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→Sources of poison
aShTavegaM dashaguNaM caturviMshatyupakramam |7|
aShTavegaM dashaguNaM caturviMshatyupakramam |7|
Lord Brahma deposited these visha in jangama(animal origin) and sthavara (earthen and plant origin) categories. Hence in general visha, originated from water; it is (hot) like fire and is of two types. Its action is manifested in 8 stages; it has 10 properties and can be treated with 24 therapeutic measures.(6-7)
Lord Brahma deposited these visha in jangama(animal origin) and sthavara (earthen and plant origin) categories. Hence in general visha, originated from water; it is (hot) like fire and is of two types. Its action is manifested in 8 stages; it has 10 properties and can be treated with 24 therapeutic measures.(6-7)
Aggravation and pacification of potency:
==== Aggravation and pacification of potency ====
तद्वर्षास्वम्बुयोनित्वात् सङ्क्लेदं गुडवद्गतम् ||७||
तद्वर्षास्वम्बुयोनित्वात् सङ्क्लेदं गुडवद्गतम् ||७||
सर्पत्यम्बुधरापाये तदगस्त्यो हिनस्ति च |
सर्पत्यम्बुधरापाये तदगस्त्यो हिनस्ति च |
During rainy season, due to its origin from water, when it comes in contact; it becomes moist similar to guda (jaggery) due to its kleda guna and after that it spreads. However the star Agasthya at the end of rainy season, counter acts the effects of visha thereby getting milder in potency.(7-8)
During rainy season, due to its origin from water, when it comes in contact; it becomes moist similar to guda (jaggery) due to its kleda guna and after that it spreads. However the star Agasthya at the end of rainy season, counter acts the effects of visha thereby getting milder in potency.(7-8)
Animal origin:
==== Animal origin ====
सर्पाः कीटोन्दुरा लूता वृश्चिका गृहगोधिकाः |
सर्पाः कीटोन्दुरा लूता वृश्चिका गृहगोधिकाः |
जलौकामत्स्यमण्डूकाः कणभाः सकृकण्टकाः ||९||
जलौकामत्स्यमण्डूकाः कणभाः सकृकण्टकाः ||९||
shvasiMhavyAghragomAyutarakShunakulAdayaH |
shvasiMhavyAghragomAyutarakShunakulAdayaH |
daMShTriNo ye viShaM teShAM daMShTrotthaM ja~ggamaM matam ||10||
daMShTriNo ye viShaM teShAM daMShTrotthaM ja~ggamaM matam ||10||
Earthen and plant origin:
Sarpa (snakes), kita (insects), loota (spiders), vrishchika (scorpions), griha godhika (house lizards), jalauka (leeches), matsya (fish), manduka (frogs), kanabha or salabha (locusts) krkantaka (chamelion), shwa (dogs), simha (lion), vyaghra (tiger), gomayu (jackal), taraksu (hyena), nakula (mongoose), etc., are the fanged animals through whose fangs the poison is transmitted. The poisons of these creatures constitute animal poisons (poisons of mobile origin).(9-10)
==== Earthen and plant origin ====
मुस्तकं पौष्करं क्रौञ्चं वत्सनाभं बलाहकम् |
मुस्तकं पौष्करं क्रौञ्चं वत्सनाभं बलाहकम् |
कर्कटं कालकूटं च करवीरकसञ्ज्ञकम् ||११||
कर्कटं कालकूटं च करवीरकसञ्ज्ञकम् ||११||
The poisons of the immobile (earthen and plant) origin are: the roots (including rhizomes) of mustaka, puskara, kraunca, vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox), balahaka, karkata, kalakuta, karavira (Nerium indicum / Cerbera thevetia), palaka, indrayudha taila, meghaka, kusa-puspaka, rohisa, pundarika, langalaki (Gloriosa superb), anjanabhaka, sankoca, markata, sringi-visa, halahala, and such other poisonous roots.(11-13)
The poisons of the immobile (earthen and plant) origin are: the roots (including rhizomes) of mustaka, puskara, kraunca, vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox), balahaka, karkata, kalakuta, karavira (Nerium indicum / Cerbera thevetia), palaka, indrayudha taila, meghaka, kusa-puspaka, rohisa, pundarika, langalaki (Gloriosa superb), anjanabhaka, sankoca, markata, sringi-visa, halahala, and such other poisonous roots.(11-13)
Gara visha ( artificial poison):
==== Gara visha ( artificial poison) ====
गरसंयोगजं चान्यद्गरसञ्ज्ञं गदप्रदम् |
गरसंयोगजं चान्यद्गरसञ्ज्ञं गदप्रदम् |
कालान्तरविपाकित्वान्न तदाशु हरत्यसून् ||१४|| garasaṁyōgajaṁ [1] cānyadgarasañjñaṁ gadapradam|
कालान्तरविपाकित्वान्न तदाशु हरत्यसून् ||१४|| garasaṁyōgajaṁ [1] cānyadgarasañjñaṁ gadapradam|
kAlAntaravipAkitvAnna tadAshu haratyasUn ||14||
kAlAntaravipAkitvAnna tadAshu haratyasUn ||14||
There is another variety of poison called gara-visha which is prepared artificially by the combination of various substances. It produces various diseases. Since it takes time to get metabolised and to produce its toxic effects, it does not cause instantaneous death of a person.(14)
There is another variety of poison called gara-visha which is prepared artificially by the combination of various substances. It produces various diseases. Since it takes time to get metabolised and to produce its toxic effects, it does not cause instantaneous death of a person.(14)
Clinical features of poisoning:
==== Clinical features of poisoning ====
निद्रां तन्द्रां क्लमं दाहं सपाकं लोमहर्षणम् |
निद्रां तन्द्रां क्लमं दाहं सपाकं लोमहर्षणम् |
शोफं चैवातिसारं च जनयेज्जङ्गमं विषम् ||१५||
शोफं चैवातिसारं च जनयेज्जङ्गमं विषम् ||१५||
The animal poison moves downwards whereas the vegetable poison moves upwards in the alimentary canal. Therefore, the animal poison cures poisoning by vegetable-poison and the poisoning caused by animal-poison is cured by vegetable poison.(15-17)
The animal poison moves downwards whereas the vegetable poison moves upwards in the alimentary canal. Therefore, the animal poison cures poisoning by vegetable-poison and the poisoning caused by animal-poison is cured by vegetable poison.(15-17)
Stage wise clinical features in humans:
==== Stage wise clinical features in humans ====
तृण्मोहदन्तहर्षप्रसेकवमथक्लमा भवन्त्याद्ये |
तृण्मोहदन्तहर्षप्रसेकवमथक्लमा भवन्त्याद्ये |
वेगे रसप्रदोषादसृक्प्रदोषाद्द्वितीये तु ||१८||
वेगे रसप्रदोषादसृक्प्रदोषाद्द्वितीये तु ||१८||
8. In the eighth stage, the patient succumbs to death.
8. In the eighth stage, the patient succumbs to death.
The above mentioned eight stages of poisoning are manifested in human beings.(18-23)
The above mentioned eight stages of poisoning are manifested in human beings.(18-23)
Stage wise features in animals and birds:
Stage wise features in animals and birds:
चतुष्पदां स्याच्चतुर्विधः, पक्षिणां त्रिविधः ||२१||
चतुष्पदां स्याच्चतुर्विधः, पक्षिणां त्रिविधः ||२१||