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{{#seo:

|title=Annapanavidhi Adhyaya

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|type=article

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<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 27. Classification and Regimen of food and beverages'''</big>

{{Infobox

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|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|label6 = Translator and commentator

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|data6 = Jaiswal M.L., Mandal S.K., Deole Y. S.

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|data6 = Jaiswal M.L., Mandal S.K., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y. S.]]

|label7 = Reviewer

|data7 = Aacharya R.

|label8 = Editors

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|data8 = Sirdeshpande M.K., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.

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|data8 = Sirdeshpande M.K., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]

|label9 = Year of publication

|data9 = 2020

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}}

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

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<p style='text-align:justify;'>Since food is considered as the source of life as well as cause of diseases, this chapter is dedicated to a discussion on various dietary preparations, including post-prandial drinks, their properties and beneficial effects on the body. The edibles and beverages have been classified into twelve categories by type: cereals, pulses, meat, green vegetables, fruits, green herbs, alcoholic beverages, water, milk and milk products, sweet products including honey, prepared items, and ahara upayogi (useful foods). The description also includes use of diet in specific disease conditions indicating its therapeutic use. The chapter encompasses various principles of digestion of food and beverages according to habitat, age, part used, processing method, its mixture. Agni (digestive capacity) of an individual is important for processing the food properly and achieving the desirable effects. </p>

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<~~div~~ style="text-align:justify;">Since food is considered as the source of life as well as cause of diseases, this chapter is dedicated to a discussion on various dietary preparations, including post-prandial drinks, their properties and beneficial effects on the body. The edibles and beverages have been classified into twelve categories by type: cereals, pulses, meat, green vegetables, fruits, green herbs, alcoholic beverages, water, milk and milk products, sweet products including honey, prepared items, and ahara upayogi (useful foods). The description also includes use of diet in specific disease conditions indicating its therapeutic use. The chapter encompasses various principles of digestion of food and beverages according to habitat, age, part used, processing method, its mixture. Agni (digestive capacity) of an individual is important for processing the food properly and achieving the desirable effects. </~~div~~>

'''Keywords''': ''Annapana'', dietetics, classification of dietary articles, ''anupana'', beverages, cereals, corns, vegetables, fruits, green herbs, sugar and sugar products, wines, meat, milk and milk products, water, cooked food.

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Now begins the section on cow’s milk and its products. Cow’s milk has ten properties viz. sweet, cold, soft, unctuous, dense, glossy, viscid, heavy, slow and clear. [217]

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Possessing these qualities which are common with those of the vital essence (''ojas''), milk promotes vital essence. Milk is said to be foremost among vitalizers and rejuvenators of health. [218]

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Possessing these qualities which are common with those of the vital essence ([[ojas]]), milk promotes vital essence. Milk is said to be foremost among vitalizers and rejuvenators of health. [218]

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Buffalo’s milk is heavier and is colder in potency and more unctuous than the cow’s milk and is beneficial in insomnia and in reducing excess of ''agni'' (digestion and metabolism). [219]

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Buffalo’s milk is heavier and is colder in potency and more unctuous than the cow’s milk and is beneficial in insomnia and in reducing excess of [[agni]](digestion and metabolism). [219]

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Camel’s milk is slightly dry, hot, saltish, light and recommended in ''vata'' and ''kapha'' disorders, constipation, parasitic infection, edema, abdominal afflictions and piles. [220]

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Camel’s milk is slightly dry, hot, saltish, light and recommended in [[vata]] and [[kapha]] disorders, constipation, parasitic infection, edema, abdominal afflictions and piles. [220]

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The milk of the animals of uncloven hoof (equines, including horses, mares, etc) is strengthening, stabilizing, hot, slightly sour and saltish, dry, is effective in treating vata afflictions of the extremities, and is light. [221]

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The milk of the animals of uncloven hoof (equines, including horses, mares, etc) is strengthening, stabilizing, hot, slightly sour and saltish, dry, is effective in treating [[vata]] afflictions of the extremities, and is light. [221]

Goat’s milk is an astringent, is sweet, cold in potency, light and is effective in treating ''raktapitta'' (bleeding disorders), diarrhea, wasting, cough and fever. [222]

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Sheep’s milk causes hiccups, dyspnea, is hot and increases ''pitta'' and ''kapha''. Elephant’s milk is strengthening, heavy and an excellent stabilizer of the body. [223]

