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{{#seo:
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|title=Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya
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|titlemode=append
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|keywords=Chikitsaprabhrita (equipped physician), bahudosha (signs of aggravated dosha), samshodhana (purification therapy), vishuddha koshtha (purified bowel), svabhavoparamavada (theory of natural destruction),Panchakarma, patient care, assessment criteria of purification,Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
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|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 16. Assessment and care in Panchakarma therapies
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|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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|image_alt=carak samhita
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|type=article
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}}
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<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 16. Assessment and care in [[Panchakarma]] therapies'''</big>
 +
 
{{Infobox
 
{{Infobox
|title =  Chikitsaprabhritiya
+
|title =  Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya
 
|label1 = Section/Chapter
 
|label1 = Section/Chapter
 
|data1 = [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 16
 
|data1 = [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 16
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|data2 = ''Kalpana Chatushka''
 
|data2 = ''Kalpana Chatushka''
 
|label3 = Preceding Chapter
 
|label3 = Preceding Chapter
|data3 = [[Upakalpaniya]]
+
|data3 = [[Upakalpaniya Adhyaya]]
    
|label4 = Succeeding Chapter
 
|label4 = Succeeding Chapter
|data4 = [[Kiyanta Shiraseeya]]
+
|data4 = [[Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya]]
    
|label5 = Other Sections
 
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
+
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
 
+
|label6 = Translator and commentator
 +
|data6 = Murthy A.R.V., Magare R.
 +
|label7 = Reviewer
 +
|data7  = Galib, Sabnis M.
 +
|label8 = Editors
 +
|data8  = Mangalasseri P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
 +
|label9 = Year of publication
 +
|data9 =  2020
 +
|label10 = Publisher
 +
|data10 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
 +
|label11 = DOI
 +
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.018 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.018]
 
}}
 
}}
   −
==([[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 16, Chapter on the Duties of a Qualified Physician)==
+
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
   −
=== Abstract ===
+
<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter describes the management of conditions arising during therapies. The assessment of correct and incorrect administration of therapeutic procedures, along with its treatment interventions are described. It also enlists indications for therapeutic intervention and their benefits with details of post therapeutic dietary management. The applicability of the theory of natural destruction of causative factors of disease (svabhavoparamvada) is discussed, that emphasizes need of therapeutic interventions for fast recovery to health. </div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
  −
[[Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya]] is the last chapter of the ''Kalpana Chatushka'' tetrad and describes the traits of a physician proficient in therapeutics, besides the consequences of appropriate as well as incorrect administration of therapeutic procedures, along with corrective interventions wherever applicable. This chapter also describes various indications for therapeutic intervention and their benefits, and questions and answers related the applicability of ''svabhavaparamvada'' (i.e. theory of natural destruction of causative factors of disease).
     −
'''Keywords''': ''Chikitsaprabhrita'' (equipped physician), ''bahudosha'' (signs of aggravated ''dosha''), ''samshodhana'' (purification therapy),  ''vishuddha koshtha'' (purified bowel), ''svabhavoparamavada'' (theory of natural destruction).
+
'''Keywords''': ''Chikitsaprabhrita'' (equipped physician), ''bahudosha'' (signs of aggravated ''dosha''), ''samshodhana'' (purification therapy),  ''vishuddha koshtha'' (purified bowel), ''svabhavoparamavada'' (theory of natural destruction),[[Panchakarma]], patient care, assessment criteria of purification.
 
</div>
 
</div>
   −
=== Introduction ===
     −
A continuation of the preceding [[Upakalpaniya Adhyaya]] and elaboration on the remaining aspects of purification processes and their prerequisites which were not fully dealt there.The word ''prabhrita'' is derived from the verbal root ''bhr'' which suggests the sense of supporting, nourishing and offering. Thus, ''chikitsaprabhrita'' is applied to mean that physician who is well equipped in terms of qualities and instruments and who can play proper supporting role in the management of diseases. The chapter emphasizes upon the need for a proficient and well equipped physician to ensure flawless treatment. The patient is also expected to be intelligent enough to be able to identify a good physician. The word ''virechana'' is used often for ''vamana'' and ''samshodhana'' as well. Clinical features of ''samyak yoga'' (appropriate application of a procedure), ''ayoga'' (underapplication) and ''atiyoga'' (overapplication), and their management, have also been described. Diseases, their therapeutic response (so that they do not reoccur) and management of post-therapy cachexia have also been addressed in this chapter. ''Svabhavaparamavada'' is a phenomenon of natural destruction of health and disease.  There is a continuous process of degeneration and regeneration of body tissues. The process of regeneration is known to great extent but the cause of degeneration and death is not known.
     −
===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===
+
== Introduction ==
 +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 +
In continuation of the preceding [[Upakalpaniya Adhyaya]] this chapter elaborates on the remaining aspects of purification processes and their prerequisites which were not fully dealt there.The word ''prabhrita'' is derived from the verbal root ''bhr'' which suggests the sense of supporting, nourishing and offering. The term, ''chikitsaprabhrita'' is applied to mean that physician who is well equipped in terms of qualities and instruments and who can play proper supporting role in the management of diseases. The chapter emphasizes upon the need for a proficient and well equipped physician to ensure flawless treatment. The patient is also expected to be intelligent enough to be able to identify a good physician. The word ''virechana'' is used often for ''vamana'' and ''samshodhana'' as well. Clinical features of ''samyak yoga'' (appropriate application of a procedure), ''ayoga'' (under application) and ''atiyoga'' (over application), and their management, have also been described. Diseases, their therapeutic response (so that they do not reoccur) and management of post-therapy cachexia have also been addressed in this chapter. ''Svabhavaparamavada'' is a phenomenon of natural destruction of health and disease.  There is a continuous process of degeneration and regeneration of body tissues. The process of regeneration is known to great extent but the cause of degeneration and death is not known.
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
   −
१६. चिकित्साप्राभृतीयोऽध्यायः
  −
चिकित्साप्राभृतीयाध्यायोपक्रमः
   
अथातश्चिकित्साप्राभृतीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||  
 
अथातश्चिकित्साप्राभृतीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||  
    
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||  
 
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
athātaścikitsāprābhr̥tīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||  
 
athātaścikitsāprābhr̥tīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||  
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iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||  
 
