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{{#seo:
|title=Shukra dhatu
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Shukra dhatu in ayurveda,Shukra dhatu meaning,Shukra dhatu,Formation and metabolism of shukra dhatu,Metabolic byproducts (Upadhatu),Quantity of shukra dhatu in body,Characteristics of best quality of reproductive tissue(shukra sara),Forms of shukradhatu in body,Layer of shukra (shukradhara kala),Channels of transportation transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas),Vessels carrying shukra dhatu (shukravahini dhamani),Functions of shukra dhatu,shukra dhatu diagnosis,shukra dhatu Causes,Role of shukra dhatu as vitiated factor in diseases,Characteristics of vitiated semen (shukradushti),Abnormalities of Semen,Prognosis,Seminogram
|description=Shukra literally means semen virile, sperm, lucid, clear
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
Shukra literally means semen virile, sperm, lucid, clear.<ref>Available from https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=zukra&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3 accessed on 16/06/2020</ref> In human physiology, Shukra dhatu is a body component having reproductive capacity. It is generally equated with semen (SAT-B.445).<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat accessed on 16/06/2020</ref>
Shukra literally means semen virile, sperm, lucid, clear.<ref>Available from https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=zukra&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3 accessed on 16/06/2020</ref> In human physiology, Shukra dhatu is a body component having reproductive capacity. It is generally equated with semen (SAT-B.445).<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat accessed on 16/06/2020</ref>
Shukra dhatu is described to be of two forms in Ayurveda textbooks:
Shukra dhatu is described to be of two forms in Ayurveda textbooks:
#The one that is ejaculated during the process of mating, which is responsible for fertilization of ovum and thus embryogenesis. This is semen in males.
#The one that is ejaculated during the process of mating, which is responsible for fertilization of ovum and thus embryogenesis. This is semen in males.
#The one that is formed from predecessor [[majja dhatu]] (the tissue that fills the bony cavities). This in turn circulates all over the body both in males and females.
#The one that is formed from predecessor the tissue that fills the bony cavities([[majja dhatu]]). This in turn circulates all over the body both in males and females.
Reproduction is the function of this second form of shukra too. Therefore, on careful examination, it seems that the first form of shukra stands for the semen in general and for sperms in particular; and, the second form of shukra stands for hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of hormones that circulate all over the body.<ref>Patwardhan Kishor. 2018 [[Grahani Chikitsa]] Adhyaya available from http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/index.php?title=Grahani_Chikitsa#Vidhi_Vimarsha_.28Applied_Inferences_.29 accessed on 08/06/2020 </ref>
Reproduction is the function of this second form of shukra too. Therefore, on careful examination, it seems that the first form of shukra stands for the semen in general and for sperms in particular; and, the second form of shukra stands for hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of hormones that circulate all over the body.<ref>Patwardhan Kishor. 2018 [[Grahani Chikitsa]] Adhyaya available from http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Grahani_Chikitsa#Vidhi_Vimarsha_.28Applied_Inferences_.29 accessed on 08/06/2020 </ref>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label6 = Date of publication:
|label6 = Publisher
|data6 = June 16, 2020
|data6 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
|label7 = Date of publication:
|data7 = June 16, 2020
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.019 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.019]
}}
}}
*'''Annavikara''': originated from the nutrient fluid (ahara rasa)
*'''Annavikara''': originated from the nutrient fluid (ahara rasa)
*'''Majjarasa''': derived from the essence of [[majja dhatu]] (bone marrow)
*'''Majjarasa''': derived from the essence of bone marrow([[majja dhatu]])
==Meanings in different contexts==
==Meanings in different contexts==
Shukra is constituted by four elements-[[vayu]], [[agni]], [[prithvi]] and [[jala]](four [[mahabhuta]]) in equal proportion. It is originated from six basic tastes. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/4]
Shukra is constituted by four elements-[[vayu]], [[agni]], [[prithvi]] and [[jala]](four [[mahabhuta]]) in equal proportion. It is originated from six basic tastes. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 2/4]
The pure virile semen (shukra)is unctuous (snigdha), viscous (ghana), slimy (picchila), sweet (madhura). It does not cause burning sensation in genital tract (avidahi). It looks like white crystal quartz (shukla).[Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/146]
The pure virile semen (shukra)is unctuous (snigdha), viscous (ghana), slimy (picchila), sweet (madhura). It does not cause a burning sensation in genital tract (avidahi). It looks like white crystal quartz (shukla).[Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/146]
== Formation and metabolism of shukra dhatu ==
== Formation and metabolism of shukra dhatu ==
=== Metabolic byproducts (Upadhatu) ===
=== Metabolic byproducts (Upadhatu) ===
[[Ojas]] is considered as the metabolic byproduct (upadhatu) of shukra.[Sharangadhara Sam. Purvakhanda chapter 5]
[[Ojas]] is considered as the metabolic byproduct (upadhatu) of shukra.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]
Other scholars opine that as shukra is the essence of all [[dhatu]], there is no metabolic byproduct or waste formed during its formation.