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Sheep’s milk causes hiccups, dyspnea, is hot and increases [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]. Elephant’s milk is strengthening, heavy and an excellent stabilizer of the body. [223]

The human milk is vitalizing, nourishing and wholesome, increases suppleness, is useful as a nasal medication in ''raktapitta'' (bleeding disorders) and is also soothing to persons having pain in eyes. [224]

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Curd is an appetizer and an aphrodisiac. It increases unctuousness and strength, is sour on digestion, hot in potency, is effective in treating ''vata'' disorders and is auspicious and nourishing. It is recommended in rhinitis, diarrhea, cold, irregular fevers, anorexia, dysuria and emaciation. [225-226]

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Curd is an appetizer and an aphrodisiac. It increases unctuousness and strength, is sour on digestion, hot in potency, is effective in treating [[vata]] disorders and is auspicious and nourishing. It is recommended in rhinitis, diarrhea, cold, irregular fevers, anorexia, dysuria and emaciation. [225-226]

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Generally, curd is prohibited in autumn, summer and spring seasons. It is also unwholesome in ''raktapitta'' (bleeding disorders) and disorders of ''kapha''. [227]

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Generally, curd is prohibited in autumn, summer and spring seasons. It is also unwholesome in ''raktapitta'' (bleeding disorders) and disorders of [[kapha]]. [227]

</div>

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</div></div>

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Immature or partly formed curd aggravates all the three ~~''doshas''~~ and mature curd is effective in treating ''vata''. The cream of curds is seminiferous and the whey is considered effective in treating ''kapha'' and ''vata'' and cleaning the channels. [228]

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Immature or partly formed curd aggravates all the three [[dosha]] and mature curd is effective in treating [[vata]]. The cream of curds is seminiferous and the whey is considered effective in treating [[kapha]] and [[vata]] and cleaning the channels. [228]

=====Benefits of butter-milk=====

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Ghee helps enhance memory, intelligence, ''agni'' (digestion and metabolism), ''shukra'' (semen), ~~''oja''~~ (vital essence), ''kapha'' and fat. It is considered effective in treating ''vata, pitta,'' toxic conditions, insanity, consumption, inauspiciousness and fever. It is considered the most unctuous of edible substances, cold in potency, ‘sweet’ (in taste as well as after digestion) and when prepared according to proper pharmaceutical methods, its potency is increased thousandfold and is efficacious in a thousand ways. Preserved ghee is effective in treating intoxication, epilepsy, fainting, consumption, insanity, toxic conditions, fever and pain in the vagina, ear and head. The ghee made of milks of goat, sheep and buffalo are considered to have qualities of the milks of the respective animals they are made of. [231-233]</div>

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Ghee helps enhance memory, intelligence, [[agni]] (digestion and metabolism), [[shukra]] (semen), [[ojas]] (vital essence), [[kapha]] and fat. It is considered effective in treating [[vata]], [[pitta]], toxic conditions, insanity, consumption, inauspiciousness and fever. It is considered the most unctuous of edible substances, cold in potency, ‘sweet’ (in taste as well as after digestion) and when prepared according to proper pharmaceutical methods, its potency is increased thousandfold and is efficacious in a thousand ways. Preserved ghee is effective in treating intoxication, epilepsy, fainting, consumption, insanity, toxic conditions, fever and pain in the vagina, ear and head. The ghee made of milks of goat, sheep and buffalo are considered to have qualities of the milks of the respective animals they are made of. [231-233]</div>

=====Qualities of various milk products=====

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</div></div>

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The early and late colostrums and various kinds of cream-cheese (''kilatha'') are beneficial to people having strong ''agni'' or those suffering from insomnia. These are heavy, nourishing, aphrodisiac, and are effective in treating ''vata''. [234-235]

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The early and late colostrums and various kinds of cream-cheese (''kilatha'') are beneficial to people having strong [[agni]] or those suffering from insomnia. These are heavy, nourishing, aphrodisiac, and are effective in treating [[vata]]. [234-235]

The solid portion of curds is limpid, heavy, dry, and astringent. [236]

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Now described are sugarcane juices and derived products. Sugarcane juice should ideally be consumed right off the cane by chewing. Machine-pressed juice does not have the same quality and can be irritating. Sugarcane juice is an aphrodisiac, cold in potency, laxative, unctuous, nourishing, sweet and increases ''kapha''. The ''vamshaka'' variety of sugarcane is considered inferior to the white variety (''paundraka'') in the matter of coolness. [237]