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||  
 +
</div></div>
   −
Now, we shall expound the chapter on the “Duties of a qualified physician.” [1-2]
+
Now we shall expound the chapter "Chikitsaprabhritiya" (Assessment and care in [[Panchakarma]] therapies).” Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
चिकित्साप्राभृतो धीमान् शास्त्रवान् कर्मतत्परः|  
 
चिकित्साप्राभृतो धीमान् शास्त्रवान् कर्मतत्परः|  
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यं वैद्यमानी त्वबुधो विरेचयति मानवम्|  
 
यं वैद्यमानी त्वबुधो विरेचयति मानवम्|  
 
सोऽतियोगादयोगाच्च मानवो दुःखमश्नुते||४||
 
सोऽतियोगादयोगाच्च मानवो दुःखमश्नुते||४||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
cikitsāprābhr̥tō dhīmān śāstravān karmatatparaḥ|  
 
cikitsāprābhr̥tō dhīmān śāstravān karmatatparaḥ|  
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yaM vaidyamAnI tvabudho virecayati mAnavam|  
 
yaM vaidyamAnI tvabudho virecayati mAnavam|  
 
so~atiyogAdayogAcca mAnavo duHkhamashnute||4||  
 
so~atiyogAdayogAcca mAnavo duHkhamashnute||4||  
 +
</div></div>
   −
A qualified physician is the one who is well acquainted with the principles of treatment, is learned and skilled in the practice of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], and is known for promptness of action. A patient obtaining treatment in the form of emesis or purgation from such a physician, becomes healthy and attains happiness. On the other hand, if the patient receives treatment from a pretentious & ignorant physician, he subjects himself to potential complications because of excessive or inadequate treatment. [3-4]
+
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
+
A qualified physician is the one who is well acquainted with the principles of treatment, is learned and skilled in the practice of [[Ayurveda]], and is known for promptness of action. A patient obtaining treatment in the form of emesis or purgation from such a physician, becomes healthy and attains happiness. On the other hand, if the patient receives treatment from a pretentious & ignorant physician, he subjects himself to potential complications because of excessive or inadequate treatment. [3-4]
==== Signs of proper purification ====
+
</div>
 +
=== Signs of proper purification ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
दौर्बल्यं लाघवं ग्लानिर्व्याधीनामणुता रुचिः|  
 
दौर्बल्यं लाघवं ग्लानिर्व्याधीनामणुता रुचिः|  
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बुद्धीन्द्रियमनःशुद्धिर्मारुतस्यानुलोमता|  
 
बुद्धीन्द्रियमनःशुद्धिर्मारुतस्यानुलोमता|  
 
सम्यग्विरिक्तलिङ्गानि कायाग्नेश्चानुवर्तनम्  ||६||  
 
सम्यग्विरिक्तलिङ्गानि कायाग्नेश्चानुवर्तनम्  ||६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
daurbalyaṁ lāghavaṁ glānirvyādhīnāmaṇutā ruciḥ|  
 
daurbalyaṁ lāghavaṁ glānirvyādhīnāmaṇutā ruciḥ|  
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buddhIndriyamanaHshuddhirmArutasyAnulomatA|  
 
buddhIndriyamanaHshuddhirmArutasyAnulomatA|  
 
samyagviriktali~ggAni kAyAgneshcAnuvartanam  ||6||  
 
samyagviriktali~ggAni kAyAgneshcAnuvartanam  ||6||  
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Weakness, lightness, fatigue, attenuation of diseases, improved taste perception, restoration of the functioning of heart, improved complexion, proper appetite and thirst, timely passage of natural urges, feeling of cleanliness in intellect, sense organs and mind, proper movement of ''vata'', and proper digestion (including metabolic activities) are the signs and symptoms of correctly administered purification therapy. [5-6]
 
Weakness, lightness, fatigue, attenuation of diseases, improved taste perception, restoration of the functioning of heart, improved complexion, proper appetite and thirst, timely passage of natural urges, feeling of cleanliness in intellect, sense organs and mind, proper movement of ''vata'', and proper digestion (including metabolic activities) are the signs and symptoms of correctly administered purification therapy. [5-6]
 
+
</div>
==== Signs of inadequate purification ====
+
=== Signs of inadequate purification ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
ष्ठीवनं हृदयाशुद्धिरुत्क्लेशः श्लेष्मपित्तयोः|  
 
ष्ठीवनं हृदयाशुद्धिरुत्क्लेशः श्लेष्मपित्तयोः|  
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जङ्घोरुसदनं तन्द्रा स्तैमित्यं पीनसागमः|  
 
जङ्घोरुसदनं तन्द्रा स्तैमित्यं पीनसागमः|  
 
लक्षणान्यविरिक्तानां मारुतस्य च निग्रहः||८||  
 
लक्षणान्यविरिक्तानां मारुतस्य च निग्रहः||८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
ṣṭhīvanaṁ hr̥dayāśuddhirutklēśaḥ ślēṣmapittayōḥ|  
 
ṣṭhīvanaṁ hr̥dayāśuddhirutklēśaḥ ślēṣmapittayōḥ|  
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ja~gghorusadanaM tandrA staimityaM pInasAgamaH|  
 
ja~gghorusadanaM tandrA staimityaM pInasAgamaH|  
 
lakShaNAnyaviriktAnAM mArutasya ca nigrahaH||8||  
 
lakShaNAnyaviriktAnAM mArutasya ca nigrahaH||8||  
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Spitting or drooling, abnormal functioning of heart, precipitation (''utklesha'') of ''shleshma'' and ''pitta'', distension of  abdomen , anorexia, vomiting, debility, absence of lightness (heaviness or sluggishness), laxity in calf muscles and thighs, drowsiness , feeling as if covered with a wet hide (''staimitya''), onset of rhinitis and impediment to the function of ''vata'' are the signs and symptoms of inadequate purification. [7-8]
 
