughout [[Ayu|life]]. </li>

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<li>As per ancient science, srotasa are the supreme factor responsible for [[Health|health]] and [[Vyadhi|disease]] throughout [[Ayu|life]]. </li>

<li>Nadi is also one of the synonyms of srotasa, which signifies its function of control and transportation of sensory and motor reflexes in the whole [[Sharira|body]]. </li>

<li>Maintains homeostasis in various systems of the [[Sharira|body]]. All the [[Dosha|dosha]], [[Dhatu|dhatu]], and [[Mala|mala]] rely on srotasa for their development, conveyance, and expulsion. </li></ul>

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''11'''

| '''Mutravaha'''

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| Polyuria (atisristham), scanty urination (atibaddhama), Obstructed urination (prakupitam), frequent urination (alpama alpama) viscous urination (bahalama), painful urination (sashoolam).

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| Polyuria (atisristham), scanty urination (atibaddhama), Obstructed urination (prakupitam), frequent urination (alpama alpama) viscous urination (bahalama), painful urination (sashoolam).

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''12'''

| '''Purishvaha'''

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| Difficulty in excretion of stool (kruchchrata), faeces getting expelled in small quantities (alpama alpama) sounds during defecation (sa shabdama), painful excretion of faeces (sa shoolam), diarrhoea (ati dravam), hard stool (atigrathitama), excess formation of faeces (atibahu).

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| Difficulty in excretion of stool (kruchchrata), faeces getting expelled in small quantities (alpama alpama) sounds during defecation (sa shabdama), painful excretion of faeces (sa shoolam), diarrhoea (ati dravam), hard stool (atigrathitama), excess formation of faeces (atibahu).

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''13'''

| '''Swedavaha'''

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| Excessive (atiswedam) or no perspiration (aswedama), rougness (parushya) , horripilation (lomaharsha). excessive smoothness of skin ( atishlakshnata),

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| Excessive (atiswedam) or no perspiration (aswedama), rougness (parushya) , horripilation (lomaharsha). excessive smoothness of skin (atishlakshnata),

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| style="text-align:center;" | '''14'''

| '''Artavavaha'''

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| Infertility (vandhyata), dyspareunia (maithuna asahishnuta), amennorhea (artava nasha).

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| Infertility (vandhyata), dyspareunia (maithuna asahishnuta), amennorhea ([[Artava|artava]] nasha).

|-

|}

== Advanced diagnostic tools ==

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Above stated clinical manifestation will be present if there is some kind of vitiation in the srotasa which can be diagnosed based on the features present ~~alongwith~~ several contemporary diagnostic tools that are described below:

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Above stated clinical manifestation will be present if there is some kind of vitiation in the srotasa which can be diagnosed based on the features present along with several contemporary diagnostic tools that are described below:

<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li>Pranvaha srotasa: spirometry, ECG (electrocardiography), sputum analysis, lung function test, etc. </li>

<li>Udakavaha srotasa: esophageal manometry, chest X-ray, ECG(electrocardiography) </li>

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|-

| Pranavaha srotasa

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| Treatment of respiratory disorders (shwasa) : In case of [[Kapha dosha|kapha]] pradhana: emesis (vamana), Purgation (virechana), healthy diet (pathya ashana), dhooma (medicated smoking) , linctus (leha) In case of [[Vata dosha|vata]] pradhana: pacificatory (shamana) meat soup (mamsarasa) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/88-90]

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| Treatment of respiratory disorders ([[Shwasa|shwasa]]) : In case of [[Kapha dosha|kapha]] pradhana: emesis ([[Vamana|vamana]]), Purgation ([[Virechana|virechana]]), healthy diet (pathya ashana), [[Dhumapana|dhooma]] (medicated smoking), linctus (leha) In case of [[Vata dosha|vata]] pradhana: pacificatory ([[Shamana|shamana]]) meat soup (mamsarasa) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/88-90]

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| Annavaha srotasa

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|-

| Udakavaha srotasa

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| Treatment of polydipsia (trishna): Intake of water with honey, Or medicated water processed with herbs having properties like thin (tanu) light to digest (laghu), cold (sheeta), fragrant (sugandhi), and good taste (Surasa)[Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/25,26]

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| Treatment of polydipsia ([[Trishna Chikitsa|trishna]]): Intake of water with honey, Or medicated water processed with herbs having properties like thin (tanu) light to digest (laghu), [[Sheeta|cold (sheeta)]], fragrant (sugandhi), and good taste (Surasa) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/25,26]

|-

| Rasadi dhatuvaha srotasa

| Treatment of [[Dhatu|dhatu]] pradoshaja vikara

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# Rasavaha srotasa : langhana

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# Rasavaha srotasa : [[Langhana|langhana]]

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# Raktavaha srotasa: virechana, upavasa and bloodletting, light diet.