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Now described are sugarcane juices and derived products. Sugarcane juice should ideally be consumed right off the cane by chewing. Machine-pressed juice does not have the same quality and can be irritating. Sugarcane juice is an aphrodisiac, cold in potency, laxative, unctuous, nourishing, sweet, and increases [[kapha]]. The ''vamshaka'' variety of sugarcane is considered inferior to the white variety (''paundraka'') in the matter of coolness. [237]

</div>

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Treacle (~~gud~~, jaggery) greatly enhances marrow, blood, fat and flesh. However, it is prone to causing worms. Treacle made of juice of the sugar-cane boiled down to one fourth, one third or one half its original quantities is called coarse ~~gud~~ or immature ~~gud~~. The greater the condensation, the heavier the ~~gud~~. Conversely, purified ~~gud~~ is that which has very little impurity. [238-239]

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Treacle (guda, jaggery) greatly enhances marrow, blood, fat and flesh. However, it is prone to causing worms. Treacle made of juice of the sugar-cane boiled down to one fourth, one third or one half its original quantities is called coarse guda or immature guda. The greater the condensation, the heavier the guda. Conversely, purified guda is that which has very little impurity. [238-239]

Further purification turns it into matsyandika/ curd sugar. Sugar-candy/khanda and crystal-sugar/sharkara are considered extremely pure. According to its degree of purity its cooling quality is increased. [240]

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</div></div>

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Honey aggravates vata, is heavy to digest, cold in potency, is effective in treating raktapitta and kapha disorders and is viscid, dry, astringent and sweet. [245]

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Honey aggravates [[vata]], is heavy to digest, cold in potency, is effective in treating raktapitta and [[kapha]] disorders and is viscid, dry, astringent and sweet. [245]

Heated or warm honey can be fatal. It can kill if given in conditions arouse due to excess heat owing to its poisonous effect during the process of accumulation. Being heavy, dry, astringent and cold in potency, it is also wholesome in small doses. [246]

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There is no disease more difficult to treat than honey-induced ama disorder. The severity of treatment itself can kill the patient as quickly as poison. [247]

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In chyme disorders (ama), treatment with drugs of hot potency is indicated. However, hot things are contra-indicated in the ama-disorder induced by honey. Hence honey-induced ama-disorder is a serious condition causing death as immediately as poison. [248]</div>

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Now begins the section on cooked foods. Thin gruel removes hunger, thirst, weariness, weakness, stomach disorder and fever. It causes perspiration, stimulates agni and regulates the course of flatus and feces. [250]

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Now begins the section on cooked foods. Thin gruel removes hunger, thirst, weariness, weakness, stomach disorder and fever. It causes perspiration, stimulates [[agni]] and regulates the course of flatus and feces. [250]

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Thick gruel (vilepi) is nourishing, astringent, and is light. Gruel-water (manda) kindles agni and regulates the downward course of vata. It softens the channels and causes perspiration. It sustains life on account of its ability to stimulate agni and lightness especially in those who have undergone reduction (~~laghana~~) therapies, purificatory procedures, and in those who have developed thirst after any unctuous dose has been digested. [251-252]

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Thick gruel (vilepi) is nourishing, astringent, and is light. Gruel-water (manda) kindles [[agni]] and regulates the downward course of [[vata]]. It softens the channels and causes perspiration. It sustains life on account of its ability to stimulate [[agni]] and lightness especially in those who have undergone reduction ([[langhana]]) therapies, purificatory procedures, and in those who have developed thirst after any unctuous dose has been digested. [251-252]

The thin gruel of roasted paddy removes fatigue particularly in people ailing with weakened voice. [253]

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The gruel water of roasted cornflour alleviates thirst and diarrhea, maintains normalcy of tissue elements, is generally considered beneficial to health and even auspicious, stimulates agni and is effective in treating burning sensation as well as fainting. The gruel water of fried corn, well-seasoned, must be given to people suffering from weak and irregular agni, to children, the aged, women and to persons of delicate health. [254-255]

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The gruel water of roasted cornflour alleviates thirst and diarrhea, maintains normalcy of tissue elements, is generally considered beneficial to health and even auspicious, stimulates [[agni]] and is effective in treating burning sensation as well as fainting. The gruel water of fried corn, well-seasoned, must be given to people suffering from weak and irregular [[agni]], to children, the aged, women and to persons of delicate health. [254-255]