Spitting or drooling, abnormal functioning of heart, precipitation (''utklesha'') of ''shleshma'' and ''pitta'', distension of  abdomen , anorexia, vomiting, debility, absence of lightness (heaviness or sluggishness), laxity in calf muscles and thighs, drowsiness , feeling as if covered with a wet hide (''staimitya''), onset of rhinitis and impediment to the function of ''vata'' are the signs and symptoms of inadequate purification. [7-8]
 +
</div>
 +
=== Signs of excess purification therapy ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
   −
==== Signs of excess purification therapy ====
  −
   
विट्पित्तकफवातानामागतानां यथाक्रमम्|  
 
विट्पित्तकफवातानामागतानां यथाक्रमम्|  
 
परं स्रवति यद्रक्तं मेदोमांसोदकोपमम्||९||  
 
परं स्रवति यद्रक्तं मेदोमांसोदकोपमम्||९||  
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निःश्लेष्मपित्तमुदकं शोणितं कृष्णमेव वा|  
 
निःश्लेष्मपित्तमुदकं शोणितं कृष्णमेव वा|  
 
तृष्यतो मारुतार्तस्य सोऽतियोगः प्रमुह्यतः||१०||  
 
तृष्यतो मारुतार्तस्य सोऽतियोगः प्रमुह्यतः||१०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
viṭpittakaphavātānāmāgatānāṁ yathākramam|  
 
viṭpittakaphavātānāmāgatānāṁ yathākramam|  
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niHshleShmapittamudakaM shoNitaM kRuShNameva vA|  
 
niHshleShmapittamudakaM shoNitaM kRuShNameva vA|  
 
tRuShyato mArutArtasya so~atiyogaH pramuhyataH||10||
 
tRuShyato mArutArtasya so~atiyogaH pramuhyataH||10||
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Elimination of feces, ''pitta, kapha,'' and ''vata'' in succession, excessive discharge of blood that looks like fat and flesh (washed), supernatant  water or watery excretion of black colored blood without ''shleshma'' and ''pitta'', excessive thirst affliction with vitiated ''vata'' and fainting are the signs and symptoms of overpurgation. [9-10]
 
Elimination of feces, ''pitta, kapha,'' and ''vata'' in succession, excessive discharge of blood that looks like fat and flesh (washed), supernatant  water or watery excretion of black colored blood without ''shleshma'' and ''pitta'', excessive thirst affliction with vitiated ''vata'' and fainting are the signs and symptoms of overpurgation. [9-10]
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
वमनेऽतिकृते लिङ्गान्येतान्येव भवन्ति हि|  
 
वमनेऽतिकृते लिङ्गान्येतान्येव भवन्ति हि|  
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चिकित्साप्राभृतं तस्मादुपेयाच्छरणं नरः|  
 
चिकित्साप्राभृतं तस्मादुपेयाच्छरणं नरः|  
 
युञ्ज्याद् य एनमत्यन्तमायुषा च सुखेन च||१२||  
 
युञ्ज्याद् य एनमत्यन्तमायुषा च सुखेन च||१२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
vamanē'tikr̥tē liṅgānyētānyēva bhavanti hi|  
 
vamanē'tikr̥tē liṅgānyētānyēva bhavanti hi|  
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cikitsAprAbhRutaM tasmAdupeyAccharaNaM naraH|   
 
cikitsAprAbhRutaM tasmAdupeyAccharaNaM naraH|   
 
yu~jjyAd ya enamatyantamAyuShA ca sukhena ca||12||
 
yu~jjyAd ya enamatyantamAyuShA ca sukhena ca||12||
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
In case of excessive administration of emesis, the symptoms are identical to that observed in the case of purgation. In addition, overemesis may result in diseases of ''vata'', affecting the upper part of the body and also causing impediment of speech. One should therefore approach such a qualified and well-versed physician for the administration of any purification therapy. [11-12]
 
In case of excessive administration of emesis, the symptoms are identical to that observed in the case of purgation. In addition, overemesis may result in diseases of ''vata'', affecting the upper part of the body and also causing impediment of speech. One should therefore approach such a qualified and well-versed physician for the administration of any purification therapy. [11-12]
 
+
</div>
==== Signs of excess aggravated ''dosha'' and indications of purification therapy ====
+
=== Signs of excess aggravated ''dosha'' and indications of purification therapy ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
अविपाकोऽरुचिः स्थौल्यं पाण्डुता गौरवं क्लमः|  
 
अविपाकोऽरुचिः स्थौल्यं पाण्डुता गौरवं क्लमः|  
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बहुदोषस्य लिङ्गानि तस्मै संशोधनं हितम्|  
 
बहुदोषस्य लिङ्गानि तस्मै संशोधनं हितम्|  
 
ऊर्ध्वं चैवानुलोमं च यथादोषं यथाबलम्||१६||  
 
ऊर्ध्वं चैवानुलोमं च यथादोषं यथाबलम्||१६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
avipākō'ruciḥ sthaulyaṁ pāṇḍutā gauravaṁ klamaḥ|  
 
avipākō'ruciḥ sthaulyaṁ pāṇḍutā gauravaṁ klamaḥ|  
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bahudoShasya li~ggAni tasmai saMshodhanaM hitam|  
 
bahudoShasya li~ggAni tasmai saMshodhanaM hitam|  
 
UrdhvaM caivAnulomaM ca yathAdoShaM yathAbalam||16||  
 
UrdhvaM caivAnulomaM ca yathAdoShaM yathAbalam||16||  
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Indigestion, anorexia, corpulence, anemia, heaviness, exhaustion, eruption of pimples and wheals (bumps or itchy sores), pruritis, sluggishness, indolence, weakness, foul smell of the body, lassitude, precipitation (''utklesha'') of ''kapha'' and ''pitta'', sleeplessness or excessive drowsiness, impotency, impediment to intelligence, inauspicious dreams, and loss of strength and complexion in spite of taking nourishing diet and right therapy are the signs and symptoms of patients having excess of morbid doshas. An experienced, skilled physician would advise and administer purification therapy taking into consideration the ''dosha'' status and strength of the patient . [13-16]
 
