Changes

*Diseases are classified into two types based on etiology, clinical features, severity etc. mainly aimed to properly understand pathogenesis as well as to plan treatment. [Verse no. 4(7)]

*Diseases are classified into two types based on etiology, clinical features, severity etc. mainly aimed to properly understand pathogenesis as well as to plan treatment. [Verse no. 4(7)]

*Diseases with no subtypes have been mentioned. The above set includes possible variation of physical and mental causes. ''Urustambha'' occurs due to three ''doshas'' and ''ama, sanyasa'' is psycho-somatic in nature and in ''mahagada'' there is involvement of mental entities only. [Verse no. 4(8)]

*Diseases with no subtypes have been mentioned. The above set includes possible variation of physical and mental causes. ''Urustambha'' occurs due to three ''doshas'' and ''ama, sanyasa'' is psycho-somatic in nature and in ''mahagada'' there is involvement of mental entities only. [Verse no. 4(8)]

*While describing diseases with large number of subtypes separate way of classification was used. All the mentioned diseases are first broadly classified in a group and then sub-types are mentioned. ''Krimi'' are first classified into ''bahya, raktaja, shleshmaja'' and ''purishaja'' and then among these four groups twenty types of ''krimi'' have been mentioned.( Cha.Vi.7) Twenty types of ''prameha'' are broadly classified in three groups on basis of ''doshas'' and then subtypes are mentioned, Similarly, ''yoni vyapada'' are broadly classified as diseases due to ''dosha'' and diseases due to amalgamation of ''dosha'' and ''dushyas'' and under second category 16 types of diseases have been mentioned. [Verse no. 4(9)]

*While describing diseases with large number of subtypes separate way of classification was used. All the mentioned diseases are first broadly classified in a group and then sub-types are mentioned. ''Krimi'' are first classified into ''bahya, raktaja, shleshmaja'' and ''purishaja'' and then among these four groups twenty types of ''krimi'' have been mentioned.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]7] Twenty types of ''prameha'' are broadly classified in three groups on basis of ''doshas'' and then subtypes are mentioned, Similarly, ''yoni vyapada'' are broadly classified as diseases due to ''dosha'' and diseases due to amalgamation of ''dosha'' and ''dushyas'' and under second category 16 types of diseases have been mentioned. [Verse no. 4(9)]

*Importance of ''dosha'' in disease production has been mentioned. Equilibrium of ''dosha'' is important aspect of ''swasthya'' or health and if ''doshas'' are vitiated they will lead to disease formation. Three important factors by which one can diagnose disease have been mentioned in the above verse. [Verse no. 5]

*Importance of ''dosha'' in disease production has been mentioned. Equilibrium of ''dosha'' is important aspect of ''swasthya'' or health and if ''doshas'' are vitiated they will lead to disease formation. Three important factors by which one can diagnose disease have been mentioned in the above verse. [Verse no. 5]

*It has been emphasized that there is separate category of disease (''agantuja vyadhi'') in which involvement of ''doshas'' may not be necessary. [Verse no. 6]

*It has been emphasized that there is separate category of disease (''agantuja vyadhi'') in which involvement of ''doshas'' may not be necessary. [Verse no. 6]

=== ''Udara roga'' ===

=== ''Udara roga'' ===

Cardinal feature of ''udara roga'' is swelling in abdomen so all diseases having presentation with abdominal swelling/distension can be taken under common term ''udara roga''. In general diseases of stomach and bowel can be included in it. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 184 </ref>[Madhukosh on M.Ni.35/1, Ch.Su.18/31]

Cardinal feature of ''udara roga'' is swelling in abdomen so all diseases having presentation with abdominal swelling/distension can be taken under common term ''udara roga''. In general diseases of stomach and bowel can be included in it. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 184 </ref>[Madhukosh on M.Ni.35/1] [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana 18/31]