If it is mixed with long pepper (Piper longum Linn.) and dried ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), boiled with corn and sour pomegranates, gruel water of roasted corn flour allays hunger and thirst, is nourishing and removes the residual morbidity in those who have undergone purificatory procedures. The roasted corn-flour is an astringent, is sweet in taste, is cold in potency, and is light. [256]

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Rice that is well cleansed, squeezed out, steam-softened and warm makes light food. In toxic conditions and kapha disorders, fried rice is indicated. Cooked rice if uncleansed, with the boiled water not pressed out, not properly softened and eaten cold is heavy to digest. [257-258]

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Rice that is well cleansed, squeezed out, steam-softened and warm makes light food. In toxic conditions and [[kapha]] disorders, fried rice is indicated. Cooked rice if uncleansed, with the boiled water not pressed out, not properly softened and eaten cold is heavy to digest. [257-258]

Rice prepared with flesh, vegetables, fat oil, ghee, marrow or fruit is strengthening, nourishing, cordial, and heavy. Likewise, rice cooked together with black gram, tila, milk and green gram. [259]

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</div></div>

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Kulmasha (a variety of pea) is heavy to digest, dry, vata provoking and loosens the stools. [260]

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Kulmasha (a variety of pea) is heavy to digest, dry, [[vata]] provoking and loosens the stools. [260]

As regards steamed dishes made out of pulses, wheat and barley, the physician should determine their qualities of heaviness and lightness in accordance with the substances used. [261]

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</div></div>

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Roasted ~~corn~~ flour is dry, aggravates vata, increases fecal matter and regulates peristalsis. When taken, it immediately nourishes and strengthens the person. [263]

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Roasted flour is dry, aggravates [[vata]], increases fecal matter and regulates peristalsis. When taken, it immediately nourishes and strengthens the person. [263]

The flour of roasted shali rice is sweet, light, cold in potency, astringent, and is effective in treating raktapitta, thirst, vomiting and fever. [264]

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Apupa (pancake of barley) is effective in treating coryza, cough, urinary disorders and throat spasm while fried barley also causes udavarta (a disease due to vitiation of vata owing to suppression of urges). [265]

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Apupa (pancake of barley) is effective in treating coryza, cough, urinary disorders and throat spasm while fried barley also causes udavarta (a disease due to vitiation of [[vata]] owing to suppression of urges). [265]

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The barley preparation known as dhana is generally considered a revulsant. It is nourishing because of its dryness and difficult to digest owing to its delaying tendency in the intestines. [266]

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The barley preparation known as dhana is generally considered a revulsant. It is nourishing because of its dryness and is difficult to digest owing to its delaying tendency in the intestines. [266]

Virudha-dhana (germinated barley), shashkuli, madhukrodas with pindakas, pupa, pupalika (kind of seet cake fried in ghee or oil), and other preparations of flour are extremely heavy. [267]

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</div></div>

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Preparations of pulses aggravate vata, and are dry and cold in potency. They must be taken in small quantities with pungent, unctuous and saltish substances. [274]

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Preparations of pulses aggravate [[vata]], and are dry and cold in potency. They must be taken in small quantities with pungent, unctuous and saltish substances. [274]

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Vimardaka (Cassia tora) prepared with ripe, unripe, softened and roasted substances is heavy, cordial, aphrodisiac and well-suited to physically strong individuals. [277]

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The preparation called rasala (curds or puddings mixed sugar and spices) is nourishing, aphrodisiac, unctuous, strengthening and an appetizer. Curds taken with ~~gud~~ enhances unctuousness, is nourishing, cordial and is effective in treating vata. [278]

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The preparation called rasala (curds or puddings mixed sugar and spices) is nourishing, aphrodisiac, unctuous, strengthening and an appetizer. Curds taken with guda enhances unctuousness, is nourishing, cordial and is effective in treating [[vata]]. [278]

</div>

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The shukta beverage (sour liquor or gruel) aggravates raktapitta and kapha, and regulates vata. One should know the properties of the bulbs, roots and fruits etc. fermented in this beverage to have the same qualities. [284]

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The shukta beverage (sour liquor or gruel) aggravates raktapitta and [[kapha]], and regulates [[vata]]. One should know the properties of the bulbs, roots and fruits etc. fermented in this beverage to have the same qualities. [284]

Shindaki (a sour, fermented preparation) and other fermented articles that turn sour owing to long periods of preservation are appetizing and light. The physician should know this section on cooked foods. [285]