Indigestion, anorexia, corpulence, anemia, heaviness, exhaustion, eruption of pimples and wheals (bumps or itchy sores), pruritis, sluggishness, indolence, weakness, foul smell of the body, lassitude, precipitation (''utklesha'') of ''kapha'' and ''pitta'', sleeplessness or excessive drowsiness, impotency, impediment to intelligence, inauspicious dreams, and loss of strength and complexion in spite of taking nourishing diet and right therapy are the signs and symptoms of patients having excess of morbid doshas. An experienced, skilled physician would advise and administer purification therapy taking into consideration the ''dosha'' status and strength of the patient . [13-16]
 +
</div>
   −
==== Benefits of purification therapy ====
+
=== Benefits of purification therapy ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
एवं विशुद्धकोष्ठस्य कायाग्निरभिवर्धते|  
 
एवं विशुद्धकोष्ठस्य कायाग्निरभिवर्धते|  
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जरां कृच्छ्रेण लभते चिरं जीवत्यनामयः|  
 
जरां कृच्छ्रेण लभते चिरं जीवत्यनामयः|  
 
तस्मात् संशोधनं काले युक्तियुक्तं पिबेन्नरः||१९||  
 
तस्मात् संशोधनं काले युक्तियुक्तं पिबेन्नरः||१९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
ēvaṁ viśuddhakōṣṭhasya kāyāgnirabhivardhatē|  
 
ēvaṁ viśuddhakōṣṭhasya kāyāgnirabhivardhatē|  
Line 221: Line 274:  
jarAM kRucchreNa labhate ciraM jIvatyanAmayaH|  
 
jarAM kRucchreNa labhate ciraM jIvatyanAmayaH|  
 
tasmAt saMshodhanaM kAle yuktiyuktaM pibennaraH||19||
 
tasmAt saMshodhanaM kAle yuktiyuktaM pibennaraH||19||
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Administration of therapies, leading to elimination of vitiated ''doshas'', results in the following effects: enhancement of digestion / metabolism, pacification of diseases, restoration of normal health, improvement in clarity of sense organs, mind, intellect and complexion, promotion of strength, plumpness, progeny and virility, delayed ageing, and longevity. Therefore, one should take recourse to a skillfully administered purificatory therapy at an appropriate time. [17-19]
 
Administration of therapies, leading to elimination of vitiated ''doshas'', results in the following effects: enhancement of digestion / metabolism, pacification of diseases, restoration of normal health, improvement in clarity of sense organs, mind, intellect and complexion, promotion of strength, plumpness, progeny and virility, delayed ageing, and longevity. Therefore, one should take recourse to a skillfully administered purificatory therapy at an appropriate time. [17-19]
 
+
</div>
==== Prevention of recurrence of disease ====
+
=== Prevention of recurrence of disease ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
दोषाः कदाचित् कुप्यन्ति जिता लङ्घनपाचनैः|  
 
दोषाः कदाचित् कुप्यन्ति जिता लङ्घनपाचनैः|  
Line 231: Line 287:  
दोषाणां च द्रुमाणां च मूलेऽनुपहते सति|  
 
दोषाणां च द्रुमाणां च मूलेऽनुपहते सति|  
 
रोगाणां प्रसवानां च गतानामागतिर्ध्रुवा||२१||  
 
रोगाणां प्रसवानां च गतानामागतिर्ध्रुवा||२१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
dōṣāḥ kadācit kupyanti jitā laṅghanapācanaiḥ|  
 
dōṣāḥ kadācit kupyanti jitā laṅghanapācanaiḥ|  
Line 243: Line 300:  
doShANAM ca drumANAM ca mUle~anupahate sati|  
 
doShANAM ca drumANAM ca mUle~anupahate sati|  
 
rogANAM prasavAnAM ca gatAnAmAgatirdhruvA||21||  
 
rogANAM prasavAnAM ca gatAnAmAgatirdhruvA||21||  
 +
</div></div>
    
Morbid ''doshas'' relieved by fasting and digestive drugs may sometimes get aggravated again, but those that are evacuated by purification therapies do not recur. ''Doshas'', like plants, if not uprooted completely, would recur or relapse almost certainly. [20-21]
 
Morbid ''doshas'' relieved by fasting and digestive drugs may sometimes get aggravated again, but those that are evacuated by purification therapies do not recur. ''Doshas'', like plants, if not uprooted completely, would recur or relapse almost certainly. [20-21]
   −
==== Post purification measures ====
+
=== Post purification measures ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
भेषजक्षपिते पथ्यमाहारैरेव बृंहणम्|  
 
भेषजक्षपिते पथ्यमाहारैरेव बृंहणम्|  
Line 253: Line 312:  
अभ्यङ्गोत्सादनैः स्नानैर्निरूहैः सानुवासनैः|  
 
अभ्यङ्गोत्सादनैः स्नानैर्निरूहैः सानुवासनैः|  
 
तथा स लभते शर्म युज्यते चायुषा चिरम्||२३||
 
तथा स लभते शर्म युज्यते चायुषा चिरम्||२३||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
bhēṣajakṣapitē pathyamāhārairēva br̥ṁhaṇam|  
 
bhēṣajakṣapitē pathyamāhārairēva br̥ṁhaṇam|  
Line 265: Line 325:  
abhya~ggotsAdanaiH snAnairnirUhaiH sAnuvAsanaiH|  
 
abhya~ggotsAdanaiH snAnairnirUhaiH sAnuvAsanaiH|  
 
tathA sa labhate sharma yujyate cAyuShA ciram||23||  
 
tathA sa labhate sharma yujyate cAyuShA ciram||23||  
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
For those weakened by purification therapy, restoration of one’s health could be done by prescribing a nourishing diet regimen that would include ''ghee'', relishing soup (including preparations with meat), and milk. The patient should also be advised massage, bath, and evacuative and unctuous enema. This process of purification followed by rejuvenation or restoration of one’s health bestows happiness and longevity to the patient. [22-23]
 
For those weakened by purification therapy, restoration of one’s health could be done by prescribing a nourishing diet regimen that would include ''ghee'', relishing soup (including preparations with meat), and milk. The patient should also be advised massage, bath, and evacuative and unctuous enema. This process of purification followed by rejuvenation or restoration of one’s health bestows happiness and longevity to the patient. [22-23]
 
+
</div>
==== Treatment of excess and inadequate purification therapy ====
+
=== Treatment of excess and inadequate purification therapy ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
अतियोगानुबद्धानां सर्पिःपानं प्रशस्यते|  
 