So, ''udara rogas'' described in [[Ayurveda]] can be correlated with different intra-abdominal conditions in which abdominal swelling/distension is the prime feature eg. abdominal tumours, hepato/splenomegaly, intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites etc. Subtypes of ''udara roga'' are named and described on the cause of swelling/distension. First four types are named after ''dosha'' involved. Description of ''pleehodara'' in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] closely resembles with spleen enlargement. ''Pliha'' refers to spleen so all conditions with predominant splenomegaly which cause visible abdominal swelling/distension can be taken by the term ''pleehodara''. ''Baddha'' means obstruction, and so obstructive conditions leading to abdominal swelling/distension can be clubbed as ''baddhodara''. Cause and symptoms closely resembles with that of intestinal obstruction so intestinal obstruction could be the possible modern correlate. ''Chhidra'' refers to cavity or hole. In description of ''chhidrodara'' it is clearly mentioned that intestine is injured which leads to exudation of material from intestine to abdominal cavity from the injured site. This condition closely resembles intestinal perforation. ''Udaka'' literally refers to water. ''Udakodara'' or ''jalodara'' is a condition in which fluid is accumulated in intestine. Based on resemblance in clinical features it can be correlated with ascites.

So, ''udara rogas'' described in [[Ayurveda]] can be correlated with different intra-abdominal conditions in which abdominal swelling/distension is the prime feature eg. abdominal tumours, hepato/splenomegaly, intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites etc. Subtypes of ''udara roga'' are named and described on the cause of swelling/distension. First four types are named after ''dosha'' involved. Description of ''pleehodara'' in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] closely resembles with spleen enlargement. ''Pliha'' refers to spleen so all conditions with predominant splenomegaly which cause visible abdominal swelling/distension can be taken by the term ''pleehodara''. ''Baddha'' means obstruction, and so obstructive conditions leading to abdominal swelling/distension can be clubbed as ''baddhodara''. Cause and symptoms closely resembles with that of intestinal obstruction so intestinal obstruction could be the possible modern correlate. ''Chhidra'' refers to cavity or hole. In description of ''chhidrodara'' it is clearly mentioned that intestine is injured which leads to exudation of material from intestine to abdominal cavity from the injured site. This condition closely resembles intestinal perforation. ''Udaka'' literally refers to water. ''Udakodara'' or ''jalodara'' is a condition in which fluid is accumulated in intestine. Based on resemblance in clinical features it can be correlated with ascites.

=== ''Mutraghata'' ===

=== ''Mutraghata'' ===

In ''mutraghata'' main symptom is either oliguria or enuria due to suppression of urine formation and obstructive uropathy.''Vijayarakshita'' has mentioned difference between ''mutrakrichra'' and ''mutraghata''. In ''mutrakrichra'' there is painful and frequent micturition <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 825 </ref> so it can be correlated with dysuria as in urinary tract infection. All conditions in which urinary output is low or absent can be interpreted as ''mutraghata''.[ Ma.Ni.31/1, Dalhana on S.U.58/1, Chakrapaani on C.Chi.26/43-44]

In ''mutraghata'' main symptom is either oliguria or enuria due to suppression of urine formation and obstructive uropathy.''Vijayarakshita'' has mentioned difference between ''mutrakrichra'' and ''mutraghata''. In ''mutrakrichra'' there is painful and frequent micturition <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 825 </ref> so it can be correlated with dysuria as in urinary tract infection. All conditions in which urinary output is low or absent can be interpreted as ''mutraghata''.[ Ma.Ni.31/1] [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra 58/1]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>, [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/43-44]

Four types of ''mutraghata'' are classified according to ''dosha'' <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 114 </ref>:  

Four types of ''mutraghata'' are classified according to ''dosha'' <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 114 </ref>:  

=== ''Kushtha'' ===

=== ''Kushtha'' ===

The disease in which discoloration or disfigurement of skin occurs comes under ''kushtha''. Various dermatological disorders including leprosy are included under ''kushtha''.[ A.H.Ni. 14/3, A.H.Ni. 14/4]

The disease in which discoloration or disfigurement of skin occurs comes under ''kushtha''. Various dermatological disorders including leprosy are included under ''kushtha''.[A.H.Nidana Sthana 14/34]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>

=== ''Pidaka'' ===

=== ''Pidaka'' ===

=== ''Visarpa'' ===

=== ''Visarpa'' ===

''Visarpa'' word literally refers to spreading, moving or gliding property. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1001 </ref> It is acute disease which spreads quickly, so all acute inflammatory conditions like erysipelas, herpes, erythema multiforme and acute lymphadenitis can be called ''visarpa''.[ Cha.Chi. 21/11, Chakrapani on C.Chi. 21/11, Dalhana on S.Ni.10/3, Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni.52/1]