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Til (Sesamum indicum Linn.) oil is an astringent in after-taste, mildly sweet, hot, and diffusive that aggravates pitta and causes constipation and oliguria. It does not increase kapha. It is the best among pacifiers of vata, enhances strength, is good for the skin and increases intelligence and agni. Til oil is considered a very effective vehicle for administering various drugs [286-287]

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Til (Sesamum indicum Linn.) oil is an astringent in after-taste, mildly sweet, hot, and diffusive that aggravates pitta and causes constipation and oliguria. It does not increase [[kapha]]. It is the best among pacifiers of [[vata]], enhances strength, is good for the skin and increases intelligence and [[agni]]. Til oil is considered a very effective vehicle for administering various drugs [286-287]

The medicinal properties of the Til oil have also been mentioned in the vedic scriptures - using the oil, the legendary daitya (demon) kings overcame aging, diseases, and fatigue, while gaining great strength in their battles with the Devas (Gods).[288]

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Castor oil (Ricinus communis Linn.) is sweet, heavy, and kapha-aggravating. It is highly effective in treating vata, rakta gulma, heart-diseases and chronic fever. [289]

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Castor oil (Ricinus communis Linn.) is sweet, heavy, and [[kapha]]-aggravating. It is highly effective in treating [[vata]], rakta gulma, heart-diseases and chronic fever. [289]

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The white rape-seed (Brassica campestris Linn. Var. Sarson Prain) is pungent, hot, vitiates blood and pitta, and depletes kapha and semen. It is also very effective in treating vata-disorders, pruritus and urticaria. [290]

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The white rape-seed (Brassica campestris Linn. Var. Sarson Prain) is pungent, hot, vitiates blood and [[pitta]], and depletes [[kapha]] and semen. It is also very effective in treating [[vata]]-disorders, pruritus and urticaria. [290]

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The oil of Buchanan’s mango (priyala, Buchanans mango /Buchanania lanzan Spreng) is sweet, heavy and kapha-aggravating. It is beneficial in vata-pitta combination diseases as it is not very hot in potency. [291]

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The oil of Buchanan’s mango (priyala, Buchanans mango /Buchanania lanzan Spreng) is sweet, heavy and [[kapha]]-aggravating. It is beneficial in [[vata]]-[[pitta]] combination diseases as it is not very hot in potency. [291]

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The linseed (Linum usitatissimum Linn.) oil is sweet, sour and pungent (after digestion), and hot in potency. It is beneficial in vata but aggravates rakta & pitta. [292]

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The linseed (Linum usitatissimum Linn.) oil is sweet, sour and pungent (after digestion), and hot in potency. It is beneficial in [[vata]] but aggravates [[rakta]] & [[pitta]]. [292]

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The safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.) oil is hot, pungent after digestion, and heavy. It is excessively irritant and provokes all ~~doshas~~. [293]

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The safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.) oil is hot, pungent after digestion, and heavy. It is excessively irritant and provokes all [[dosha]]. [293]

The qualities of other oils used in food but derived from fruits are not mentioned here. These are known by the qualities of the fruits themselves. [294]

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is slightly unctuous, stimulates digestion, aphrodisiac, hot, effective in treating vata and kapha, and sweet after digestion. [296]

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is slightly unctuous, stimulates digestion, aphrodisiac, hot, effective in treating [[vata]] and [[kapha]], and sweet after digestion. [296]

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Green long pepper (Piper longum Linn.) increases kapha, is sweet, heavy and unctuous. Dried pepper alleviates kapha and vata, is pungent and hot, and is considered an aphrodisiac. [297]

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Green long pepper (Piper longum Linn.) increases [[kapha]], is sweet, heavy and unctuous. Dried pepper alleviates [[kapha]] and [[vata]], is pungent and hot, and is considered an aphrodisiac. [297]

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Black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) is not very hot, is anaphrodisiac, light, appetizing and is depletive and desiccatingt. It is is effective in treating kapha and vata. [298]

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Black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) is not very hot, is anaphrodisiac, light, appetizing and is depletive and desiccatingt. It is is effective in treating [[kapha]] and [[vata]]. [298]

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Asafoetida (Ferula narthex Boiss.) is regarded to be effective in treating vata, kapha and obstipation. It is pungent, hot, appetizing, light, and alleviates colicky pain. [299]

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Asafoetida (Ferula narthex Boiss.) is regarded to be effective in treating [[vata]], [[kapha]] and obstipation. It is pungent, hot, appetizing, light, and alleviates colicky pain. [299]