अतियोगानुबद्धानां सर्पिःपानं प्रशस्यते|  
Line 278: Line 341:  
स्नेहने स्वेदने शुद्धौ रोगाः संसर्जने च ये|  
 
स्नेहने स्वेदने शुद्धौ रोगाः संसर्जने च ये|  
 
जायन्तेऽमार्गविहिते तेषां सिद्धिषु साधनम्||२६||
 
जायन्तेऽमार्गविहिते तेषां सिद्धिषु साधनम्||२६||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
atiyōgānubaddhānāṁ sarpiḥpānaṁ praśasyatē|  
 
atiyōgānubaddhānāṁ sarpiḥpānaṁ praśasyatē|  
Line 296: Line 360:  
snehane svedane shuddhau rogAH saMsarjane ca ye|  
 
snehane svedane shuddhau rogAH saMsarjane ca ye|  
 
jAyante~amArgavihite teShAM siddhiShu sAdhanam||26||  
 
jAyante~amArgavihite teShAM siddhiShu sAdhanam||26||  
 +
</div></div>
    
For those suffering from symptoms of excessive administration or application of purification activities, ingestion of ''ghee'' and oil processed with sweet drugs or ''anuvasana'' type of enema is prescribed.  
 
For those suffering from symptoms of excessive administration or application of purification activities, ingestion of ''ghee'' and oil processed with sweet drugs or ''anuvasana'' type of enema is prescribed.  
 
+
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
In cases of inadequate administration or application, one should be given oleation therapy followed by evacuative therapy again, considering the dose, time, strength of the patient and factors responsible for inadequate cleansing earlier. Management of disorders arising out of improper oleation, fomentation and purification therapies as well as post- purification dietetic regimen program is described subsequently in [[Siddhi Sthana]] (i.e., the Siddhi section of this treatise). [24-26]
 
In cases of inadequate administration or application, one should be given oleation therapy followed by evacuative therapy again, considering the dose, time, strength of the patient and factors responsible for inadequate cleansing earlier. Management of disorders arising out of improper oleation, fomentation and purification therapies as well as post- purification dietetic regimen program is described subsequently in [[Siddhi Sthana]] (i.e., the Siddhi section of this treatise). [24-26]
 
+
</div>
==== ''Swabhavoparama vada'' (theory of natural destruction) ====
+
=== Swabhavoparama vada (theory of natural destruction) ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
जायन्ते  हेतुवैषम्याद्विषमा देहधातवः|  
 
जायन्ते  हेतुवैषम्याद्विषमा देहधातवः|  
 
हेतुसाम्यात् समास्तेषां स्वभावोपरमः सदा||२७||
 
हेतुसाम्यात् समास्तेषां स्वभावोपरमः सदा||२७||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
jāyantē  hētuvaiṣamyādviṣamā dēhadhātavaḥ|  
 
jāyantē  hētuvaiṣamyādviṣamā dēhadhātavaḥ|  
Line 311: Line 378:  
jAyante  hetuvaiShamyAdviShamA dehadhAtavaH|  
 
jAyante  hetuvaiShamyAdviShamA dehadhAtavaH|  
 
hetusAmyAt samAsteShAM svabhAvoparamaH sadA||27||  
 
hetusAmyAt samAsteShAM svabhAvoparamaH sadA||27||  
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Discordance of the causative factors results in disequilibrium of the tissue elements (''dhatus'') of the body. Conversely, concordance of tissue elements is restored by means of restoring the concordance of causative factors. However, the resolution / destruction of the existing always happens naturally in the course of time. [27]
 
Discordance of the causative factors results in disequilibrium of the tissue elements (''dhatus'') of the body. Conversely, concordance of tissue elements is restored by means of restoring the concordance of causative factors. However, the resolution / destruction of the existing always happens naturally in the course of time. [27]
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
प्रवृत्तिहेतुर्भावानां न निरोधेऽस्ति कारणम्|  
 
प्रवृत्तिहेतुर्भावानां न निरोधेऽस्ति कारणम्|  
 
केचित्तत्रापि  मन्यन्ते हेतुं हेतोरवर्तनम्||२८||
 
केचित्तत्रापि  मन्यन्ते हेतुं हेतोरवर्तनम्||२८||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
pravr̥ttihēturbhāvānāṁ na nirōdhē'sti kāraṇam|  
 
pravr̥ttihēturbhāvānāṁ na nirōdhē'sti kāraṇam|  
Line 322: Line 394:  
pravRuttiheturbhAvAnAM na nirodhe~asti kAraNam|  
 
pravRuttiheturbhAvAnAM na nirodhe~asti kAraNam|  
 
kecittatrApi manyante hetuM hetoravartanam||28||
 
kecittatrApi manyante hetuM hetoravartanam||28||
 +
</div></div>
    
There is always a cause for the manifestation of beings but none exists for their annihilation. However, some scholars are of the opinion that the noncontinuance of their causative factors is the very cause of their annihilation. [28]
 
There is always a cause for the manifestation of beings but none exists for their annihilation. However, some scholars are of the opinion that the noncontinuance of their causative factors is the very cause of their annihilation. [28]
   −
==== Query by Agnivesha ====
+
=== Query by Agnivesha ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
एवमुक्तार्थमाचार्यमग्निवेशोऽभ्यभाषत|  
 
एवमुक्तार्थमाचार्यमग्निवेशोऽभ्यभाषत|  
Line 332: Line 406:  
भेषजैर्विषमान् धातून् कान् समीकुरुते भिषक्|  
 
भेषजैर्विषमान् धातून् कान् समीकुरुते भिषक्|  
 
का वा चिकित्सा भगवन्! किमर्थं वा प्रयुज्यते||३०||  
 
का वा चिकित्सा भगवन्! किमर्थं वा प्रयुज्यते||३०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
ēvamuktārthamācāryamagnivēśō'bhyabhāṣata|  
 