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# Raktavaha srotasa: [[Virechana|virechana]], [[Upavasa|upavasa]] and bloodletting, light diet.

# Mamsavaha srotasa: samshodhana, kshara karma, agnikarma

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# Medovaha srotasa: by using various dravya having [[Vata dosha|vata]], [[Kapha dosha|kapha]] and meda nashaka properties, use of ruksha, ushna and tikshna dravya in [[Basti|basti]].

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# Asthivaha srotasa: panchakarma procedures, [[Basti|basti]] processed with milk (ksheera) and bitter (tikta aushadha).

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# Asthivaha srotasa: [[Panchakarma|panchakarma]] procedures, [[Basti|basti]] processed with milk (ksheera) and bitter ([[Tikta|tikta]] [[Aushadha|aushadha]]).

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# Majjavaha & shukravaha srotasa : Treated by madhura and tikta rasa pradhana anna, by vyayama and by vamana and virechana [Ch. Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/25-28]

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|-

| Mutravaha srotasa

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| Treatment of dysuria (mutrakrichhra), diuretics (mutrala dravya) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/45,49,54,58]

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| Treatment of dysuria (mutrakrichhra), diuretics (mutrala [[Dravya|dravya]]) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/45,49,54,58]

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| Purishavaha srotasa

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| Treatment of [[Atisara Chikitsa|diarrhea (atisara)]]: [[Basti|basti]], treatment is planned as per the stages of diarrhoea (avasthiki chikitsa) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/19,123]

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| Treatment of [[Atisara Chikitsa|diarrhea (atisara)]]: [[Basti|basti]], treatment is planned as per the stages of diarrhoea (avasthiki chikitsa) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/19,123]

|-

| Swedavaha srotasa

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| Treatment of [[Jwara|fever (jwara)]]: fasting (langhana), steam (swedanam), time for natural recovery (kala), gruels (yavagu), bitter taste herbs for digestion (tikta rasa pachana) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/140,42]

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| Treatment of [[Jwara|fever (jwara)]]: [[Langhana||fasting (langhana)]], steam (swedanam), time for natural recovery ([[Kala|kala]]), gruels (yavagu), bitter taste herbs for digestion ([[Tikta|tikta rasa]] [[Pachana|pachana]]) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/140,42]

|-

|}

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Clinical assessment of srotasa is done from the root level (mulasthana). It means the origin of strotasa is assessed through its functions. Therefore, vitiation of srotasa can be easily identified in various disorders related to the srotasa. Elaborated understanding of srotasa is necessary, because srotasa are the factors involved in the genesis of the entire [[Sharira|body]].

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Pathogenesis or vitiation in the transport system leads to stagnation of unwanted things, depletion of essential nutrients, eredication of the [[Sharira|body]] tissue and cells, and imbalance in the [[Sharira|body]], [[Manas|mind]], and health. This leads to multiple [[Vyadhi|diseases]] related to different channels of the [[Sharira|body]].<ref name="ref3">https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/02/srotas-body-channels-and-duct.. </ref>

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Pathogenesis or vitiation in the transport system leads to stagnation of unwanted things, depletion of essential nutrients, eredication of the [[Sharira|body]] tissue and cells, and imbalance in the [[Sharira|body]], [[Manas|mind]], and [[Health|health]]. This leads to multiple [[Vyadhi|diseases]] related to different channels of the [[Sharira|body]].<ref name="ref3">https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/02/srotas-body-channels-and-duct.. </ref>

Srotasa is the inner transport or circulatory system of the [[Sharira|body]]. These can be depicted on macroscopic (sthula) as well as microscopic (sukshama) level for the descriptions pertaining to the exchange of gases, transportation of various nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to multiple parts of the [[Sharira|body]] and elimination of waste products (kitta bhaga) like urine & feces, from the [[Sharira|body]]. They are mainly structural and functional [[Sharira|body]] units and carry essential nutrients, transmitting sensory and motor reflexes throughout the [[Sharira|body]]. Sthula srotasa, along with their roots are emphasized for pathology & treatment. Srotasa play a prime role in understanding physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, etc.