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Rock salt is considered the best of salts - it is an appetizer and an aphrodisiac. It also improves eye-sight and is a non-irritant. It is effective in treating dosha imbalances and is slightly sweet. [300]

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Rock salt is considered the best of salts - it is an appetizer and an aphrodisiac. It also improves eye-sight and is a non-irritant. It is effective in treating [[dosha]] imbalances and is slightly sweet. [300]

The sanchal salt is subtle, hot, light, fragrant, relishing, removes obstruction, cordial [palatable] and clears belching. [301]

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Bida salt being sharp, hot, and diffusive, stimulates digestion, is effective in treating colicky pain and regulates the upward and downward courses of vata. [302]

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Bida salt being sharp, hot, and diffusive, stimulates digestion, is effective in treating colicky pain and regulates the upward and downward courses of [[vata]]. [302]

The efflorescent (audbhida) salt is slightly bitter, pungent, slightly alkaline, sharp and liquefacient. kalabag rock-salt has no smell. Its qualities are similar to those of sanchal salt. [303]

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The sea-salt is slightly sweet while the earth-salt is slightly bitter and pungent. All salts are appetizing, digestive, laxative and are effective in treating vata. [304]

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The sea-salt is slightly sweet while the earth-salt is slightly bitter and pungent. All salts are appetizing, digestive, laxative and are effective in treating [[vata]]. [304]

</div>

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</div></div>

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Yavakshara (barley alkali) is effective in treating diseases of the heart, anaemia, assimilation disorders, spleenic disorders, constipation, throat-spasm, cough of the kapha type and piles. [305]

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Yavakshara (barley alkali) is effective in treating diseases of the heart, anaemia, assimilation disorders, spleenic disorders, constipation, throat-spasm, cough of the [[kapha]] type and piles. [305]

All alkalis are like fiery, sharp, hot, light, dry, liquefacient, digestive, corrosive, caustic, stimulates digestion and destructive of tissues. [306]

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</div></div>

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Celery seeds (''karavi'', Carum bulbocastanum W.Koch.), black cumin (''kunchika'', Nigella sativa Linn.), cumin (''ajaji'', Cuminum cyminum Linn.), bishops weed (''yavani'', Trachyspermum ammi Linn.), coriander (''dhanyaka'', Coriandrum sativum) and Indian tooth-ache (''tumburu'', Zanthoxylum armatum DC) are appetizing, stimulate digestion, alleviate ''vata'' and ''kapha'', and remove foul odour.[307]

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Celery seeds (''karavi'', Carum bulbocastanum W.Koch.), black cumin (''kunchika'', Nigella sativa Linn.), cumin (''ajaji'', Cuminum cyminum Linn.), bishops weed (''yavani'', Trachyspermum ammi Linn.), coriander (''dhanyaka'', Coriandrum sativum) and Indian tooth-ache tree (''tumburu'', Zanthoxylum armatum DC) are appetizing, stimulate digestion, alleviate [[vata]] and [[kapha]], and remove foul odour.[307]

<poem>

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</div></div>

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That drink which is opposite in quality to that of the food taken is the proper corrigent (agent that neutralizes the undesirable-effects of a particular medication or diet). Whatever drink is not deleterious to ~~doshas~~ and ~~dhatus~~ is to be considered the right post-prandial drink. [319]

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That drink which is opposite in quality to that of the food taken is the proper corrigent (agent that neutralizes the undesirable-effects of a particular medication or diet). Whatever drink is not deleterious to [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] is to be considered the right post-prandial drink. [319]

One should take as his post-prandial drink that which is wholesome and fit to consume based on thorough examination of kinds of water and (eighty-four kinds of) wines described previously. [320]

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Unctuous and hot drinks in conditions of ''vata'', sweet and cooling ones in those of ''pitta'', dry and hot ones in ''kapha'', and meat juices in wasting are considered to be the best. [321]

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Unctuous and hot drinks in conditions of [[vata]], sweet and cooling ones in those of [[pitta]], dry and hot ones in [[kapha]], and meat juices in wasting are considered to be the best. [321]

For those fatigued by fasting, travel, lecturing, company of women, or exposure to wind, sun and exertion, milk as a post-prandial drink is considered as wholesome as nectar. [322]

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''Sura'' wine is recommended as a post-prandial drink for nourishing the emaciated. Combination of honey and water is recommended as a post-prandial drink for reducing the corpulent. [323]