ēvamuktārthamācāryamagnivēśō'bhyabhāṣata|  
Line 344: Line 419:  
bheShajairviShamAn dhAtUn kAn samIkurute bhiShak|  
 
bheShajairviShamAn dhAtUn kAn samIkurute bhiShak|  
 
kA vA cikitsA bhagavan! kimarthaM vA prayujyate||30||  
 
kA vA cikitsA bhagavan! kimarthaM vA prayujyate||30||  
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
The master having thus given his version Agnivesha inquired- if the natural resolution (of disorders) be in the very nature of things then what is the necessity of a qualified physician? Which discordant body elements are harmonized by the physician by means of therapy? After all what does the treatment amount to? And what is its objective? [29-30]
 
The master having thus given his version Agnivesha inquired- if the natural resolution (of disorders) be in the very nature of things then what is the necessity of a qualified physician? Which discordant body elements are harmonized by the physician by means of therapy? After all what does the treatment amount to? And what is its objective? [29-30]
 
+
</div>
==== Reply by Punarvasu ====
+
=== Explanation by Punarvasu ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
तच्छिष्यवचनं श्रुत्वा व्याजहार पुनर्वसुः|  
 
तच्छिष्यवचनं श्रुत्वा व्याजहार पुनर्वसुः|  
Line 354: Line 432:  
न नाशकारणाभावाद्भावानां नाशकारणम्|  
 
न नाशकारणाभावाद्भावानां नाशकारणम्|  
 
ज्ञायते नित्यगस्येव कालस्यात्ययकारणम्||३२||  
 
ज्ञायते नित्यगस्येव कालस्यात्ययकारणम्||३२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
tacchiṣyavacanaṁ śrutvā vyājahāra punarvasuḥ|  
 
tacchiṣyavacanaṁ śrutvā vyājahāra punarvasuḥ|  
Line 366: Line 445:  
na nAshakAraNAbhAvAdbhAvAnAM nAshakAraNam|  
 
na nAshakAraNAbhAvAdbhAvAnAM nAshakAraNam|  
 
j~jAyate nityagasyeva kAlasyAtyayakAraNam||32||  
 
j~jAyate nityagasyeva kAlasyAtyayakAraNam||32||  
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Hearing these words from his disciple, Punarvasu responded, “Hear, oh gentle one! The rationale the great sages have given in this respect is that the cause of destruction of entities cannot be comprehended, because no such cause exists, just as in case of time, which is always in the process of swift movement automatically gets destroyed. Being transitory by nature, things perish even as they are born. [31-32]
 
Hearing these words from his disciple, Punarvasu responded, “Hear, oh gentle one! The rationale the great sages have given in this respect is that the cause of destruction of entities cannot be comprehended, because no such cause exists, just as in case of time, which is always in the process of swift movement automatically gets destroyed. Being transitory by nature, things perish even as they are born. [31-32]
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
शीघ्रगत्वाद्यथा भूतस्तथा भावो विपद्यते|३३||
 
शीघ्रगत्वाद्यथा भूतस्तथा भावो विपद्यते|३३||
    
निरोधे कारणं तस्य नास्ति नैवान्यथाक्रिया||३३||  
 
निरोधे कारणं तस्य नास्ति नैवान्यथाक्रिया||३३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
śīghragatvādyathā bhūtastathā bhāvō vipadyatē|33||
 
śīghragatvādyathā bhūtastathā bhāvō vipadyatē|33||
Line 380: Line 464:     
nirodhe kAraNaM tasya nAsti naivAnyathAkriyA||33||  
 
nirodhe kAraNaM tasya nAsti naivAnyathAkriyA||33||  
 +
</div></div>
    
There is neither a cause for things to perish nor there is a possibility of bringing out a change in the innate tendency of destruction. [33]
 
There is neither a cause for things to perish nor there is a possibility of bringing out a change in the innate tendency of destruction. [33]
   −
==== Definition of ''chikitsa'' and the duty of a physician ====
+
=== Definition of ''chikitsa'' and the duty of a physician ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
याभिः  क्रियाभिर्जायन्ते शरीरे धातवः समाः|  
 
याभिः  क्रियाभिर्जायन्ते शरीरे धातवः समाः|  
Line 390: Line 476:  
कथं शरीरे धातूनां वैषम्यं न भवेदिति|  
 
कथं शरीरे धातूनां वैषम्यं न भवेदिति|  
 
समानां चानुबन्धः स्यादित्यर्थं क्रियते क्रिया||३५||  
 
समानां चानुबन्धः स्यादित्यर्थं क्रियते क्रिया||३५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
yābhiḥ  kriyābhirjāyantē śarīrē dhātavaḥ samāḥ|  
 
yābhiḥ  kriyābhirjāyantē śarīrē dhātavaḥ samāḥ|  
Line 402: Line 489:  
kathaM sharIre dhAtUnAM vaiShamyaM na bhavediti|  
 
kathaM sharIre dhAtUnAM vaiShamyaM na bhavediti|  
 
samAnAM cAnubandhaH syAdityarthaM kriyate kriyA||35||  
 
samAnAM cAnubandhaH syAdityarthaM kriyate kriyA||35||  
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Therapeutics therefore consists of measures or operations by way of which concordance of the tissue elements can be sustained and this (achieving concordance of tissue elements) constitutes the duty of the physician. Therapy is administered with the sole objective of ensuring that no discordance prevails in tissue elements and that there is sustenance of continued concordance. [34-35]
 
Therapeutics therefore consists of measures or operations by way of which concordance of the tissue elements can be sustained and this (achieving concordance of tissue elements) constitutes the duty of the physician. Therapy is administered with the sole objective of ensuring that no discordance prevails in tissue elements and that there is sustenance of continued concordance. [34-35]
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
त्यागाद्विषमहेतूनां समानां चोपसेवनात्|  
 
त्यागाद्विषमहेतूनां समानां चोपसेवनात्|  
Line 413: Line 504:  
धर्मस्यार्थस्य कामस्य नृलोकस्योभयस्य च|  
 
