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{{#seo:

{{#seo:

|title=Menstrual disorders

|title=Menstrual disorders

|keywords=Menstrual disorders,  artava (menstruation),  asrugdara (menorrhagia), dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.  

|keywords=Menstrual disorders,  artava (menstruation),  asrugdara (menorrhagia), dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.  

|description=Sharira / Artava / Menstrual disorders

|description=Sharira / Artava / Menstrual disorders

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=charak samhita

|image_alt=charak samhita

|type=article

|type=article}}

}}

<p style="text-align:justify;">The physiology of menstruation can be understood by studying the concept of “artava” and its disorders. Fundamentally artava is originated from agni (fire) element. Therefore, menstrual blood is [[pitta]] [[dosha]] dominant. Menstruation and regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis are important functions of [[vata]] [[dosha]]. Whereas the repair and restore functions in uterus after menstruation are carried out by [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. Hence all three [[dosha]] play role in physiology of menstruation. Therefore, the menstrual disorders need to be understood on the [[dosha]] axis and their abnormalities.  The duration of normal menstrual flow is generally 5 days, and the normal menstrual cycle typically lasts between 21 and 35 days.

<div style="text-align:justify;">

</p>

The physiology of menstruation can be understood by studying the concept of “artava” and its disorders. Fundamentally artava is originated from agni (fire) element. Therefore, menstrual blood is [[pitta]] [[dosha]] dominant. Menstruation and regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis are important functions of [[vata]] [[dosha]]. Whereas the repair and restore functions in uterus after menstruation are carried out by [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. Hence all three [[dosha]] play role in physiology of menstruation. Therefore, the menstrual disorders need to be understood on the [[dosha]] axis and their abnormalities.  The duration of normal menstrual flow is generally 5 days, and the normal menstrual cycle typically lasts between 21 and 35 days.

</div>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|label2 = Authors

|label2 = Authors

|data2 = Anagha S.¹, Deole Y.S.¹

|data2 = Anagha S.¹, [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]¹

|label3 = Reviewers and Editor  

|label3 = Reviewers and Editor  

|data3 = Basisht G.¹, Tandon S.²

|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]¹, Tandon S.²

|label4 = Editor  

|label4 = Editor  

|data4 = Basisht G.¹

|data4 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]¹

|label5 = Affiliations

|label5 = Affiliations

|data6 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

|data6 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

|label7 = Date of first publication:

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 =July 31, 2020

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India

}}

}}

*Suppression of natural urges (vega dharana) of micturition, defecation etc. leading to aggravation of “apana vayu” cause menstrual disorders. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/25-26].

*Suppression of natural urges (vega dharana) of micturition, defecation etc. leading to aggravation of “apana vayu” cause menstrual disorders. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/25-26].

A case control study in 300 subjects has proven the association of suppression of urges of micturition and defaecation with primary dysmenorrhoea.<ref>Vrinda Roy(2011),A case-control study to evaluate the association between Mutra-purisha vegadharana and primary dysmenorrhoea,PG dissertation,department of Swasthavrutta, VPSV Ayurveda college, Kottakkal, Kerala.</ref>

A case control study in 300 subjects has proven the association of suppression of urges of micturition and defecation with primary dysmenorrhoea.<ref>Vrinda Roy(2011),A case-control study to evaluate the association between Mutra-purisha vegadharana and primary dysmenorrhoea,PG dissertation,department of Swasthavrutta, VPSV Ayurveda college, Kottakkal, Kerala.</ref>

*The specific activities like continuous travelling especially  in jerky vehicles,continuos sitting or standing in one position , excessive walking and exersion cause vitiation of “apana vayu” and lead to menstrual disorders. [A. Hr. Nidana thana 16/27]

*The specific activities like continuous travelling especially  in jerky vehicles,continuos sitting or standing in one position , excessive walking and exersion cause vitiation of “apana vayu” and lead to menstrual disorders. [A. Hr. Nidana thana 16/27]

===Treatment for increased state of menstrual blood ===  

===Treatment for increased state of menstrual blood ===  

 

'''Purification therapy:'''

'''Purification therapy:'''

*By considering the association of [[doshas]] diagnosed on the basis of color and smell of blood,haemostatic drugs should be given to arrest the bleeding.[Cha. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/86]

*By considering the association of [[doshas]] diagnosed on the basis of color and smell of blood,haemostatic drugs should be given to arrest the bleeding.[Cha. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/86]

===Treatment for abnormal state of menstrual blood: ===  

===Treatment for abnormal state of menstrual blood: ===  

 

'''Purification therapy :'''

'''Purification therapy :'''

In abnormalities of menstrual blood (artava dushti), oleation(snehana),sudation(swedana), purification therapies(vamana, virechana, basti) as well as local therapies including intra uterine drug administration(uttarabasti) is advised.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/12]

In abnormalities of menstrual blood (artava dushti), oleation (snehana),sudation(swedana), purification therapies(vamana, virechana, basti) as well as local therapies including intra uterine drug administration(uttarabasti) is advised.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/12]