== Contemporary approach<ref name="ref4">Chatterjee’s C.C human physiology, 13th edition. CBS publishers & distributors; New Delhi : 2021.p2-21. </ref> ==

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As per contemporary physiology, cells are structural and functional [[Sharira|body]] units. The group of cells form tissues. Organs and and different [[Sharira|body]] systems are designated for specific functions. These systems carry their physiological functions and maintain homeostasis in [[Sharira|body]]. The circulatory system, digestive system, endocrine system, exocrine system, immune system, muscular system, nervous system, urinary system, reproductive system, respiratory system, and skeletal system are examples of these systems.

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As per contemporary physiology, cells are structural and functional [[Sharira|body]] units. The group of cells form tissues. Organs and and different [[Sharira|body]] systems are designated for specific functions. These systems carry their physiological functions and maintain homeostasis in [[Sharira|body]]. The circulatory system, digestive system, endocrine system, exocrine system, immune system, muscular system, nervous system, urinary system, reproductive system, respiratory system, and skeletal system are examples of these systems.

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== Differences in fundamental concepts of ayurveda and conventional medicine ==

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== Differences in fundamental concepts of [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] and conventional medicine ==

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Conventional medicine progresses from first observing and understanding the structure of the cell, organs, tissues, system etc, and then projecting this understanding to explain how they might function in the entire [[Sharira|body]]. In comparison, ayurveda progresses from observing the functioning of the [[Sharira|body]] structures at first to building a conceptual understanding of how their network might be in the [[Sharira|body]]. Ayurveda focuses on how functional understanding can help to know the structure in a better way. This is why some parts of [[Sharira|body]] are named according to their function e.g. [[Hridaya|hridaya]] suggests functions of [[Manas|mind]], anatomical heart, cardiac region, and head.

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Conventional medicine progresses from first observing and understanding the structure of the cell, organs, tissues, system etc, and then projecting this understanding to explain how they might function in the entire [[Sharira|body]]. In comparison, [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] progresses from observing the functioning of the [[Sharira|body]] structures at first to building a conceptual understanding of how their network might be in the [[Sharira|body]]. [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] focuses on how functional understanding can help to know the structure in a better way. This is why some parts of [[Sharira|body]] are named according to their function e.g. [[Hridaya|hridaya]] suggests functions of [[Manas|mind]], anatomical heart, cardiac region, and head.

== Physiological functions and medical approach to each one srotasa<ref name="ref2" /> ==

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>Annavaha srotasa is responsible for the nutritional supply since it covers esophagus & gastrointestinal tract. </li>

<li>Pranavaha srotasa carries out the function of transportation of [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu]] since it moves through the heart & respiratory tract. </li>

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<li>Rasavaha & raktavaha srotasa transport rasa & [[Rakta dhatu|rakta]] through heart, venous, arteriole circulatory system & other vessels. </li>

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<li>Rasavaha & raktavaha srotasa transport [[Rasa|rasa]] & [[Rakta dhatu|rakta]] through heart, venous, arteriole circulatory system & other vessels. </li>

<li>Swedavaha & medavaha srotasa performs detoxification since it covers subcutaneous fat tissue & sweat glands along with micropores of the skin. </li>

<li>Manovaha & majjavaha srotasa are the causative factors for neuronal and sensory transportation.</li>

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== Srotasa, receptors and membrane biology ==

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This concept of srotasa supports the latest descriptions in contemporary science, such as receptor theory in terms of their specificity and membrane biology. The srotas play a major role in pathophysiology and pharmacotherapeutics. Understanding the concept of srotasa allows Vaidya to make decisions accurately regarding treatment and prognosis.

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This concept of srotasa supports the latest descriptions in contemporary science, such as receptor theory in terms of their specificity and membrane biology. The srotas play a major role in pathophysiology and pharmacotherapeutics. Understanding the concept of srotasa allows Vaidya to make decisions accurately regarding treatment and prognosis.