''Visarpa'' word literally refers to spreading, moving or gliding property. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1001 </ref> It is acute disease which spreads quickly, so all acute inflammatory conditions like erysipelas, herpes, erythema multiforme and acute lymphadenitis can be called ''visarpa''.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/11], [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/11], [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 10/3]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni.52/1]

It can be said that ''kushtha'' covers almost all dermatological disorders whereas ''pidakas'' are inflammatory swelling which occurs as complications of prameha but can occur in other conditions also. ''Visarpa'' is relatively serious condition and can be taken as acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions. [Verse no. 4(2)]

It can be said that ''kushtha'' covers almost all dermatological disorders whereas ''pidakas'' are inflammatory swelling which occurs as complications of prameha but can occur in other conditions also. ''Visarpa'' is relatively serious condition and can be taken as acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions. [Verse no. 4(2)]

=== ''Gulma'' ===

=== ''Gulma'' ===

''Gulma'' is a condition in which there is palpable mobile or immobile lump in abdomen, in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size. So, ''gulma'' can be taken as any abdominal lump which can be palpated. [ Cha. Ni. 3/7, Cha. Chi. 5/7]

''Gulma'' is a condition in which there is palpable mobile or immobile lump in abdomen, in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size. So, ''gulma'' can be taken as any abdominal lump which can be palpated. [ Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 3/7], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/7]

=== ''Kasa'' ===

=== ''Kasa'' ===

''Kasa'' refers to a condition in which air is expelled from the lungs with a sudden explosive sound of cough. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 281 </ref> ''Kasa'' includes all pathological conditions in which coughing is cardinal feature. [ Cha.Chi.18/8, Su.Utt.52/5]

''Kasa'' refers to a condition in which air is expelled from the lungs with a sudden explosive sound of cough. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 281 </ref> ''Kasa'' includes all pathological conditions in which coughing is cardinal feature. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/8], [Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra.52/5]<ref name=Susruta/>

=== ''Shvasa'' ===

=== ''Shvasa'' ===

=== ''Hikka'' ===

=== ''Hikka'' ===

''Hikka'' is a disease in which ''hik hik'' sound is produced. It can be correlated with hiccup <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1298 </ref> and its pathological variation mentioned in Ayurvedic texts ranges from mild to severe life threatening conditions. [ Su.U. 50/6, Madhukosha on Ma.Ni. 12/3]

''Hikka'' is a disease in which ''hik hik'' sound is produced. It can be correlated with hiccup <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1298 </ref> and its pathological variation mentioned in Ayurvedic texts ranges from mild to severe life threatening conditions. [Su.Sa.Uttara tantra 50/6]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Madhukosha on Ma.Ni. 12/3]

=== ''Trishna'' ===

=== ''Trishna'' ===

''Trishna'' literally means thirst, a clinical entity in which patient suffers from excessive thirst not satisfied even after excessive water intake. [ A. U. 48/3 ]

''Trishna'' literally means thirst, a clinical entity in which patient suffers from excessive thirst not satisfied even after excessive water intake. [A.H.Uttara Sthana 48/3]<ref name=Hridaya/>

=== ''Chhardi'' ===

=== ''Chhardi'' ===

'''''Urustambha''''':  ''Urustambha'', pelvic girdle myopathy and flaccid paraplegia is seen.

'''''Urustambha''''':  ''Urustambha'', pelvic girdle myopathy and flaccid paraplegia is seen.

'''''Sanyasa''''': ''Sanyasa'' is a state of unconsciousness in which a person lies in vegetative state and correlates with coma. [ Ch.Su.24/44-45]  

'''''Sanyasa''''': ''Sanyasa'' is a state of unconsciousness in which a person lies in vegetative state and correlates with coma. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/44-45]  

'''''Mahagada''''': ''Atattvabhinivesha'' is said to be ''Mahagada''. It is a psychological disorder such as hypochondriasis and paranoia. [ Ch.Chi.10/60]  [Verse no. 4(8)]

'''''Mahagada''''': ''Atattvabhinivesha'' is said to be ''Mahagada''. It is a psychological disorder such as hypochondriasis and paranoia. [ Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/60]  [Verse no. 4(8)]

'''''Krimi Roga''''': ''Krimi'' refers to various parasitic infestation.

'''''Krimi Roga''''': ''Krimi'' refers to various parasitic infestation.