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For those suffering from weak ''agni'' and insomnia as a result of torpor, grief, fear and fatigue and those accustomed to wine and meat, wine is prescribed as a post-prandial drink. [324]

+

For those suffering from weak [[agni]] and insomnia as a result of torpor, grief, fear and fatigue and those accustomed to wine and meat, wine is prescribed as a post-prandial drink. [324]

==== Benefits of ''anupana'' (vehicle) ====

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Heavy articles should be consumed in small measures and light ones in large quantities. [340]

−

Food articles should thus be consumed in proper measure and the proper measure should be in accordance with the strength of the individual’s ''agni''. [341]

+

Food articles should thus be consumed in proper measure and the proper measure should be in accordance with the strength of the individual’s [[agni]]. [341]

<poem>

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Strength, health, longevity and vital breath are dependent on the state of ''agni'' that burns when fed by the fuel of food and drink or dwindles when deprived of them. [342]

+

Strength, health, longevity and vital breath are dependent on the state of [[agni]] that burns when fed by the fuel of food and drink or dwindles when deprived of them. [342]

<poem>

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−

For those whose ''agni'' is strong, are accustomed to tough-to-digest food articles, are accustomed to hard labor and have a large capacity for consumption and digestion of food, the consideration of heavy and light food is not necessary. [344]

+

For those whose [[agni]] is strong, are accustomed to tough-to-digest food articles, are accustomed to hard labor and have a large capacity for consumption and digestion of food, the consideration of heavy and light food is not necessary. [344]

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A person with discipline and self-control should always feed his ''agni'' with the fuel of wholesome food and drink and stay mindful of the consideration of measure and time. [345]

+

A person with discipline and self-control should always feed his [[agni]] with the fuel of wholesome food and drink and stay mindful of the consideration of measure and time. [345]

−

The man whose ''agni'' is well tended, who feeds it duly with wholesome diet, who does daily meditation, charity and the pursuit of spiritual salvation, and who takes food and drinks that are wholesome to him, will not fall to approaching diseases except for special reasons. [346-347]

+

The man whose [[agni]] is well tended, who feeds it duly with wholesome diet, who does daily meditation, charity and the pursuit of spiritual salvation, and who takes food and drinks that are wholesome to him, will not fall to approaching diseases except for special reasons. [346-347]

<poem>

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In summary, the characteristics of food and drinks, twelve classifications of articles of diet (along ~~with~~ with the foremost of them), post-prandial drinks with their characteristics and the statement in brief regarding heaviness and lightness of the articles of diet- all these have been described in this chapter on diet and dietetics. [351-352]

+

In summary, the characteristics of food and drinks, twelve classifications of articles of diet (along with the foremost of them), post-prandial drinks with their characteristics and the statement in brief regarding heaviness and lightness of the articles of diet- all these have been described in this chapter on diet and dietetics. [351-352]

Thus, in the Section on General Principles in the treatise compiled by Agnivesha and revised by Charak, the twenty-seventh chapter entitled ‘The Regimen of food and beverages” stands completed.

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#Aged cereals and pulses (about a year old) are recommended for consumption. The old grain is generally dry and light and the new generally heavy.

#Grains that get cooked quicker are considered lighter to digest than the others. The decorticated and slightly roasted pulse is digested easily.

−

#The drink which is opposite in quality to that of the food taken is the proper corrigent (a substance added to a medicine to modify its action or counteract a disagreeable effect). Whatever drink is not deleterious to ~~''doshas''~~ and ~~''dhatus''~~ is to be considered the right post-prandial drink.

+

#The drink which is opposite in quality to that of the food taken is the proper corrigent (a substance added to a medicine to modify its action or counteract a disagreeable effect). Whatever drink is not deleterious to [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] is to be considered the right post-prandial drink.

#One should take as his post-prandial drink that which is wholesome and fit to consume based on its thorough examination.

−

#Unctuous and hot drinks in conditions of ''vata'', sweet and cooling ones in those of ''pitta'', dry and hot ones in ''kapha'', and meat juices in wasting are considered to be the best.

+

#Unctuous and hot drinks in conditions of [[vata]], sweet and cooling ones in those of [[pitta]], dry and hot ones in [[kapha]], and meat juices in wasting are considered to be the best.

−

#The digestion depends upon inherent property of the food article as well as its interaction with the ''agni'' (body’s digestive capacity).