== Future scope ==

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It is necessary to probe into this important conventional concept scientifically. It may be significant to tackle comparative studies with the modern sciences' knowledge about membrane biology and systemic endothelial system. The concept of srotasa in  ~~ayurveda is~~ a large area of molecular biology research. Vitiation of srotasa is the major cause of pathology in any [[Vyadhi|disease]]. There is a requirement for clinical and molecular research on the nature of vitiation of srotasa occurring in different clinical situations to develop preventive and treatment modalities on the lines of purification therapies.

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It is necessary to probe into this important conventional concept scientifically. It may be significant to tackle comparative studies with the modern sciences' knowledge about membrane biology and systemic endothelial system. The concept of srotasa in  [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is a large area of molecular biology research. Vitiation of srotasa is the major cause of pathology in any [[Vyadhi|disease]]. There is a requirement for clinical and molecular research on the nature of vitiation of srotasa occurring in different clinical situations to develop preventive and treatment modalities on the lines of purification therapies.

== Current researches ==

<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight: bold;">Review on the concept of srotas: Srotasa acts as the inner transport system of the [[Sharira|body]]. These macro, micro level channels also include all range of structural and functional units designed to carry specific materials, molecules, messages, impulses, emotions, and thoughts and are typical for the substances they transport. The concept of receptor theory and their specificity and membrane biology is also indicated by the functional physiology of srotamsi, which has importance from the point of view of pathophysiology and pharmacophysiology.<ref name="ref2" />. </li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Critical evaluation of srotas and their clinical Significance: Srotasa plays an essential role in [[Vyadhi|disease]] manifestation. Understanding the concept of srotasa and srotovaigunya are vital to prognosis and treatment.<ref name="ref5">Katwal Savita, Udainiya Neha, 2018. “Critical evaluation of srotas and its clinical significance” International Journal of Current Research in Life Sciences, 7, (03), 1407-1409.</ref> </li>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Ayurveda literary research study on some important aspects of srotas: This study mainly focuses on understanding the srotas regarding microcirculation and exploration of minute aspects of microchannels.<ref name="ref6">Chouhan PK. Ayurveda Literary Research Study on Some Important Aspects of Srotas. Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics.10Sep.2018 ;8(5):280-3 </ref> </li>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">[[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] literary research study on some important aspects of srotas: This study mainly focuses on understanding the srotas regarding microcirculation and exploration of minute aspects of microchannels.<ref name="ref6">Chouhan PK. Ayurveda Literary Research Study on Some Important Aspects of Srotas. Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics.10Sep.2018 ;8(5):280-3 </ref> </li>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Critical appraisal of doshavaha srotas: The study is based on the various synonyms described in classical texts, focusing on the sira (vein) and further divided into three categories like the division of sira as vatavaha, pittavaha, kaphavaha & sarvavaha srotas. It makes it easier to understand srotas in the context of tridosha for better and more systematic treatment protocol.<ref name="ref7">Byadgi PS. Critical appraisal of Doshavaha Srotas. Ayu. 2012 Jul;33(3):337-42. doi: 10.4103/0974- 8520.108819. PMID: 23723638; PMCID: PMC3665105.</ref> </li>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Critical appraisal of doshavaha srotas: The study is based on the various synonyms described in classical texts, focusing on the sira (vein) and further divided into three categories like the division of sira as vatavaha, pittavaha, kaphavaha & sarvavaha srotas. It makes it easier to understand srotas in the context of [[Tridosha|tridosha]] for better and more systematic treatment protocol.<ref name="ref7">Byadgi PS. Critical appraisal of Doshavaha Srotas. Ayu. 2012 Jul;33(3):337-42. doi: 10.4103/0974- 8520.108819. PMID: 23723638; PMCID: PMC3665105.</ref> </li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">A review article on concept of srotas with special emphasis on pranavaha srotas: This article emphasizes the pranavaha srotasa. It depicts the conductor and channeliser of prana (living force).<ref name="ref8">Joshi Prakash, Wane Yogesh. A review article on concept of srotasa with special emphasis of pranavaha srotasa, Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research November 2021, Volume 8, Issue 11,(ISSN-2349-5162)</ref> </li></ol>

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