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→Types or classification
Indriya are mainly classified into three categories:
Indriya are mainly classified into three categories:
'''a)Five sensory faculties (pancha jnanendriyani)''' - which include
'''a) Five sensory faculties (pancha jnanendriyani)''' - which include
*Auditory faculty (shrotrendriya)
*Auditory faculty (shrotrendriya)
*Tactile faculty(sparshanendriya)
*Tactile faculty(sparshanendriya)
*Olfactory faculty(ghranendriya)[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 8/8]
*Olfactory faculty(ghranendriya)[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 8/8]
'''b)Five motor faculties (pancha karmendriyani)'''-which include
'''b) Five motor faculties (pancha karmendriyani)'''-which include
*Upper limbs and faculties regulating activities accomplished by it (hasta)
*Upper limbs and faculties regulating activities accomplished by it (hasta)
*Lower limbs and faculties regulating activities accomplished by it (pada)
*Lower limbs and faculties regulating activities accomplished by it (pada)
*Tongue with peripheral speech apparatus and associated faculties (vagindriya)[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/25-26]
*Tongue with peripheral speech apparatus and associated faculties (vagindriya)[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/25-26]
'''c)Internal faculty (antah karana)''' - internal system of perception and cognition. It includes the inputs from the sensory faculties and their processing by the mind (manas), intellect (buddhi), and ego (ahamkara).
'''c) Internal faculty (antah karana)''' - internal system of perception and cognition. It includes the inputs from the sensory faculties and their processing by the mind (manas), intellect (buddhi), and ego (ahamkara).
Mind (manas) is known as supreme faculty (atindriya) or dual faculty (ubhayendriya) which is having control over both sensory as well as motor faculties. [A.S.Sharira Sthana 5/44]
Mind (manas) is known as supreme faculty (atindriya) or dual faculty (ubhayendriya) which is having control over both sensory as well as motor faculties. [A.S.Sharira Sthana 5/44]
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==Formation of indriya==
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===Panchchabhautika constitution===
Indriya are formed from the five greater elements ([[panchamahabhuta]]). So, each of them has an affinity towards a particular sense of perception in an object which is having a similar elemental constitution. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 1/15]
Indriya are formed from the five greater elements ([[panchamahabhuta]]). So, each of them has an affinity towards a particular sense of perception in an object which is having a similar elemental constitution. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 1/15]
*In embryonic development, indriya formation happens during the third month. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 4/11]
*In embryonic development, indriya formation happens during the third month. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 4/11]
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==Special locations of Indriya==
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In the human body, each sensory faculty (indriya) is located in a particular area with a predominance of the particular [[mahabhuta]].
In the human body, each sensory faculty (indriya) is located in a particular area with a predominance of the particular [[mahabhuta]].
The only exception for this is tactile faculty (sparshanendriya) which is spread all over the body.
The only exception for this is tactile faculty (sparshanendriya) which is spread all over the body.
===Pentad of senses (Indriya pancha-panchaka)===
{| class= "wikitable" |}
{| class= "wikitable" |}
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==Difference between sense (indriya) and organ (indriya adhishtana)<ref>Aniket A. Shilwant, Indriya Shaarir. Life Sciences Medical Publisher, Mumbai. 1st Edition, 2018.</ref> ==
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To know physiological process of sensation, it is important to know the difference between sense and sense organs.
To know physiological process of sensation, it is important to know the difference between sense and sense organs.
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==Functioning of indriya==
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===Process of perception of knowledge===
As per ayurvedic perspectives, the process of cognition starts from within a person. The soul expresses will for the perception of knowledge through the mind. The mind then connects with the particular sense to fulfill the will. The sense searches and connects with the source to know about that particular object. The sense organ-specific intellect plays an important role in deciding good/bad, correct/incorrect things for the living being. Thus, the process of perception of knowledge is completed by coordination of sense organ, sense, intellect, mind, and soul. The knowledge gained by the soul is ‘self-knowledge’. It is stored in the memory and reminded whenever required.
As per ayurvedic perspectives, the process of cognition starts from within a person. The soul expresses will for the perception of knowledge through the mind. The mind then connects with the particular sense to fulfill the will. The sense searches and connects with the source to know about that particular object. The sense organ-specific intellect plays an important role in deciding good/bad, correct/incorrect things for the living being. Thus, the process of perception of knowledge is completed by coordination of sense organ, sense, intellect, mind, and soul. The knowledge gained by the soul is ‘self-knowledge’. It is stored in the memory and reminded whenever required.
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===Motor organs (karmendriya)===
The motor organs are equally important to perform activities and communication. These organs play role in expressing inner feelings to outer world. The following table shows motor organs and their functions.
The motor organs are equally important to perform activities and communication. These organs play role in expressing inner feelings to outer world. The following table shows motor organs and their functions.