+

#The digestion depends upon inherent property of the food article as well as its interaction with the [[agni]] (body’s digestive capacity).

−

#Qualities and effects of food are altered after processing, its vehicle and interaction with body.

+

#Qualities and effects of food are altered after processing, its vehicle and interaction with body.

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

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=== Role of diet in health and disease ===

−

For over 4000 years, the [[Charak Samhita]] and its predecessor, the Agnivesha Tantra have provided a wealth of knowledge on managing life, not just health and disease management. Sages and practitioners passed on this distilled knowledge by word-to-mouth for centuries. Over the course of this period, the environment around us has changed significantly – affecting us and the living beings around us. Habitats have changed rendering some creatures extinct or endangered, while others have adapted themselves or evolved. Further, social traditions have dictated changes to our dietary habits. However, the fundamental principles governing food, in general, remain the same, e.g., the role of factors responsible for digestion ([[agni]]) , fundamental constitution ([[Prakriti]]), taste (rasa), properties (guna), potency (veerya), effects after metabolism (vipaka) and specific effect (prabhava) of various foods. These fundamental principles can be applied today for healthy living. Newer articles of food like paddy(dhanya), vegetables(shaka), greens(harita), meat(mamsa), fruits(phala) and cooked food or drinks(kritanna) can be characterized and used by an experienced Ayurvedic physician. It is a herculean job to describe all the foods available all over the world and describe their characteristics. However an humble attempt has been made to include newer food articles as per Ayurvedic perspective, based on the fundamental principles are described in this chapter.

+

For over 4000 years, the [[Charak Samhita]] and its predecessor, the Agnivesha Tantra have provided a wealth of knowledge on managing life, not just health and disease management. Sages and practitioners passed on this distilled knowledge by word-to-mouth for centuries. Over the course of this period, the environment around us has changed significantly – affecting us and the living beings around us. Habitats have changed rendering some creatures extinct or endangered, while others have adapted themselves or evolved. Further, social traditions have dictated changes to our dietary habits. However, the fundamental principles governing food, in general, remain the same, e.g., the role of factors responsible for digestion ([[agni]]) , fundamental constitution ([[Prakriti]]), taste (rasa), properties ([[guna]]), potency (veerya), effects after metabolism (vipaka) and specific effect (prabhava) of various foods. These fundamental principles can be applied today for healthy living. Newer articles of food like paddy(dhanya), vegetables(shaka), greens(harita), meat(mamsa), fruits(phala) and cooked food or drinks(kritanna) can be characterized and used by an experienced Ayurvedic physician. It is a herculean job to describe all the foods available all over the world and describe their characteristics. However an humble attempt has been made to include newer food articles as per Ayurvedic perspective, based on the fundamental principles are described in this chapter.

=== Fourteen greens for healthy life ===

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#Jayanti (Sesbania sesban (Linn.) Merrill) is effective in common seasonal cold and effective in dysuria. It has some anti-poisonous effect.

#Shalakalyani (Dwarf copper leaf or Alternanthera sessilis (Linn) R.Br. ex DC) dispels the accumulated [[pitta]] [[dosha]].

−

#Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers ex Hook.f.& Thoms) pacifies morbid vitiation of all three [[~~doshas~~]].

+

#Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers ex Hook.f.& Thoms) pacifies morbid vitiation of all three [[dosha]].

#Patola patra (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb) purifies the accumulated [[pitta]] [[dosha]].

#Shleshmaka(Cordia dichatoma Frost. F.) is an appetizer in a particular season.

#Helenca (Enhydra fluctuans Lour) suppresses the [[pitta]] [[dosha]].

#Bhandir(Clerodendrum infortunatum auct. nonLinn.C.B. Clarke) is effective in worm infestation.

−

#Sunishannaka (Marsilea minuta Linn.) gives nutrition to the nervous system and prevents insomnia.

+

#Sunishannaka (Marsilea minuta Linn.) gives nutrition to the nervous system and prevents insomnia.

=== Six varieties of vegetables ===

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The nutritional fundamentals accepted by the World Health Organization and most nutritional authorities today include vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds, and fruit as healthy foods; and salt, saturated fat, and excess sugar as disease causing. Excessive amounts of animal products may lead to premature aging, increased risk of chronic disease and higher all-cause mortality.<ref name="fast food"/> Therefore it can be stated that the food items described in this chapter are beneficial for preservation of health and prevention of diseases.

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== References ==

Agnivesha

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