Other scholars opine that as shukra is the essence of all [[dhatu]], there is no metabolic byproduct or waste formed during its formation.
=== Layer of shukra (shukradhara kala):===
=== Layer of shukra (shukradhara kala):===
Kala is the layer in outer coverings of the body observed in sagittal section. The layer of shukra is the innermost layer that is present in the entire body. Shukra dhatu is distributed all over the body in the same manner that the fat in the milk and juice in the sugar cane plant are distributed. [Cha Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/46],.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/20]
Kala is the layer in outer coverings of the body observed in sagittal section. The layer of shukra is the innermost layer that is present in the entire body. Shukra dhatu is distributed all over the body in the same manner that the fat in the milk and juice in the sugar cane plant are distributed. [Cha Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/46],[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/20]
Some scholars opine that shukradhara kala can be observed as the seminiferous tubules of the testes.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.349</ref>
Some scholars opine that shukradhara kala can be observed as the seminiferous tubules of the testes.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.349</ref>
*Excessive libido
*Excessive libido
[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/14], [Ash. Sa. Sutra Sthana 19/6]
[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/14], [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/6]
===Clinical features of vitiation of channels of transport and transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas) ===
===Clinical features of vitiation of channels of transport and transformation of shukra dhatu (shukravahasrotas) ===
| '''Cause/factor of vitiation''' || '''Characteristic features'''
| '''Cause/factor of vitiation''' || '''Characteristic features'''
|-
|-
| Vata dosha || frothy, slender, dry, scanty, discomforting ejaculation, infertile
| [[Vata dosha]] || frothy, slender, dry, scanty, discomforting ejaculation, infertile
|-
|-
| Pitta dosha || bluish or yellow discoloration,putrid odor, ejaculation with burning sensation
| [[Pitta dosha]] || bluish or yellow discoloration,putrid odor, ejaculation with burning sensation
|-
|-
| Kapha dosha ||extremely slimy and obstructs channel of semen (ejaculatory duct)
| [[Kapha dosha]] ||extremely slimy and obstructs channel of semen (ejaculatory duct)
|-
|-
| Excessive coitus/ injury || semen with blood
| Excessive coitus/ injury || semen with blood
* In case of fever, if the vitiated dosha are affecting shukra dhatu, then it is incurable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/83].
* In case of fever, if the vitiated dosha are affecting shukra dhatu, then it is incurable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/83].
*The vitiation of shukra by vata, pitta, kapha dosha are curable. The semen with cadaveric smell(kunapagandhi), having clots/coagulated mass (granthi), foul-smelling, pus-like(puti-puya), decreased quantity (kshina) are difficult to cure. The semen mixed with urine(mutra) and faeces (purisha)are incurable. [Su Sa Sharira Sthana 2/4]
*The vitiation of shukra by vata, pitta, kapha dosha are curable. The semen with cadaveric smell(kunapagandhi), having clots/coagulated mass (granthi), foul-smelling, pus-like(puti-puya), decreased quantity (kshina) are difficult to cure. The semen mixed with urine(mutra) and faeces (purisha)are incurable. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/4]
Vagbhata opines that all conditions are difficult to cure except the ones mixed with urine and feces, which is incurable. [Ash Hr. Sharira Sthana 1/11]
Vagbhata opines that all conditions are difficult to cure except the ones mixed with urine and feces, which is incurable. [A. Hr. Sharira Sthana 1/11]
== Importance of concept in the preservation of health and prevention ==
== Importance of concept in the preservation of health and prevention ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Type of vitiation || Treatment
|'''Type of vitiation''' || '''Treatment'''
|-
|-
| Vata || niruha and anuvasana (evacuation and unctuous enema)
| [[Vata]] || evacuation and unctuous enema (niruha and anuvasana)
|-
|-
| Pitta || rasayana formulations indicated in abhayaamalakeeya chapter
| [[Pitta]] || rasayana formulations indicated in abhayaamalakeeya chapter
|-
|-
| Kapha || pippali,guduchi, loha, triphala, bhallataka rasayana
| [[Kapha]] || pippali,guduchi, loha, triphala, bhallataka rasayana
|}
|}
[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[ Grahani Chikitsa]]
[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[ Grahani Chikitsa]]
=== Related articles ===
*[[Dhatu]]
*[[Rasa dhatu]]
*[[Rakta dhatu]]
*[[Mamsa dhatu]]
*[[Meda dhatu]]
*[[Asthi dhatu]]
*[[Majja dhatu]]
=== Abbreviations ===
=== Abbreviations ===
*Sha. =Sharangadhara
*Sha. =Sharangadhara
*Sa. = Samhita
*Sa. = Samhita
*A. = Ashtanga
*S. = Sangraha
*Hr. = Hrudaya
=== References from [[Charak Samhita]] ===
The list of references for shukra dhatu in Charak Samhita can be seen [[Media:Shukradhatu-reference_list.pdf|here.]]
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==References==
==References==
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