In the management of dysmenorrhoea (udavartini) also, oleation(snehana), sudation (swedana), enema therapy (both unctuous as well as decoction like dashamoola and milk) especially unctuous enema(anuvasanabasti) and intra uterine oil administration(uttara basti) are recommended.[Ch. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/228]

In the management of dysmenorrhoea (udavartini) also, oleation(snehana), sudation (swedana), enema therapy (both unctuous as well as decoction like dashamoola and milk) especially unctuous enema(anuvasana basti) and intra uterine oil administration(uttara basti) are recommended.[Ch. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/228]

'''Pacification therapy:'''

'''Pacification therapy:'''

|}

|}

*[A.Hr. Sharira Sthana 1], **[A.S. Sharira Sthana 1]

*[A.Hr. Sharira Sthana 1], **[A.S. Sharira Sthana 1]

===Diet and lifestyle modification for prevention of menstrual disorders ===

===Diet and lifestyle modification for prevention of menstrual disorders ===

 

In general, cereals like rice(shali), barley(yava), alcoholic preparations (madya),meat preparations capable of increasing [[pitta]] are beneficial for promoting the female reproductive health.[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/16]

In general, cereals like rice(shali), barley(yava), alcoholic preparations (madya),meat preparations capable of increasing [[pitta]] are beneficial for promoting the female reproductive health.[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/16]

All these activities are likely to cause physical strain for the woman and their adverse effects are reflected even in her future progeny.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/24-25]

All these activities are likely to cause physical strain for the woman and their adverse effects are reflected even in her future progeny.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/24-25]

==Menstrual Hygiene ==

==Menstrual Hygiene ==

==Current Researches==

==Current Researches==

 

*PCOS is diagnosed as per the standard Rotterdam criteria<ref>Rui Wang, Ben Willem J. Mol, The Rotterdam criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: evidence-based criteria?, Human Reproduction, Volume 32, Issue 2, 1 February 2017, Pages 261–264, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew287</ref>. Recent studies suggest the incorporation of raised level of Anti mullerian Hormone (AMH) along with the sonography findings to define polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM).<ref>Fraissinet A, Robin G, Pigny P, Lefebvre T, Catteau-Jonard S, Dewailly D. Use of the serum anti-Müllerian hormone assay as a surrogate for polycystic ovarian morphology: impact on diagnosis and phenotypic classification of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(8):1716-1722. doi:10.1093/humrep/dex239</ref>

*PCOS is diagnosed as per the standard Rotterdam criteria<ref>Rui Wang, Ben Willem J. Mol, The Rotterdam criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: evidence-based criteria?, Human Reproduction, Volume 32, Issue 2, 1 February 2017, Pages 261–264, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew287</ref>. Recent studies suggest the incorporation of raised level of Anti mullerian Hormone (AMH) along with the sonography findings to define polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM).<ref>Fraissinet A, Robin G, Pigny P, Lefebvre T, Catteau-Jonard S, Dewailly D. Use of the serum anti-Müllerian hormone assay as a surrogate for polycystic ovarian morphology: impact on diagnosis and phenotypic classification of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(8):1716-1722. doi:10.1093/humrep/dex239</ref>

*Menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) are a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). They are found to be having therapeutic effects in various diseases, including liver disease, diabetes, stroke, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, ovarian-related disease, myocardial infarction, Asherman syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, acute lung injury, cutaneous wound, endometriosis, and neurodegenerative diseases.<ref>Chen L, Qu J, Xiang C. The multi-functional roles of menstrual blood-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):1. Published 2019 Jan 3. doi:10.1186/s13287-018-1105-9</ref>

*Menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) are a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). They are found to be having therapeutic effects in various diseases, including liver disease, diabetes, stroke, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, ovarian-related disease, myocardial infarction, Asherman syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, acute lung injury, cutaneous wound, endometriosis, and neurodegenerative diseases.<ref>Chen L, Qu J, Xiang C. The multi-functional roles of menstrual blood-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):1. Published 2019 Jan 3. doi:10.1186/s13287-018-1105-9</ref>

 

===List of Thesis works===

===List of Thesis works===

The list of thesis works  done on various menstrual disorders can be seen [[Media:Thesis_list-Menstrual_disorders.pdf |here.]]

The list of thesis works  done on various menstrual disorders can be seen [[Media:Thesis_list-Menstrual_disorders.pdf |here.]]

===Abbreviations ===

===Abbreviations ===

 

Sa. = Samhita, Cha. = Charak, Su. = Sushruta, Ka. = Kashyapa, Sha. =Sharangadhara, A. = Ashtanga, Hr. = Hridaya, S. = Sangraha,  

Sa. = Samhita, Cha. = Charak, Su. = Sushruta, Ka. = Kashyapa, Sha. =Sharangadhara, A. = Ashtanga, Hr. = Hridaya, S. = Sangraha,  

Ha. = Harita

Ha. = Harita

 

=== Reference list  of Menstrual disorders ===

=== Reference list  of Menstrual disorders ===

The list of references for menstrual disorders  in classical texts of Ayurveda can be seen [[Media:References_table-_menstrual_disorders.pdf |here.]]

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==References==

==References==