धर्मस्यार्थस्य कामस्य नृलोकस्योभयस्य च|  
 
दाता सम्पद्यते वैद्यो दानाद्देहसुखायुषाम्||३८||  
 
दाता सम्पद्यते वैद्यो दानाद्देहसुखायुषाम्||३८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
tyāgādviṣamahētūnāṁ samānāṁ cōpasēvanāt|  
 
tyāgādviṣamahētūnāṁ samānāṁ cōpasēvanāt|  
Line 431: Line 523:  
dharmasyArthasya kAmasya nRulokasyobhayasya ca|  
 
dharmasyArthasya kAmasya nRulokasyobhayasya ca|  
 
dAtA sampadyate vaidyo dAnAddehasukhAyuShAm||38||  
 
dAtA sampadyate vaidyo dAnAddehasukhAyuShAm||38||  
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
By abstaining from factors that give rise to discordance and practicing those that promote concordance, the discordant elements do not persist and concordance is maintained. As the well-equipped physician effects the production of balanced tissue elements by means of his expertise, he is regarded as the bestower of bodily health, happiness and longevity. By virtue of his aptitude to bestow physical happiness and longevity the physician is regarded as the donor of virtue, wealth and desires belonging to this mundane world and the world eternal. [36-38]
 
By abstaining from factors that give rise to discordance and practicing those that promote concordance, the discordant elements do not persist and concordance is maintained. As the well-equipped physician effects the production of balanced tissue elements by means of his expertise, he is regarded as the bestower of bodily health, happiness and longevity. By virtue of his aptitude to bestow physical happiness and longevity the physician is regarded as the donor of virtue, wealth and desires belonging to this mundane world and the world eternal. [36-38]
 +
</div>
   −
==== Summary ====
+
=== Summary ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
    
तत्र श्लोकाः-  
 
तत्र श्लोकाः-  
Line 445: Line 541:  
या च युक्तिश्चिकित्सायां यं चार्थं कुरुते भिषक्|  
 
या च युक्तिश्चिकित्सायां यं चार्थं कुरुते भिषक्|  
 
चिकित्साप्राभृतेऽध्याये तत् सर्वमवदन्मुनिः||४१||
 
चिकित्साप्राभृतेऽध्याये तत् सर्वमवदन्मुनिः||४१||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
    
tatra ślōkāḥ-  
 
tatra ślōkāḥ-  
Line 465: Line 562:  
yA ca yuktishcikitsAyAM yaM cArthaM kurute bhiShak|  
 
yA ca yuktishcikitsAyAM yaM cArthaM kurute bhiShak|  
 
cikitsAprAbhRute~adhyAye tat sarvamavadanmuniH||41||
 
cikitsAprAbhRute~adhyAye tat sarvamavadanmuniH||41||
 +
</div></div>
    +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Benefits that accrue from the treatment received through a qualified physician as against that received through an unqualified one, the signs and symptoms of adequate, inadequate and excessive administration of evacuative therapies, the signs and symptoms of excessive morbidity, advantages of evacuative therapy, principles of treatment in successful and complicated conditions, the rationale of therapeutics and the intent with which the physician administers the therapy -all this has been described by the sage in this chapter on the “duties of a qualified physician.” [39-41]
 
Benefits that accrue from the treatment received through a qualified physician as against that received through an unqualified one, the signs and symptoms of adequate, inadequate and excessive administration of evacuative therapies, the signs and symptoms of excessive morbidity, advantages of evacuative therapy, principles of treatment in successful and complicated conditions, the rationale of therapeutics and the intent with which the physician administers the therapy -all this has been described by the sage in this chapter on the “duties of a qualified physician.” [39-41]
   −
Thus, ends the sixteenth chapter on the “duties of a qualified physician” of the [[Sutra Sthana]] of the treatise composed by Agnivesha and redacted by Charaka.
+
Thus, ends the sixteenth chapter on the “duties of a qualified physician” of the [[Sutra Sthana]] of the treatise composed by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak.
 
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</div>
 
Here also ends the fourth tetrad on the “Therapeutical Processes.”
 
Here also ends the fourth tetrad on the “Therapeutical Processes.”
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=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
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== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
 
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
*A skillful physician is critical to the successful administration of a [[Panchakarma]] therapy and a patient who can identify such a physician is of equal importance.
 
*A skillful physician is critical to the successful administration of a [[Panchakarma]] therapy and a patient who can identify such a physician is of equal importance.
*The proper administration of purification therapy is important to achive positive health benefits, uprooting the disease and preventing recurrence.  
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*The proper administration of purification therapy is important to achieve positive health benefits, uprooting the disease and preventing recurrence.  
 
*Discordance of the causative factors results in disequilibrium of the tissue elements (''dhatus'') of the body. Conversely, concordance of tissue elements is restored by means of restoring the concordance of causative factors.  
 
*Discordance of the causative factors results in disequilibrium of the tissue elements (''dhatus'') of the body. Conversely, concordance of tissue elements is restored by means of restoring the concordance of causative factors.  
 
*The resolution / destruction of the existing always happen naturally in the course of time.  
 
*The resolution / destruction of the existing always happen naturally in the course of time.  
Line 481: Line 580:  
*Ayurvedic treatment is aimed towards creating balance in ''dosha'' and ''dhatus'' and sustaining it.  
 
*Ayurvedic treatment is aimed towards creating balance in ''dosha'' and ''dhatus'' and sustaining it.  
 
*The skilled physician should make all efforts to normalize the tissues of the body.
 
*The skilled physician should make all efforts to normalize the tissues of the body.
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</div>
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=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===
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== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
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*The physician should be especially skilled in therapeutic emesis [[vamana]] and therapeutic purgation [[virechana]] procedures.
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*If the patient develops weight loss and debility after purification therapy, he should be given a rejuvenation treatment in the form of a nourishing dietary regimen that includes ghee, meat soup, milk, appetizing broth, massage and medicated enema.
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*Treatment for condition of excess purification (atiyoga) involves a regimen of medicated ghee and an oleation enema with oil prepared from vitality enhancer drugs (jeevaniya dravya).
 +
*Treatment for condition of insufficient/less purification (ayoga) considers analyzing mistakes made in the earlier procedure and repeating the procedure with correct doses or measures of drugs,  while factoring in seasonal effects,  and the physical constitution of the patient.
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*Details of the procedures are given in [[Siddhi Sthana]].
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*The purpose of understanding the theory of natural destruction of causative factors of disease (svabhaavaparamavada) is to understand the cause and effect relationship between health and disease. The factors that cause abnormality in tissues, when removed, lead to a healthy state. Diet ([[Ahara]]) with the same qualities as those of the tissues enhance or strengthen the qualities of the tissues, while diet with opposite qualities will decrease it. Regeneration and degeneration of body tissues is a continuous process. A healthy diet and other regimens help in maintaining longevity. However, the cause of death is unknown.
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*A skilled physician helps in maintaining the normal tissues and provides a healthy life with longevity. This helps in attaining four objectives of life viz. virtue(dharma), wealth (artha), gratification(kama) and emancipation(moksha).
 +
</div>
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*The physician should be especially skilled in ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' procedures.
  −
*If the patient develops weight loss and debility after purification therapy, he should be given a rejuvenation treatment in the form of a nourishing dietary regimen that includes ''ghrita'' (clarified butter), meat soup, milk, appetizing broth, massage and medicated enema.
  −
*Treatment for ''atiyoga'' involves a regimen of medicated ''ghrita'' and an oleation enema with oil prepared from ''jeevaniya dravya'' (vitality enhancer drugs).
  −
*Treatment for ''ayoga'' considers analysing mistakes made in the earlier procedure and repeating the procedure with correct doses or measures of drugs,  while factoring in seasonal effects,  and the physical constitution of the patient.
  −
*Details of the procedures are given in [[Siddhi Sthana]].
  −
*The purpose of understanding ''svabhaavaparamavada'' is to understand the cause and effect relationship between health and disease. The factors that cause abnormality in tissues, when removed, lead to a healthy state. ''Ahara'' (diet) with the same qualities as those of the tissues enhance or strengthen the qualities of the tissues, while diet with opposite qualities will decrease it. Regeneration and degeneration of body tissues is a continuous process. Healthy diet and other regimen help in maintaining longevity. However, the cause of death is unknown.
  −
*At the end of the chapter, qualities of a physician skilled in therapeutics are described. Such a physician helps in maintaining the normal tissues and provides a healthy life with longevity so that a person can achieve ''dharma, artha, kama'' and ''moksha''.
  −
 
   
=== Further reading ===
 
=== Further reading ===
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
 +
#Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita,  Nibadha Samgraha commentary by Dalhana, Chaukhamba Orientelia, 6th edition, Varanasi, 1997 quotations from Sutra Sthana chapter 41/6, chapter 21, chapter 6/13
 +
#Kashyapa, Kashyapa Samhita, Khila Sthana 5/6-7, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi
 +
#Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridaya, , Chaukhamba Amarabharati Prakashan, 2nd  edition, Varanasi Sutra Sthana 12/ 24
 +
</div>
   −
#Charaka, [[Charaka Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]] 16, Ayurveda Deepika Commentry of Chakrapani edited by Vd. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi
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#Charaka, [[Charaka Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/34, Ayurveda Deepika Commentry of Chakrapani edited by Vd. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi 
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#Charaka, [[Charaka Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/12, Ayurveda Deepika Commentry of Chakrapani edited by Vd. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi
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#Susruta, Susruta Samhita, Sutrasthana 41/6, Nibadhasangraha commentry by Dalhana, Chaukhamba Orientelia, 6th edition, Varanasi, 1997
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#Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthana 16/16, Ayurveda Deepika Commentry of Chakrapani edited by Vd. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi
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#Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana 8/89-90, Ayurveda Deepika Commentry of Chakrapani edited by Vd. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi
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#Susruta, Susruta Samhita, Sutrasthana 21, Nibadhasangraha commentry by Dalhana, Chaukhamba Orientelia, 6th edition, Varanasi, 1997 #Kashyapa, Kashyapa Samhita, Khilasthana 5/6-7, Chaukhamba Orientelia, Varanasi
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#Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthana 16, Ayurveda Deepika Commentry of Chakrapani edited by Vd. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi
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#Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthana 16/21 YN  , Ayurveda Deepika Commentry of Chakrapani edited by Vd. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi 
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#Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Sutra sthana 16/22, Ayurveda Deepika Commentry of Chakrapani edited by Vd. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi
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#Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Sutra sthana 16/28, Ayurveda Deepika Commentry of Chakrapani edited by Vd. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi
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#Susruta, Susruta Samhita, Sutrasthana 6/13, Nibadhasangraha commentry by Dalhana, Chaukhamba Orientelia, 6th edition, Varanasi, 1997
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#Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridaya, Sutrasthana 12/ 24, Chaukhamba Amarabharati Prakashan, 2nd  edition, Varanasi
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  −
=== Glossary ===
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#cikitsāprābhr̥t ( chikitsAprAbhRut ; चिकित्साप्राभृत ) :- A fully equipped physician.
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<div id="BackToTop"  class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;
#bhēṣajakṣapitē (bheShajakShapite; भेषजक्षपिते ) :- Weakened by purifactory medication.
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bottom:32px; left:2%; z-index:9999; padding:0; margin:0;"><span style="color:blue;
#bahudōṣasya (bahudoShasya; बहुदोष ) :- Signs of excessive morbidity.
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  font-size:8pt; font-face:verdana,sans-serif; border:0.2em outset #ceebf7;
#mēdōmāṁsōdakōpamam ( medomAMsodakopamam ; मेदोमांसोदकोपमम् ) :- Just like the water washed after flesh & fat.
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  padding:0.1em; font-weight:bolder; -moz-border-radius:8px; ">
#viśuddhakōṣṭh (vishuddhakoShTh ; विशुद्धकोष्ठ ) :- Purified.
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[[#top| Back to the Top ]]</span></div>
#vaidyamānī  ( vaidyamAnI ; वैद्यमानी ) :- The badly lit who considers him as a Vaidya ; pretentious & ignorant physician.
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#kāyāgnēścānuvartanam (kAyAgneshcAnuvartanam ; कायाग्नेश्चानुवर्तनम् ) :- Regular peristalsis & restoration of body temperature.
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#vyājahāra  ( vyAjahAra  ; व्याजहार ) :- Said.
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#saṁśōdhanaṁ (saMshodhanaM  ; संशोधनं ) :- Purification.
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#svabhāvōparamaḥ ( svabhAvoparamaH ; स्वभावोपरमः ) :- Natural Resolution.
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#hētōravartanam (hetoravartanam ; हेतोरवर्तनम् ) :- Non continuance of causative factors.